Multiple Choice
Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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What did Griffith observe when he injected into mice a mixture of heat-killed
disease-causing bacteria and live harmless bacteria?
a. | The disease-causing bacteria changed into harmless bacteria. | b. | The mice developed
pneumonia. | c. | The harmless bacteria died. | d. | The mice were
unaffected. |
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2.
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Which of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA?
a. | ribose + phosphate group + thymine | b. | ribose + phosphate group +
uracil | c. | deoxyribose + phosphate group + uracil | d. | deoxyribose + phosphate group +
cytosine |
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3.
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DNA replication results in two DNA molecules,
a. | each with two new strands. | b. | one with two new strands and the other with two
original strands. | c. | each with one new strand and one original
strand. | d. | each with two original strands. |
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4.
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During mitosis, the
a. | DNA molecules unwind. | b. | histones and DNA molecules
separate. | c. | DNA molecules become more tightly coiled. | d. | nucleosomes become
less tightly packed. |
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5.
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Unlike DNA, RNA contains
a. | adenine. | c. | phosphate groups. | b. | uracil. | d. | thymine. |
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6.
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Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis?
a. | transfer RNA only | b. | messenger RNA only | c. | ribosomal RNA and
transfer RNA only | d. | messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer
RNA |
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7.
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During transcription, an RNA molecule is formed
a. | that is complementary to both strands of DNA. | b. | that is
complementary to neither strand of DNA. | c. | that is double-stranded. | d. | inside the
nucleus. |
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8.
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How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids?
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9.
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Which of the following terms is LEAST closely related to the others?
a. | intron | c. | polypeptide | b. | tRNA | d. | anticodon |
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10.
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Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code?
a. | rRNA | c. | mRNA | b. | tRNA | d. | RNA polymerase |
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11.
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Which of the following is NOT a gene mutation?
a. | inversion | c. | deletion | b. | insertion | d. | substitution |
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12.
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Which of the following statements is NOT true?
a. | Mutations do not occur in hox genes. | b. | Hox genes that are found in different animals
are very different from each other. | c. | Hox genes control the normal development of an
animal. | d. | Hox genes occur in clusters. |
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13.
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Avery’s experiments showed that bacteria are transformed by
a. | RNA. | c. | proteins. | b. | DNA. | d. | carbohydrates. |
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14.
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Figure 12-5 shows the structure of a(an) 
Figure 12–5
a. | DNA molecule. | c. | RNA molecule. | b. | amino acid. | d. | protein. |
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15.
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DNA is copied during a process called
a. | replication. | c. | transcription. | b. | translation. | d. | transformation. |
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16.
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In eukaryotes, DNA
a. | is located in the nucleus. | c. | is located in the
ribosomes. | b. | floats freely in the cytoplasm. | d. | is circular. |
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17.
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RNA contains the sugar
a. | ribose. | c. | glucose. | b. | deoxyribose. | d. | lactose. |
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18.
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Which RNA molecule carries amino acids?
a. | messenger RNA | c. | ribosomal RNA | b. | transfer RNA | d. | RNA polymerase |
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19.
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What is produced during transcription?
a. | RNA molecules | c. | RNA polymerase | b. | DNA molecules | d. | proteins |
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20.
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What does Figure 12-6 show?  Figure 12-6a. | anticodons | b. | the order in which amino acids are
linked | c. | the code for splicing mRNA | d. | the genetic
code |
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21.
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What happens during the process of translation?
a. | Messenger RNA is made from DNA. | b. | The cell uses information from messenger RNA to
produce proteins. | c. | Transfer RNA is made from messenger
RNA. | d. | Copies of DNA molecules are made. |
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22.
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Genes contain instructions for assembling
a. | purines. | c. | proteins. | b. | nucleosomes. | d. | pyrimidines. |
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23.
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A mutation that involves a single nucleotide is called a(an)
a. | chromosomal mutation. | c. | point mutation. | b. | inversion. | d. | translocation. |
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Completion
Complete each
statement.
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24.
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The structure labeled X in Figure 12-1 is a(an)
____________________. 
Figure 12–1
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25.
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The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of
____________________ in proteins.
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26.
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There is no ____________________ that is specified by a stop codon on an mRNA
molecule.
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27.
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The lac repressor releases the operator in the presence of
____________________.
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28.
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In eukaryotes, proteins that attract RNA polymerase bind to ____________________
sequences in DNA.
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29.
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According to the principle of ____________________, hydrogen bonds can form only
between adenine and thymine, and between guanine and cytosine.
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30.
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Chromatin contains proteins called ____________________.
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31.
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In Figure 12-7, A, B, and C are three types of
____________________. 
Figure 12–7
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32.
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After introns are cut out of an RNA molecule, the remaining ____________________
are spliced back together to form the final messenger RNA.
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33.
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A mutation in a series of genes, called the ____________________, can change the
organs that develop in specific parts of an embryo.
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Short Answer
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34.
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At the beginning of DNA replication, what two processes “unzip” the
two strands of a DNA molecule?
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35.
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In Figure 12-2, which molecule is tRNA, and what is its function? 
Figure 12–2
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36.
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According to Figure 12-3, what codons specify the amino acid
arginine?
Figure 12–3
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37.
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What happens to lac repressors in E. coli when lactose is present?
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38.
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What are the three main parts of an RNA nucleotide?
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39.
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What must happen to a DNA molecule before RNA polymerase can make RNA?
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40.
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What causes translation to stop?
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41.
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What is a mutation?
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Essay
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42.
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Describe the structure of a DNA molecule.
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43.
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Contrast the functions of the three main types of RNA.
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Other
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USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Figure 12–4
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44.
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Interpreting Graphics What process is illustrated in Figure 12-4?
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45.
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Interpreting Graphics Identify structure C in Figure 12-4.
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46.
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Interpreting Graphics Which labeled structure in Figure 12-4 is a
codon?
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47.
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Inferring What is the relationship between the codons and anticodons in
Figure 12-4? How is this relationship important?
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48.
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Predicting In Figure 12-4, what will happen after the ribosome joins the
methionine and phenylalanine?
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USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Figure
12–8
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49.
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Classifying What general type of mutation results from processes A, B, C,
and D in Figure 12-8?
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50.
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Interpreting Graphics In Figure 12-8, which process or processes involve
two chromosomes?
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51.
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Comparing and Contrasting Contrast process A and process B in Figure
12-8.
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52.
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Interpreting Graphics During which process in Figure 12-8 does a segment
of a chromosome become oriented in the reverse direction?
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53.
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Interpreting Graphics In Figure 12-8, which process produces two
chromosomes with translocations?
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