Category: Curriculum Map

Chapter 33 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 33     Invertebrates
Objectives
Sponges
1. From a diagram, identify the parts of a sponge (including the spongocoel, porocyte, epidermis, choanocyte, mesohyl, amoebocyte, osculum, and spicules) and describe the function of each.
Eumetazoa
2. List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from the other animal phyla.
3. Describe the specialized cells that are found in Cnidarians.
4. Describe the two basic body plans in Cnidaria and their role in Cnidarian life cycles.
5. List the four classes of Cnidaria and distinguish among them based on life cycle and morphological characteristics.
Bilateria
6. Distinguish between:
a. diploblastic and triploblastic development
b. acoelomates and coelomates
c. gastrovascular cavity and alimentary canal
d. protostome and deuterostome
7. List the characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes that distinguish it from the other animal phyla.
8. Distinguish among the four classes of Platyhelminthes and give examples of each.
9. Describe the generalized life cycle of a trematode and give an example of one fluke that parasitizes humans.
10. Explain how trematodes evade detection by the immune systems of their hosts.
11. Describe the anatomy and generalized life cycle of a tapeworm.
12. Describe unique features of rotifers that distinguish them from other pseudocoelomates.
13. Define parthenogenesis and describe asexual forms of rotifer reproduction.
14. Define lophophore and list three lophophorate phyla.
15. List the distinguishing characteristics of the phylum Nemertea.
16. Explain the relationship between nemerteans and flatworms.
17. List the characteristics that distinguish the phylum Mollusca from the other animal phyla.
18. Describe the basic body plan of a mollusc and explain how it has been modified in the Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, and Polyplacophora.
19. List the characteristics that distinguish the phylum Annelida from other animal phyla.
20. Distinguish among the three classes of Annelida and give examples of each.
21. Describe the adaptations that enable some leeches to feed on blood.
22. List the characteristics of the phylum Nematoda that distinguish it from other wormlike animals.
23. Give examples of both parasitic and free-living species of nematodes.
24. List the characteristics of arthropods that distinguish them from the other animal phyla. List the three features that account for the success of this phylum.
25. Describe advantages and disadvantages of an exoskeleton.
26. Distinguish between hemocoel and coelom.
27. Define and distinguish between the major arthropod lines of evolution represented by:
a. Cheliceriformes
b. Hexapoda
c. Crustacea
d. Myriapoda
28. Describe three specialized features of spiders.
29. Describe two features that may account for the great diversity of insects.
Deuterostomia
30. List the characteristics of echinoderms that distinguish them from other animal phyla.
31. Distinguish among the six classes of echinoderms and give examples of each.
32. Explain why the phylum Chordata is included in a chapter on invertebrates.
33. Describe the developmental similarities between echinoderms and chordates.
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Chapter 1 Worksheet BI

 

Biology – Science of Life

 

Section 1-1            Themes of Biology 

1. How many species of organisms are estimated to inhabit the Earth? 

2. About how many species have actually been identified? 

3. When did the first life forms probably arise on Earth? 

4. What was the first organism like? 

5.  What is an organism? 

6. Most unicellular organisms can only be seen with a __________________________.

7. Where did these first cells live? 

8. Over time, organisms _____________ and new kinds of _______________ arose from ___________ of organisms and came to inhabit every _______________ of the Earth. 

9. Define biology. 

10. Name several things that the study of biology would include. 

11. The study of biology is unified by ___________________________. 

12. Name 6 unifying themes of biology. 

13. What is a cell? Where are they found? 

14. What is the difference between a unicellular & a multicellular organism? 

15. Cells are ___________________ but highly _______________________.

16. Are all cells alike? Explain. 

17. All cells are surrounded by a ____________ & contain _____________  instructions. 

18. Genetic instructions are used by cells to make new __________ and new cell ________________. 

19. How do new cells produced by unicellular organisms compare to the parent unicellular organism? 

20. How do mature multicellular organisms begin their life? 

21. If multicellular organisms begin their life as one cell, how do they have so many cells? Explain. 

22. Give an example of an organism maintaining a stable internal environment. 

23. Define homeostasis and tell whether it occurs in unicellular&/or multicellular organisms. 

24. Genetic information is passed to offspring during _______________________.

25. What molecule contains the cell’s hereditary information?

26.  How does DNA exist in multicellular organisms? In unicellular organisms? 

27. What is a gene?

28. In multicellular organisms, each body cell has an _____________ copy of its DNA.

29. Does each cell in a multicellular organism use all the genes on its DNA? Explain. 

30. Explain sexual reproduction. 

31. When a sperm joins with an egg to make a fertilized cell, what happens next to this cell? 

32. New organisms from sexual reproduction have _______________ material from both parents.

33. Explain asexual reproduction. 

34. Name a unicellular organism that reproduces by asexual reproduction.

35. New cells or organisms from asexual reproduction have ____________ genetic information. 

36. What is evolution? 

37. Do individuals or populations evolve? 

38. What is the driving force for evolution? 

39. Explain natural selection and give an example. 

40. Competition for what types of resources drives natural selection? 

41. Why is it so important to a species for members to survive? 

42. Organisms that survive and reproduce are ones with ________________ traits.

43. Define ecology. 

44. What are ecosystems and give an example? 

45. Name 3 things organisms must get from the environment to survive. 

46. What has been the effect of man’s activities on many ecosystems? 

47. Living things are _______________ and need a constant supply of _________________.

48. What process supplies energy for organisms on Earth? 

49. Define autotroph. 

50. Autotrophs trap _________ and use this energy to combine __________ and  _________ into__________ and starches. 

51. Define heterotrophs. 

52. Give an example of an autotroph.

53. Give several examples of heterotrophs. 

54. How do heterotrophs get their food? 

Section 1-2            World of Biology 

55. List 6 characteristics shared by all living things. 

56. All living things composed of  _________________.

57. Cells may be specialized in _________________ organisms. What does this mean?

58. What is always true about cell size?

59. Living things are organized at what 2 levels?

60. How are cells organized in multicellular organisms?

61. Define metabolism. 

62. The energy from metabolism is used for ___________, ___________, and _______________ of organisms. 

63. What is homeostasis and give an example? 

64. Is growth a characteristic of living and nonliving things? Explain.

65. What 2 things must occur for living things to grow?

 

 

66. Define cell division.

 

 

 

67. Define development.

 

 

 

68. Explain why development is necessary for multicellular organisms?

 

 

 

69. Is reproduction essential to the survival of a species? Explain.

 

 

 

70. Sexual reproduction produces offspring ______________________ to the parents.

 

71. Have all organisms been identified? Explain.

 

 

Section 1-3            Scientific Method

 

72. Scientists solve problems using the ___________________________.

 

73. The first step of the scientific method is when scientists make ___________________ of the natural world.

74. Define data.

 

 

 

75. What does a scientist usually employ in making their observations?

 

 

76. What is quantitative data?

 

77. What is sampling & why is it used by scientists?

 

 

 

78. What 2 things must be true for samples to be useful?

 

 

79. To be useful, data must be _____________________ into ____________________,

 

       ______________________, and _____________________, or maps.

 

80. Once an observation is made, the second thing a scientist must do is to develop a(n) ___________________________.

 

81. Define hypothesis.

 

 

 

82. All hypotheses must be __________________ to give supporting evidence.

 

83. What is a prediction & how are they usually written?

 

 

 

84. What is an experiment?

 

 

 

85. Name the 2 groups in a controlled experiment.

 

 

86. Both groups in an experiment are identical except for ___________ factor called the

 

       ___________________.

87. Name the 2 types of variables in a controlled experiment.

 

 

 

88. After data is collected and organized, it must be __________________ to tell if it is reliable.

 

89. If experimental data does not support the hypothesis, what should be done?

 

 

90. What is a scientific model?

 

 

91. What is an inference?

 

 

 

92. How is a theory formed?

 

 

93. Define theory.

 

 

94. What is the difference between a field biologist and a laboratory biologist? Do they both use the scientific method?

 

 

 

 

95. What do scientists do with the results of their scientific studies?

 

 

 

Section 1-4            Microscopes & Measurement

 

96. What is a microscope?

 

 

97. What is the difference between resolution & magnification?

 

 

 

 

98. When would a microscope be used?

 

 

99. Do all microscopes have the same magnification & resolution?

 

100.  Draw and label the parts of a light (LM) microscope.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

101. Tell the function of each of these parts of an LM — stage, light source, objective lens, ocular lens, & nosepiece.

 

 

 

 

 

 

102. To view specimens with a light microscope, they must be placed on a _______________

 

         and be ________________ so light will pass through to the lenses & your eyes.

 

103. What is the power of magnification & explain how it is determined?

 

 

 

104. Light microscopes can only magnify up to ______________ before the image becomes blurry.

105. What type of scope is used to view viruses & cell parts?

 

106. What produces an image with the electron microscope?

 

 

107. Name the 2 main types of electron microscopes.

 

108. What is the highest magnification for the TEM? For the SEM?

 

 

109. Can electron microscopes be used to view living cells?

 

110. What type of scope gives a magnified view of an object’s surface?

 

111. What is the standard unit of measurement used by scientists?

 

112. Name the SI base units, what they measure, & give their abbreviations (table 1-1, page 23)

 

 

 

 

 

 

113. The SI system is based on units of __________ with designated _________________.

 

114. Give the SI prefix for these base units — 1000, .01, .001, .000001, .000000001, & .000000000001.

 

 

 

 

 

115. Give the SI unit for area, volume, and time.

 

 

Chapter 2 Worksheet BI – Chemistry

 

Chemistry Worksheet

 

Section  2-1    Composition of Matter  

1. Define matter.

2. Define mass.

3. Explain the difference between mass & weight.

4. Why do biologists study chemistry?

5. Define element.

6. Name the 4 elements that make up 90% of the mass of living things. Give the symbol for each of these elements.

7. Explain why some elements such as sodium have odd symbols.

8. Sketch a block from the periodic table and label the atomic number, atomic mass, & symbol for the element.

9. Define atom and tell whether they can be seen.

10. What is the center of an atom called & what 2 subatomic particles are found there?

11. How does the charge of a proton differ from the charge of a neutron?

12. Where is most of the mass of an atom concentrated?

13. How is the atomic number of an element determined?

14. What is the charge on an electron?

15. Explain why the overall or net charge on an atom is zero.

16. Where are electrons found in an atom & describe their movement?

17. In which energy levels do the electrons have more energy?

18. How many electrons can these energy levels hold   — a. first?        b. second? 

19. Define compound and write a formula for water, carbon dioxide, & sodium chloride (table salt).

20. Do compounds have the same chemical properties as the elements that compose them?

21. When would an atom be chemically stable (not react)?

22. What occurs in a chemical reaction?

23. What is a covalent bond?

24. Define molecule.

25. Give an example of a gas that exists as a molecule.

26. Define ionic bond.

27. What is an ion?

28. Name a compound formed from — a. covalent bonding?            b. ionic bonding?

29. If electrons are shared, a(n) ______________ compound forms.

30. If electrons are transferred, a(n) _____________ compound forms.

31. Forming ionic or covalent bonds helps make atoms more ________________.

Section 2-2    Energy 

32. All living things require _____________ to do work.

33. Energy can’t be created or _____________ in a chemical reaction, but it can be _____________ from one form into another.

34. Name 4 forms of energy important to living things.

35. What is free energy?

36. Give an example of energy changing form in an organism.

37. Atoms & molecules are in constant _______________.

38. Name the 3 main states of matter.

39. Explain how the shape and volume of a solid, liquid, and gas differ.

40. Organisms undergo thousands of ____________ as part of their life processes.

41. Where are the reactants and products in a chemical equation?

42. What does a two-direction arrow mean in a chemical equation?

43. _______________ are broken down in chemical reactions in your body to release ___________ and produce _______________ and ______________.

44. What is the difference between an endergonic & exergonic reaction?

45. What is activation energy?

46. What effect does a catalyst have on activation energy?

47. What are biological catalysts called?

48. Redox is the abbreviation for what type of reaction?

49. Redox reactions involve the transfer of energy and _________ between atoms.

50. What happens during oxidation?

51. What happens during reduction?

52. Give an example of oxidation.

53. Give an example of reduction.

Section 2-3        Solutions   

54. Many of the chemical reactions in organisms take place in __________.

55. What is a solution?

56. Give an example of a complex solution in your body.

57. Name & describe the 2 parts of a solution.

58. What is meant by concentration of the solution?

59. How do you get a saturated solution?

60. What are aqueous solutions?

61. Explain dissociation of water molecules.

62. Name and give the charge for the 2 ions formed whenever water dissociates.

63. Write the final equation for the dissociation of water.

64. What is the hydronium ion?

65. How are acidity and alkalinity measured?

66. When would a solution be neutral?    Give an example of a neutral solution.

67. When would solutions be considered as acidic?

68. Acids have what taste?

69. Acids form what ion in water?

70. Give an example of an acid in your stomach.

71. When would solutions be considered as a base?

72. What adjective refers to basic solutions?

73. Give an example of a base.

74. What ion forms whenever a base is dissolved in water?

75. How does a base taste and feel?

76. How is soap made?

77. What is the pH scale used for?

78. What is the range for the pH scale?

79. At what pH would you find each of these solutions on a pH scale:    a. acids?    b. Bases?    c. neutral?

80. How many times stronger is a pH of 3 than a pH of 5?

81. A change of one pH unit reflects a __________ change.

82. Why is controlling the pH range important to organisms?

83. How do organisms control their pH levels?

84. What is a buffer?

85. Give an example of a human body fluid that is:    a. acidic?    b. alkaline?


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Chapter 35 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 35     Plant Structure and Growth
Objectives
The Plant Body
1. Describe and compare the three basic organs of vascular plants. Explain how these basic organs are interdependent.
2. List the basic functions of roots. Describe and compare the structures and functions of fibrous roots, taproots, root hairs, and adventitious roots.
3. Describe the basic structure of plant stems.
4. Explain the phenomenon of apical dominance.
5. Describe the structures and functions of four types of modified shoots.
6. Describe and distinguish between the leaves of monocots and those of eudicots.
7. Describe the three tissue systems that make up plant organs.
8. Describe and distinguish between the three basic cell types of plant tissues. For each tissue, describe one characteristic structural feature and explain its functional significance.
9. Explain the functional relationship between a sieve-tube member and its companion cell.
The Process of Plant Growth and Development
10. Distinguish between determinate and indeterminate growth. Give an example of each type of growth.
11. Distinguish among annual, biennial, and perennial plants.
12. Explain this statement: “In contrast to most animals, which have a stage of embryonic growth, plants have regions of embryonic growth.”
13. Distinguish between the primary and secondary plant body.
14. Describe in detail the primary growth of the tissues of roots and shoots.
15. Describe in detail the secondary growth of the tissues of roots and shoots.
16. Name the cells that make up the tissue known as wood. Name the tissues that comprise the bark.
Mechanisms of Plant Growth and Development
17. Explain why Arabidopsis is an excellent model for the study of plant development.
18. Explain what each of these Arabidopsis mutants has taught us about plant development:
a. fass mutant
b. gnom mutant
c. KNOTTED-1 mutant
d. GLABRA-2 mutant
19. Define and distinguish between morphogenesis, differentiation, and growth.
20. Explain why (a) the plane and symmetry of cell division, (b) the orientation of cell expansion, and (c) cortical microtubules are important determinants of plant growth and development.
21. Explain how pattern formation may be determined in plants.
22. Give an example to demonstrate how a cell’s location influences its developmental fate.
23. Explain how a vegetative shoot tip changes into a floral meristem.
24. Describe how three classes of organ identity genes interact to produce the spatial pattern of floral organs in Arabidopsis.
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Chapter 34 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 34     Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity
Objectives
Invertebrate Chordates and the Origin of Vertebrates
1. Distinguish between the phyla of deuterostomes.
2. Describe the four derived traits that define the phylum Chordata.
3. Distinguish among the three subphyla of the phylum Chordata and give examples of each.
4. Discuss the evidence for and against Garstang’s hypothesis that vertebrates had a tunicate-like ancestor.
5. Explain what lancelets suggest about the evolution of the chordate brain.
Craniates Are Chordates with a Head
6. Discuss the importance of genetic duplication in chordate evolution.
7. Explain the fate of the neural crest cells in craniate development.
8. Explain what Haikouella and Haikouichthys tell us about craniate evolution.
Vertebrates Are Craniates with a Backbone
9. Describe the way of life and unique characters of the lamprey.
10. Describe conodonts, and explain why they are considered vertebrates.
11. Describe the trends in mineralized structures in early vertebrates.
Gnathostomes Are Vertebrates with Jaws
12. Explain one hypothesis for the evolution of the jaws of gnathostomes.
13. List the shared, derived characters that characterize gnathostomes.
14. Describe the evidence that suggests that the loss of bone in Chondrichthyes is a derived feature.
15. Describe the features of sharks that are adaptive for their active, predatory lifestyle.
16. Describe and distinguish between Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes, noting the main traits of each group.
17. Identify and describe the main subgroups of Osteichthyes.
18. Name the three living lineages of lobe-fins.
Tetrapods Are Gnathostomes with Limbs and Feet
19. Define and distinguish between gnathostomes, tetrapods, and amniotes.
20. Explain what Acanthostega suggests about the origin of tetrapods.
21. Describe the common traits of amphibians and distinguish among the three orders of living amphibians.
Amniotes Have Amniotic Eggs
22. Describe an amniotic egg and explain its significance in the evolution of reptiles and mammals.
23. Explain why the reptile clade includes birds.
24. Describe a number of reptile features that are adaptive for life on land.
25. Explain why non-bird reptiles should be called “ectothermic” rather than “cold-blooded.”
26. Define and describe the parareptiles.
27. Distinguish between the lepidosaurs and the archosaurs.
28. Compare the interpretations of dinosaurs as ectotherms or endotherms.
29. Describe the specialized adaptations of snakes that make them successful predators.
30. List the modifications of birds that are adaptive for flight.
31. Summarize the evidence supporting the hypothesis that birds evolved from theropod dinosaur ancestors.
32. Explain the significance of Archaeopteryx.
33. Describe the characteristic derived characters of mammals.
34. Describe the evolutionary origin of mammals.
35. Distinguish among monotreme, marsupial, and eutherian mammals.
36. Describe the adaptive radiation of mammals during the Cretaceous and early Tertiary periods.
37. Compare and contrast the four main evolutionary clades of eutherian mammals.
Primates and the Evolution of Homo sapiens
38. Describe the general characteristics of primates. Note in particular the features associated with an arboreal existence.
39. Distinguish between the two subgroups of primates and describe their early evolutionary relationship.
40. Distinguish between hominoid and hominid.
41. Explain what Sahelanthropus tells us about hominid evolution.
42. Describe the evolution of Homo sapiens from australopith ancestors. Clarify the order in which distinctive human traits aro
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