Metabolism of Cells

Name: 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms is:

Energy stored within the molecules of ATP is in the form of ____________ energy.

Most components of energy conversion systems evolved very early; thus, the most fundamental aspects of energy metabolism tend to be:

Kilojoules are:

The life and death of cells are governed by:

In order for a cell to maintain a high degree of order it must:

Select the false statement:

Which of the following statements is contrary to the first law of thermodynamics?

Only 20% to 30% of the energy stored in the chemical bonds of gasoline molecules is transformed into mechanical energy; the other 70% to 80% is dissipated as waste heat. Which statement explains this phenomenon?

An organism can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. Thus, any change in an organism’s energy content must be balanced by a corresponding change in the energy content of the surroundings. As such, an organism is referred to as:

Catabolic reactions involve the:

Pathways that have an overall energy requirement are referred to as:

Every type of chemical bond contains a certain amount of energy. The total bond energy, which is essentially equivalent to the total potential energy of the system, is a quantity known as:

Which of the following accurately represents the relationship between the terms anabolism, catabolism, and metabolism?

The sum of all chemical activities taking place in an organism is:

Which word is defined by this statement: a measure of this disorder, or randomness?

The equation, G = H – TS, predicts that:

A reaction with a negative value of DG is referred to as an _________________ reaction.

Which of the following statements is true of spontaneous reactions?

An exergonic reaction is considered to be:

When the free energy of the reactants is greater than the free energy of the products, such a reaction is referred to as:

Figure 06-01
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.

Which of the following statements about Figure 06-01 is true?

Which of the following conclusions can be accurately derived from Figure 06-01?

An endergonic reaction can proceed only if it absorbs:

In a reaction in which the rate of the reverse reaction is equal to the rate of the forward reaction, a state of ____________ is attained.

The ATP molecule is said to have a high group transfer potential because its terminal phosphate group and some of its energy is readily transferred to other:

The reaction ATP + H2O ® ADP + Pi is classified as an:

The maintenance of a high ATP to ADP ratio within cells ensures that:

The transfer of electrons from one compound to another is equivalent to _______________ transfer.

____________ is a process where energy (as electrons) is released, whereas ____________ is a process where energy (as electrons) is accepted.

XH2 + NAD+ ® X + NADH + H+. In the preceding equation, NAD+ is said to be:

Select the compound that contains the most energy:

Select the phosphorylation reaction:

Select the hydrogen acceptor molecule that stores electrons in the process of photosynthesis:

Select the reduced molecule:

FAD and cytochromes are classified as:

Enzymes are important biological catalysts because they:

Because enzymes affect the speed of chemical reactions without being consumed, they are referred to as:

Figure 06-02
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.

In Figure 06-02 the line on the graph labeled B represents the:

In Figure 06-02 the line on the graph labeled C represents the:

Parts of the enzyme molecule that interact with a substrate are called:

Hydrolases are one important class of enzyme that function to catalyze:

Which of the following does not represent a method by which cells regulate enzyme activity?

Competitive inhibitors inhibit biochemical reactions in such a way as to seemingly:

Penicillin is a drug that acts by:

An allosteric enzyme:

If one continues to increase the temperature in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the rate of the reaction:

Select the false statement regarding activation energy:

The substance on which an enzyme acts:

Select the name of the concept of the binding of a substrate to the enzyme causing a change in the enzyme’s shape, facilitating an enzymes function.

Select the enzyme that does not match the substrate or reaction:

The reaction rate an enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction would not likely be affected by:

An organic, nonpolypeptide compound that binds to the apoenzyme and serves as a cofactor:

Cell respiration is most accurately described as a ______________ process.

Select the anaerobic pathway:

The transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen during aerobic respiration takes place in a stepwise fashion through a number of intermediates rather than by direct transfer. This is because:

The splitting of molecules into smaller components is referred to as:

Anabolic reactions:

Aerobic respiration is classified as:

Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation:

During chemiosmosis, ____________ are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptor molecules, and the energy released is used to create a(an) ____________ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The overall reaction for the aerobic respiration of glucose is summarized as:

In aerobic respiration, glucose is completely:

Which of the following is not one of the stages of the aerobic respiration of glucose?

Which process does not match the products?

Which process does not match the starting materials?

Which process does not match the location in skeletal muscle?

Decarboxylations:

In aerobic respiration, the electrons associated with the hydrogen atoms in glucose are transferred to:

In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the:

In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted to two three-carbon molecules of:

Substrate-level phosphorylation involves the transfer of a phosphate group from:

In glycolysis, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate splits, forming two molecules of:

Glycolysis yields a net energy profit of _______ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.

The chemical reaction illustrated in the figure is:

In glycolysis, glucose receives two phosphate groups from ____________, thus forming fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate.

NADH and FADH2 are the products of:

NADH is formed when NAD+ accepts:

In chemiosmosis, ATP is produced as hydrogen ions (protons) pass through:

Oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvates yields:

Considering only glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA molecules, how many NADH molecules will be produced from one glucose molecule?

During the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group entering the cycle yields:

One product of the initial (first) reaction of the citric acid cycle is:

In the citric acid cycle, two acetyl CoA molecules are metabolized to:

Which of the following steps in the Kreb’s cycle directly produces a molecule of ATP (or GTP)?

A glucose molecule that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely broken down and released as CO2 by the end of:

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?

When hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, they form a proton gradient. ATP is then formed by a process known as:

Chemiosmosis allows exergonic redox processes to drive the endergonic reaction in which:

Coenzyme Q:

The role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration is:

During aerobic respiration, oxygen is:

In the skeletal muscle cells of vertebrates, as many as ____________ molecules of ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose. This is less than might be expected, because electrons from NADH produced during glycolysis must be shuttled through the ____________ mitochondrial membrane at a cost.

Organismal body heat is a:

Select the processes that are matched with the incorrect amount of ATP produced by that process per glucose molecule.

Select the incorrect match between the molecule and the amount of ATP produced if that particular molecule is completely oxidized in aerobic respiration:

A drowning death would be most directly due to:

Select the statement that does not support the endosymbiosis theory:

Peter Mitchell demonstrated ATP production by aerobic bacteria by placing the bacteria in:

One gram of ____________ contains more than twice the amount of energy of a gram of glucose.

Which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration?

Deamination of amino acids in mammals yields amino groups that are converted to ____________, which is(are) excreted, and ____________, which is(are) converted to one of the reactants of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.

Saturated fatty acids store more energy than unsaturated fatty acids because saturated fatty acids:

Select the molecule that contains the most stored chemical energy:

Which of the following processes or molecules concerning anaerobic respiration is not correctly matched?

Select the molecule that contains the least stored chemical energy:

One important regulation point in the aerobic respiration of mammals occurs in glycolysis at the site of the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which is:

The production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during ____________ occurs as a means of regenerating ____________ from ____________.

The ability of some bacteria to produce lactate is exploited by humans to make:

Which of the following statements is not correct about lactic acid fermentation?

During fermentation, the immediate fate of the electrons in NADH is that they:

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to all cells?

The process by which light energy is converted into the stored chemical energy of organic molecules is:

Which term is not correctly matched with the appropriate energy source or carbon source?

All organisms are classified into two general trophic groups. These two groups are:

Animals, fungi, and many bacteria that use organic molecules as a source of both energy and carbon are:

Plants, algae, and certain bacteria are:

What is the correct sequence of wavelengths (beginning with the shortest)?

Light behaves not only as waves, but also as particles, which are referred to as:

An electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a ____________ atomic orbital to a _____________ atomic orbital.

Figure 08-01
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.

Chloroplasts will be found in the greatest density in the area of Figure 08-01 labeled:

The primary function of the leaf structure labeled 5 in Figure 08-01 is:

The overall reactions of photosynthesis are best summarized as:

The ____________________ of a chlorophyll molecule is (are) responsible for absorbing light.

Chlorophyll consists of a porphyrin ring that contains a single atom of:

Chlorophyll molecules are attached to thylakoid membranes by:

Chlorophyll and accessory photosynthetic pigments are associated with the:

The action spectrum of photosynthesis best matches the absorption spectrum of:

Red and blue light support the highest rates of photosynthesis because:

Substances that absorb visible light:

Chlorophyll absorbs primarily _____ and _____ regions of the visible spectrum.

The most important photosynthetic pigment(s) is(are):

Accessory photosynthetic pigment that expands the spectrum of light that provides energy for photosynthesis:

Engelmann concluded that chlorophyll in the chloroplasts is responsible for photosynthesis based on the following results:

Figure 08-02
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.

According to the graph in Figure 08-02, chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the:

The graph in Figure 08-02 represents the:

During the reactions of photosynthesis, ____________ is reduced and ____________ is oxidized.

In the overall reactions of photosynthesis, it appears that hydrogen atoms are transferred from water to carbon dioxide to form a carbohydrate. This type of reaction is classified as:

A group of thylakoid discs make up:

In a chloroplast, there is an outer and an inner membrane. The inner membrane encloses a fluid filled region called the;

Thylakoid sacs are sometimes arranged in stacks called:

Thylakoid membranes are involved in __________ synthesis.

Which of the following is not associated with the thylakoid membranes?

The reactions of photosynthesis are divided into two categories:

During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, a constant supply of electrons is provided by:

ATP is formed when __________________ the thylakoid lumen.

The reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes are:

The electron transport chain of photosynthesis is located in:

Figure 08-03
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.

Carbon is fixed in which part of the diagram in Figure 08-03?

Where in Figure 08-03 is NADPH formed?

In photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are produced during:

12 H2O + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + Pi ® 6 O2 + 12 NADPH + 18 ATP summarizes the ____________ reactions of photosynthesis.

Reaction center complexes of the light-dependent reactions contain ____________ and ____________, which receive energy from ____________.

How many electrons are needed to reduce one molecule of NADP+ to NADPH?

Electrons that are excited to a higher energy level may be transferred to an electron acceptor or may return to a ground state. If the latter occurs, energy will be released in a process known as:

The electrons lost by the P680 reactive center are replaced from:

Chlorophyll:

The synthesis of ATP as a result of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is an ____________ reaction that is coupled to the diffusion of ____________ down their concentration gradient.

The synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis or respiration occurs as a result of:

Ribulose phosphate is synthesized from:

The first step in the Calvin-Bensen cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to:

Which of the following is not one of the intermediates or products of the carbon fixation reactions?

The reactants of the light-dependent reactions are:

The reactants of the Calvin-Benson cycle are:

Noncyclic electron transport needs a constant supply of electrons. These are obtained from:

Oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes directly from:

Which of the following is not common to both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration?

Which of the following is common to both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration?

In C4 plants, reactions that fix CO2 into four-carbon compounds occur in:

The ______________ in leaves are typically closed at night and open during the daytime to allow for gas exchange.

At night, CAM plants incorporate CO2 into ____________, which is stored in the ____________ of their cells.