Category: Curriculum Map

Chapter 20 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 20    DNA Technology
Objectives
DNA Cloning
1. Explain how advances in recombinant DNA technology have helped scientists study the eukaryotic genome.
2. Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes and explain how they are used in recombinant DNA technology.
3. Explain how the creation of sticky ends by restriction enzymes is useful in producing a recombinant DNA molecule.
4. Outline the procedures for cloning a eukaryotic gene in a bacterial plasmid.
5. Describe techniques that allow identification of recombinant cells that have taken up a gene of interest.
6. Define and distinguish between genomic libraries using plasmids, phages, and cDNA.
7. Describe the role of an expression vector.
8. Describe two advantages of using yeast cells instead of bacteria as hosts for cloning or expressing eukaryotic genes.
9. Describe two techniques to introduce recombinant DNA into eukaryotic cells.
10. Describe the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and explain the advantages and limitations of this procedure.
11. Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to analyze nucleic acids and to distinguish between two alleles of a gene.
12. Describe the process of nucleic acid hybridization.
13. Describe the Southern blotting procedure and explain how it can be used to detect and analyze instances of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
14. Explain how RFLP analysis facilitated the process of genomic mapping.
DNA Analysis and Genomics
15. Explain the goals of the Human Genome Project.
16. Explain how linkage mapping, physical mapping, and DNA sequencing each contributed to the genome mapping project.
17. Describe the alternate approach to whole-genome sequencing pursued by J. Craig Venter and the Celera Genomics company.
18. Explain how researchers recognize protein-coding genes within DNA sequences.
19. Describe the surprising results of the Human Genome Project.
20. Explain how the vertebrate genome, including that of humans, generates greater diversity than the genomes of invertebrate organisms.
21. Explain how in vitro mutagenesis and RNA interference help researchers to discover the functions of some genes.
22. Explain the purposes of gene expression studies. Describe the use of DNA microarray assays and explain how they facilitate such studies.
23. Define and compare the fields of proteomics and genomics.
24. Explain the significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the study of the human evolution.
Practical Applications of DNA Technology
25. Describe how DNA technology can have medical applications in such areas as the diagnosis of genetic disease, the development of gene therapy, vaccine production, and the development of pharmaceutical products.
26. Explain how DNA technology is used in the forensic sciences.
27. Describe how gene manipulation has practical applications for environmental and agricultural work.
28. Describe how plant genes can be manipulated using the Ti plasmid carried by Agrobacterium as a vector.
29. Explain how DNA technology can be used to improve the nutritional value of crops and to develop plants that can produce pharmaceutical products.
30. Discuss the safety and ethical questions related to recombinant DNA studies and the biotechnology industry.
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Chapter 32 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 32     Introduction to Animal Evolution
Objectives
What Is an Animal?
1. List the five characteristics that combine to define animals.
2. Describe the role of Hox genes in animal development.
The Origins of Animal Diversity
3. Describe the evidence that suggests animals may have first evolved about a billion years ago.
4. Explain the significance of the Cambrian explosion. Describe three hypotheses for the cause of the Cambrian explosion.
5. Outline the major grades of the animal kingdom based on symmetry, embryonic germ layers, the presence or absence and type of coelom, and protostome or deuterostome development.
6. Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry. Explain how animal symmetry may match the animal’s way of life.
7. Distinguish among the acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate grades. Explain the functions of a body cavity.
8. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms:
a. diploblastic and triploblastic
b. spiral and radial cleavage
c. determinate and indeterminate cleavage
d. schizocoelous and enterocoelous development
9. Compare the developmental differences between protostomes and deuterostomes, including:
a. pattern of cleavage
b. fate of the blastopore
c. coelom formation
10. Name five major features of animal phylogeny that are supported by systematic analyses of morphological characters and recent molecular studies.
11. Distinguish between the ecdysozoans and the lophotrochozoans. Describe the characteristic features of each group.

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Chapter 21 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 21    Genetic Basis of Development
Objectives
From Single Cell to Multicellular Organism
1. List the animals used as models for developmental biology research and provide a rationale for their choice.
2. Distinguish between the patterns of morphogenesis in plants and in animals.
Differential Gene Expression
3. Describe how genomic equivalence was determined for plants and animals.
4. Describe what kinds of changes occur to the genome during differentiation.
5. Describe the general process by which the ewe Dolly and the first mice were cloned.
6. Describe the characteristics of stem cells. Explain their significance to medicine.
7. Distinguish between determination and differentiation. Explain why determination precedes differentiation.
8. Describe the molecular basis of determination.
9. Describe the two sources of information that instruct a cell to express genes at the appropriate time.
Genetic and Cellular Mechanisms of Pattern Formation
10. Describe how Drosophila was used to investigate the basic aspects of pattern formation (axis formation and segmentation).
11. Explain how maternal genes affect polarity and development in Drosophila embryos.
12. Describe how gradients of morphogens may specify the axes of developing Drosophila embryos.
13. Describe how homeotic genes define the anatomical identity of the segments of a developing organism.
14. Describe how the study of nematodes contributed to an understanding of the role of induction in development.
15. Describe how apoptosis functions in normal and abnormal development.
16. Describe how the study of tomatoes has contributed to the understanding of flower development.
17. Describe how the study of Arabidopsis has contributed to the understanding of organ identity in plants.
18. Provide evidence of the conservation of homeobox patterns.

 
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Chapter 40 AP Intro to Systems Objectives

 

 

Chapter 40     Introduction to Animal Structure & Function
Objectives
Functional Animal Anatomy: An Overview
1. Define bioenergetics.
2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Explain how functional anatomy relates to these terms.
Body Plans and the External Environment
3. Explain how physical laws constrain animal form.
4. Explain how the size and shape of an animal’s body affect its interactions with the environment.
5. Define tissue.
6. Distinguish among collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
7. From micrographs or diagrams, correctly identify the following animal tissues, explain how their structure relates to their functions, and note examples of each type.
a. Epithelial tissue
b. Connective tissue
i.  Loose connective tissue
ii. Adipose tissue
iii. Fibrous connective tissue
iv. Cartilage
v.  Bone
vi. Blood
c. Muscle tissue
i.  Skeletal (striated) muscle
ii. Cardiac muscle
iii. Smooth muscle
d. Nervous tissue
i.  Neuron
Introduction to the Bioenergetics of Animals
8. Describe the basic sources of chemical energy and their fate in animal cells.
9. Define biosynthesis.
10. Define metabolic rate and explain how it can be determined for animals.
11. Distinguish between endothermic and exothermic animals.
12. Describe the relationship between metabolic rate and body size.
13. Distinguish between basal metabolic rate and standard metabolic rate. Describe the major factors that influence energy requirements.
14. Describe the natural variations found in the energy strategies of endotherms and ectotherms.
Regulating the Internal Environment
15. Distinguish between regulators and conformers for a particular environmental variable.
16. Define homeostasis. Describe the three functional components of a homeostatic control system.
17. Distinguish between positive and negative feedback mechanisms.
18. Define thermoregulation. Explain in general terms how endotherms and ectotherms manage their heat budgets.
19. Name four physical processes by which animals exchange heat with their environment.
20. Discuss the role of hair, feathers, and adipose tissue in insulation.
21. Explain the role of vasoconstriction and vasodilation in modifying the transfer of body heat with the environment.
22. Describe animal adaptations to facilitate evaporative cooling.
23. Describe thermoregulatory mechanisms utilized by endothermic invertebrates.
24. Explain how ectotherms and endotherms may acclimatize to changing environmental temperatures.
25. Explain the role of heat-shock proteins in helping cells to cope with severe temperature changes.
26. Define torpor, hibernation, estivation, and daily torpor.

 
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Chapter 21 – Genetic Basis of Development

 

Chapter 21    Genetic Basis of Development
Objectives
1. Explain how advances in recombinant DNA technology have helped scientists study the eukaryotic genome.

2. Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes.

3. Describe how restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis are used to isolate DNA fragments.

4. Explain how the creation of sticky ends by restriction enzymes is useful in producing a recombinant DNA molecule.

5. Outline the procedures for producing plasmid and phage vectors.

6. Explain how vectors are used in recombinant DNA technology.

7. List and describe the two major sources of genes for cloning.

8. Describe the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses and explain how they are useful in recombinant DNA technology.

9. Describe how “genes of interest” can be identified with the use of a probe.

10. Explain the importance of DNA synthesis and sequencing to modern studies of eukaryotic genomes.

11. Describe how bacteria can be induced to produce eukaryotic gene products.

12. List some advantages for using yeast in the production of gene products.

13. List and describe four complementary approaches used to map the human genome.

14. Explain how RFLP analysis and PCR can be applied to the Human Genome Project.

15. Describe how recombinant DNA technology can have medical applications such as diagnosis of genetic disease, development of gene therapy, vaccine production, and development of pharmaceutical products.

16. Describe how gene manipulation has practical applications for agriculture.

17. Describe how plant genes can be manipulated using the Ti plasmid carried by Agrobacterium as a vector.

18. Explain how foreign DNA may be transferred into monocotyledonous plants.

19. Describe how recombinant DNA studies and the biotechnology industry are regulated with regards to safety and policy matters.

 
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