| What form of energy is the most random? |
| What changes occur in H, S, and G when a protein forms from amino acids? |
| How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction? |
| Explain the 2nd law of thermodynamics. |
| Is a chemical reaction with a positive G endergonic or exergonic? |
| List the properties of enzymes. |
| Why is ATP an important metabolic molecule? |
| Describe the change in free energy at equilibrium. |
| Increasing substrate concentration has what effect on competitive inhibition? |
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? |
| When energy is transformed, what is the effect on entropy in the system? |
| If temperature is kept uniform in a system, free energy will be what? |
| If products have less free energy than reactants, is the reaction endergonic or exergonic? |
| What is catabolism? |
| How is energy obtained from ATP to energize cellular processes? |
| If the concentration of reactants is decreased, what effect will this have on the rate of the reaction/ |
| What type of pathways are coupled with anabolic pathways to supply ATP to cells? |
| Explain enzyme cooperativity & allosteric sites. |
| Explain the induced fit explanation for enzymes & substrates. |
| What is free energy? |
| Describe CO2 fixation & the Calvin cycle in CAM plants. |
| Photorespiration decrease the efficiency of photosynthesis because it removes what from the Calvin cycle? |
| What is synthesize across thylakoid membranes? |
| Why can C4 plants better at photosynthesis without photorespiration? |
| What pigments can absorb light energy? |
| Proton gradient are responsible for producing what energy molecules? |
| Give 2 examples of products of the Calvin cycle that are used in the light reactions? |
| What 2 main energy molecules are products of the light reactions? |
| Is glucose required for the Calvin cycle? Explain. |
| In what reactions is glyceraldehyde phosphate produced? |
| If a pigment appears red to your eyes, what color of light is not being absorbed? |
| During what process is CO2 incorporated into PGA? |
| The chemiosomotic process in chloroplasts occurs when what type of gradient is established? |
| Name the most abundant protein (enzyme) in the world. |
| In what tissue does carbon fixation occur in C4 plants before being transferred to bundle-sheath cells? |
| Photosystem II uses which chlorophyll a molecule? |
| What gas is required and which gas is not required for photosynthesis to occur? |
| What is the primary energy source for plants? for animals? |
| What enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation? |
| Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur? |
| What type of plants fix CO2 into organic acids during the day? |
| When does the Calvin cycle in most plants occur? |
| Which color of light is least effective in driving photosynthesis? |
| Cyclic electron flow in chloroplasts produces what energy molecule? |
| Where does the ETS in plants occur? |
| In terms of energy how are photosynthesis & cellular respiration related? |
| In what 2 membranes in plant cells is ATP synthetase found? |
| Is oxygen released in the light or dark reactions of photosynthesis? |
| Does photophosphorylation occur in Photosystem II? |
| In which photosystem is water split? |
| Which process does not give a net gain in ATP —glycolysis, aerobic respiration, or fermentation? |
| Which would release more energy from glucose — combustion or cellular respiration? |
| Is ATP a product of lactate fermentation? |
| If a metabolic poison interferes with glycolysis, what must its structure be most like? |
| Are water and CO2 end products of glycolysis? |
| Which has more energy —NAD or NADH? |
| Oxidative phosphorylation occurs across ___________in a cell. |
| which has more energy — glucose at the start of glycolysis or the 2 pyruvate molecules at the end of glycolysis? |
| Molecular oxygen supplies the oxygen atoms during oxidative phosphorylation to form what? |
| What is chemiosmosis? |
| Lactate is a byproduct of fermentation in what type of animal cells? |
| What type of enzyme in cellular respiration helps remove electrons from organic molecules? |
| The ETS helps a cell generate what energy molecule? |
| Will glycolysis occur if oxygen is present? Is oxygen needed for the process? |
| The difference in H+ concentration of either side of the mitochondrial membrane drives the synthesis of what molecule? |
| Where in a cell will the enzymes needed for glycolysis be found? |
| Citric acid has 6 carbons. In the Krebs cycle 2 CO2 molecules are given off before succinic acid is formed. How many carbons will succinic acid have? |
| During substrate-phosphorylation, how many ATP molecules are made each cycle? |
| Isocritic acid has 6 carbons while ketoglutaric acid in the Krebs cycle only has 5 carbons. What happened to the “missing” carbon? |
| What gas accepts electrons at the end of the ETS? |
| Substrate-level phosphorylation during fermentation generates what molecule? |
| Acetyl CoA is made in muscle cells only under what conditions? |
| The end products of glycolysis are ATP, NADH, and what carbon molecule? |
| What 2 electron acceptor molecules in the Krebs cycle convert their energy to ATP in the ETS? |
| In chemiosmotic phosphorylation what is the direct energy source that drives the conversion of ADP + free P into ATP? |
| The glycolysis of glucose by a yeast cell nets how many ATP’s? |
| What intermediary metabolite of pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle? |
| How is a proton gradient established in the mitochondria? |
| How many O2 molecules are produced from the complete oxidation of glucose? |
| What type of animal tissue has a high ATP requirement? |
