| Sexual Reproduction |
| 1. | In general terms, explain how the basic plant life cycle with alternation of generations is modified in angiosperms. |
| 2. | List four floral parts in order from outside to inside a flower. |
| 3. | From a diagram of an idealized flower, correctly label the following structures and describe the function of each structure:
a. sepals
b. petals
c. stamen (filament and anther)
d. carpel (style, ovary, ovule, and stigma) |
| 4. | Distinguish between:
a. complete and incomplete flowers
b. bisexual and unisexual flowers
c. monoecious and dioecious plant species |
| 5. | Explain by which generation, structure, and process spores are produced. |
| 6. | Explain by which generation, structure, and process gametes are produced. |
| 7. | Name the structures that represent the male and female gametophytes of flowering plants. |
| 8. | Describe the development of an embryo sac and explain the fate of each of its cells. |
| 9. | Explain how pollen can be transferred between flowers. |
| 10. | Distinguish between pollination and fertilization. |
| 11. | Describe mechanisms that prevent self-pollination. |
| 12. | Outline the process of double fertilization. Explain the adaptive advantage of double fertilization in angiosperms. |
| 13. | Explain how fertilization in animals is similar to that in plants. |
| 14. | Describe the fate of the ovule and ovary after double fertilization. Note where major nutrients are stored as the embryo develops. |
| 15. | Describe the development and function of the endosperm. Distinguish between liquid endosperm and solid endosperm. |
| 16. | Describe the development of a plant embryo from the first mitotic division to the embryonic plant with rudimentary organs. |
| 17. | From a diagram, identify the following structures of a seed and state a function for each:
a. seed coat
b. proembryo
c. suspensor
d. hypocotyls
e. radicle
f. epicotyl
g. plumule
h. endosperm
i. cotyledons
j. shoot apex |
| 18. | Explain how a monocot and dicot seed differ. |
| 19. | Explain how fruit forms and ripens. |
| 20. | Distinguish among simple, aggregate, and multiple fruit. Give an example of each type of fruit. |
| 21. | Explain how selective breeding by humans has changed fruits. |
| 22. | Explain how seed dormancy can be advantageous to a plant. Describe some conditions for breaking dormancy. |
| 23. | Describe the process of germination in a garden bean. |
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| Asexual Reproduction |
| 24. | Describe the natural mechanisms of vegetative reproduction in plants, including fragmentation and apomixis. |
| 25. | Explain the advantages and disadvantages of reproducing sexually and asexually. |
| 26. | Explain various methods that horticulturalists use to propagate plants from cuttings. |
| 27. | Explain how the technique of plant tissue culture can be used to clone and genetically engineer plants. |
| 28. | Describe the process of protoplast fusion and its potential agricultural impact. |
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| Plant Biotechnology |
| 29. | Compare traditional plant-breeding techniques and genetic engineering, noting similarities and differences. |
| 30. | Describe two transgenic crops. |
| 31. | Describe some of the biological arguments for and against genetically modified crops. |
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