Category: Ecology

 

Section 14-1     Biogenesis

1. Define biogenesis.

 

2. What is spontaneous generation & give an example. Can spontaneous generation occur?

 

3. Describe Redi’s experiment and its results.

 

 

4. Describe Spallanzani’s experiment and its results.

 

 

5. Did Redi & Spallanzani’s experiments disprove spontaneous generation? Explain.

 

 

6. Describe Pasteur’s experiment and its results. Did it prove or disprove spontaneous generation?

 

 

 

Section 14-2     Earth’s History

7. What is the estimated age of the earth?

8. a. What is radioactive dating, and how is it used to tell the age of materials?

 

 

b. Use a science dictionary to look up and explain relative dating of fossils.

 

9. What is meant by half-life?

10. Name 3 radioactive isotopes and give their half-life.

 

11. a. What 2 scientists set up an experiment that simulated the atmosphere of early earth?

 

b. What molecules were made during this experiment?

 

Section 14-3     The First Life Forms

12. Why was there no oxygen in the early atmosphere?

 

13. Were the 1st cells probably aerobic or anaerobic? Why?

 

14. What gases did the early atmosphere contain primarily?

 

15. What bacteria live in harsh environments containing methane gas?

 

16. Oxygen didn’t become part of our atmosphere until what process started taking place?

 

 

Section 15-1     Fossil Record

17. What is a fossil?

18. In what type of rock are fossils usually found?

19. What is sedimentary rock?

20. From what part or parts of organisms do sedimentary fossils usually form?

 

21. How do sedimentary fossils form?

22. How do casts form?

 

23. What do you call imprint fossils?

24. Complete insect fossils can be found inside of a clear, golden material called  ________________.
25. Who was one of the first scientists to study fossils?

26. In which rock layer or strata would the oldest fossils be found? The newest fossils?

27. Name the 4 eras of earth’s history in order beginning with the oldest & going to present day.

 

28. Which organisms appeared first in earth’s history?

29. Name the period in which each of these events occurred:
a. Humans appeared?
b. Mass extinction of dinosaurs?
c. Land plants appeared?
d. Birds appeared?
e. Fish appeared?
f. Reptiles appeared?
g. Modern mammals appeared?

30. What is true about fossils in the same rock layer or strata?

31. a. What is meant by mass extinction and give an example?

 

 

b. Has there been more than one mass extinction in earth’s history? Explain.

 

32. Radioactive isotopes are used to determine the ___________________ age of fossils.

Section 15-2     Theories of Evolution

33. What was Lamarck’s hypothesis about how species change?

 

34. What is meant by acquired trait?

35. What did Lamarck think had caused the webbed feet of water birds?

 

36. How did Lamarck think the offspring of these web-footed birds got their web-feet?

 

37. Can traits be passed in this way? Explain why or why not.

 

38. Was Lamarck’s idea of acquired traits proven or rejected?

39. Charles Darwin’s idea of how species change over time is called what?

40. Explain natural selection.

 

41. What other scientist came up with this same idea about evolution?

42. What was the name of the book that Darwin published with his ideas about evolution?

43. Explain how Darwin obtained all of his records & supporting evidence that led him to his theory of natural selection.

 

44. Describe the voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle.

 

45. What book did Darwin read that influenced his ideas when he sailed on the Beagle? Who was the author?

46. What unusual information did Darwin collect about the Galapagos finches on his voyage?

 

 

47. What forced Darwin to move ahead and publish his ideas?

 

48. State the 2 theories that sum up Darwin’s ideas about evolution & natural selection.

 

49. State Darwin’s Descent with Modification theory.

 

 

50. Darwin’s theory stated that all the Galapagos finches had descended from what?

51. State Darwin’s Modification by Natural Selection theory.

 

52. What idea, published in a book by Thomas Malthus, did Charles Darwin use?

 

53. According to Darwin, what limits the growth of populations?

54. How do populations of organisms adapt to their environment?

 

55. What is meant by the fitness of an organism?

 

Section 15-3     Evolution in Process

56. What are homologous structures and give an example?

 

57. What are analogous structures & give an example?

 

58. Which structures, homologous or analogous, show that organisms are more closely related?

59. What are vestigial structures & give an example?

 

60. Vestigial structures show __________________________ ancestry.

61. In the early stages, how do all vertebrate embryos compare with each other? What does this indicate?

 

62. Organisms with homologous (similar) _________________ & __________________ acids are probably more closely related.
63. What is co-evolution & give 2 examples of organisms that co-evolve?

 

64. Are a shark and a porpoise closely related? Explain your answer.

 

65. When does convergent evolution occur?

 

66. What is divergent evolution?

 

67. Divergent evolution usually results in new ________________________.

68. What is adaptive radiation & give an example?

 

69. How can adaptive radiation be sped up & give an example?

 

Section 16-1     Genetic Equilibrium

70. Do populations change quickly or slowly?

71. What is the study of evolution using genetics called?

72. Do individuals evolve?

73. Do populations evolve?

74. Variations in traits may be due to ___________________ factors or __________________.
75. Name the 3 ways variations in genotypes arise.

 

76. What is meant by the gene pool?

77. How many alleles exist for each trait in a gene pool?

78. How is allele frequency determined?

 

79. Determine the frequency of each allele in the following genotypes:
a. AA?
b. Aa?
c. aa?

80. How is phenotypic ratio determined?

81. What is the phenotypic frequency of white, pink, & red four-o-clocks in these crosses?
a. RR x rr ?
b. Rr x Rr ?
c. Rr x rr ?

82. The frequency of alleles or phenotypes in a cross must always add up to ______________.

83. What does the Hardy-Weinberg theory state about allele frequencies in a population?

 

84. List the 5 conditions that must hold true in the ideal population for Hardy-Weinberg to be correct.

 

 

85. Would the Hardy-Weinberg law apply to real populations?

Section 16-2    Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium
86. What effect does evolution have on a population’s genetic material?

87. Does evolution affect allele frequencies?
88. Any violations of the 5 conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg can result in _____________.

89. A change in genetic material is known as a _______________________.

90. Mutations occur constantly at _______________ rates unless an organism is exposed to ___________.

91. Most mutations are __________________, but some may be _____________________ & help the population evolve & survive.
92. Compare & contrast population immigration & emigration.

 

93. What is gene flow & give an example?

 

94. Does the Hardy-Weinberg law apply to small and medium sized populations?

95. What is genetic drift?

 

96. In what size populations does genetic drift apply & explain why?

 

97. Do all populations mate randomly? Explain.

 

98. What is the effect of matings of related individuals?

 

99. What is the most significant factor that affects genetic equilibrium?

 

100. Name the 4 types of natural selection & explain each.

a.

b.

c,

d.

 

101. Give an example of stabilizing selection using body size of lizards.

 

102. Give an example of directional selection using tongue length of anteaters.

 

103. Give an example of disruptive selection using limpets.

 

104. Explain the following — “genes of successful reproducers, rather than those of successful survivors, are amplified through natural selection.”

 

 

Section 16-3    Formation of Species

105. Do new species ever form? Do old species ever disappear? Explain your answer.

 

 

106. Define speciation.

 

107. Are all new species similar to their ancestral species? Explain.

 

108. What did scientists use for many years to help classify organisms?

109. What is morphology?

110. What are some limitations of using only morphology to identify organisms?

 

111. What is the biological species concept?

 

112. Does this concept help identify extinct species & why?

 

113. Members of a species are _________________similar & can __________________ to produce _____________________ offspring.
114. What does speciation begin with & does it affect mating?

 

 

115. Name 2 important types of isolation.

a.

 

b.

 

116. Define geographic isolation.

 

117. Give an example of how this type of isolation could occur.

 

118. What happens to the 2 subgroups after being geographically isolated from each other?

 

119. Define reproductive isolation.

 

120. Name & describe the 2 types of reproductive isolations.

a.

 

b.

 

121. Not recognizing mating calls or having different breeding times are examples of what type of isolation?

122. An infertile mule produced when a donkey and a horse mate is an example of ______________________ isolation.
123. Speciation often requires ______________________ of years.
124. Can some species form more quickly than others? Explain.

 

125. Does fossil record support a slow, gradual or more “instant” change in species?

126. A more “instant” formation or change occurs in ___________________, not millions of years.
127. What is this type of quicker species formation called?

 

128. What does punctuated equilibrium mean?

 

 

 

Evolution ppt Questions

History of Evolutionary Thought

1. What were Aristotle’s early ideas about life on Earth?

 

2. How long did these ideas last?

3. What was Linnaeus first to do?

 

4. What language is used for scientific naming?

5. What are the two words called in a scientific name?

6. This naming system is known as ____________ ______________.

7. Name the contribution that each of these men made to Darwin’s ideas on evolution:

     a. Charles Lyell

     b. George Cuvier

     c. Thomas Malthus

     d. James Hutton

     e. Lamarck

     f. Wallace

8. Which was published first – the Origin 0f Species by Darwin or Gregor Mendel’s papers on inheritance?

9. What was the name of George Cuvier’s theory on evolution?

10. What did Cuvier study in Paris and what did he find?

 

11. What did Cuvier decide was responsible for the disappearance of some species?

 

12. James ___________ was a Scottish _________ who studied fossils of _____________ in the Paris Museum.

13. Hutton’s ideas were known as _____________.

14. Briefly state Hutton’s idea on geological change.

 

15. Lyell proposed the theory of _________________.

16. Describe uniformitarianism.

 

 

17. How old did Lyell propose that the Earth was? How old did most people at this time believe the Earth was?

18. How did reading Lyell’s book help darwin on his voyage on the Beagle?

 

19. Lamarck was one of the first scientists to understand that change occurs over ___________.

20. Lamarck believed that changes were adaptations to the ____________ that organisms _____________ in their lifetime and that he thought could be passed on to _______________.

21. Explain Lamarck’s idea of the Law of Use and Disuse.

 

 

22. Lamarck’s theory of acquiring or losing traits by using or not using them led to his theory of evolution called the _____________ of ______________ _____________.

23. According to this theory new ___________ could arise over time.

24. According to Lamarck, if a blacksmith built up his muscles then he would have what type of sons?

 

25. According to Lamarck, if a giraffe stretched its neck reaching for leaves, what would its offspring look like?

 

26. What did Lamarck NOT know that made his theory incorrect?

 

27. Are genes changed by life activities?

Darwin the Naturalist

28. In what year and at what age did Darwin become the naturalist for the ship the HMS Beagle?

 

29. How long was the Beagle voyage around the world?

30. As Darwin sailed around the coast of __________ __________, he collected many different types of plants and animals on the mainland and on the islands.

31. Where are the Galapagos Islands and how were they formed?

 

32. What did Darwin discover about the animals on each type of island

 

33. How did the island species of finches and tortoises compare with those on the islands?

 

34. How did the necks of the tortoises compare with each other?

35. The island finches resembled a finch on the ___________.

36. Was the available food and habitat the same on all the islands? Explain.

 

37. What was different about the finches and why?

 

Darwin’s Observations & Conclusions

38. List three observations Darwin made on his travels that led him to propose his revolutionary idea about the way life changes over time.

     a.

     b.

     c.

39. Give an example of the uneven distribution of species noted by darwin.

 

40. Darwin collected both ___________ organisms and ____________ of organisms.

41. Give 2 examples of fossils collected by Darwin in which the species were no longer in existence.

 

42. Give a definition for evolution.

 

43. Left unchecked, what did Darwin predict would happen to the number od individuals in a population?

 

44. In nature, what tends to happen to the size of populations over time?

45. Competition among members of a population occur due to a limited number of ____________ _______________.

46. Only a ___________ of the offspring produced survive to the next generation.

47. The struggle for environmental resources is commonly called _____________ of the ____________.

48. How do individuals in population compare with each other?

49. Variation in a population is ______________.

50. Which organisms in a population are most likely to live offspring to pass on their traits?

51. This process is known as _____________ ___________ and was proposed by Charles ___________.

52. State Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

 

 

53. New ____________ evolve according to natural selection.

Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s Thinking

54. _____________ was an economist in 1798 that influenced Darwin’s thinking.

55. Malthus observed what about the birth rate of babies?

56. Malthus knew population size was limited by what?

57. According to Malthus, a high birth rate and limited resources caused what to happen?

 

58. List several things that organisms struggle for in the environment.

 

59. What did Malthus say would happen if the population size continued to groww unchecked?

 

60. The __________ rate should increase to balance the __________ of a population and the limited _____________ in the environment.

61. Did Darwin see this occurring in nature?

62. Most organisms produce ____________ offspring than can survive causing many to ________.

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

63. Darwin proposed that organisms descended from what?

64. Over time, according to Darwin organisms __________ their form causing evolution of new ____________.

65. ___________ __________ is the driving force for evolution.

66. During the struggle for survival, which organisms survive to pass on their traits?

Origin of Species

67.How long after he returned to England did Darwin publish his book about evolution?

68. Why did Darwin wait so long to publish his ideas?

 

69. Darwin’s theory of evolution challenged both the ____________ and _____________ ideas at that time.

70. What made Darwin publish his book?

 

71. _______________ independently developed the same theory as Darwin.

72. Both Darwin and Wallace believed that __________ changed over time due to a _____________ for existence.

73. Both Darwin’s and Wallace’s papers were presented to the ____________ ______________ in July of __________.

74. How long after this did it take Darwin to finish writing his book?

75. Before Darwin, it was thought that species were perfectly made and _______________.

76. What group of people had been observing and using variations in organisms for a long time?

77. How were farmers using variation?

78. This process is called _____________ ______________ instead of natural selection that occurs in nature.

79. Artificial selection involves ____________ desired traits in stock or crops and __________ them to pass on the trait.

Controversy

80. Define these terms:

     a. struggle for existence

     b. survival of the fittest

     c. descent with modification

     d. Fitness

     e. adaptation

81.What are the two types of adaptations?

82. Give some examples of physical adaptations.

 

83. Give some examples of behavioral adaptations.

 

84. What happens to organisms with LOW fitness?

 

85. How did changes in the Galapagos finches make them more FIT to survive?

 

86. Natural selection takes place over a _________ period of time.

87. Natural selection can be observed as changes in _______ structure, ecological _________, and ____________.

88. Do species today look them same as their ancestors?

89. Living species descended with changes from other __________ over periods of time.

90. What was a major problem in Darwin’s Theory?

 

91. The work of what scientists solved the problem of how variations were passed to offspring?

92. What is the complete title of Darwin’s book?

 

Theory of Evolution Today

93. List three main things used today to show how organisms are related.

     a.

     b.

     c.

94. Give two examples of evolution that has occurred today in a much shorter period of time.

     a. 

     b.

95. Define macroevolution.

 

96. Define microevolution.

 

97. Darwin argued that Earth was ____________ of years old instead of thousands of years old.

98. One of the main pieces of evidence to support this ancient age of the Earth came from ___________ collected by Darwin.

99. Fossils are found in what type of rock layers?

100. Animals on different continents living in similar habitats show similar _______________.

101.  All ____________ have similar bon structures known as ______________ structures.

102. Homologous structures have the same structure but different ______________.

103. Give 3 examples of homologous structures in vertebrates.

 

104. __________ structures seem to have no important function.

105. Give an example of a vestigial structure in humans.

106. What is an embryo?

 

107. How does the embryonic development of different vertebrates compare to each other?