Category: Resources

Genetics Worksheet Bi Chapter 9

 Fundamentals of Genetics

Section 9-1 Mendel’s Legacy

1. What scientist is responsible for our study of heredity?

2. Define heredity.

3. What plant did Mendel use for his hereditary experiments?

4. Name the 7 characteristics, giving both dominant and recessive forms of the pea plants, in Mendel’s experiments.

5. In order to study pea plant traits, Mendel had to control __________________ among the plants.

6. Define pollination & name 2 types.

7. How do pea plants normally pollinate?

8. How can cross-pollination of pea plants be done?

9. How did Mendel obtain pure pea plants?

10. What is the P1 generation? How is it obtained?

11. What is the F1 generation &how is it obtained?

12. How did Mendel obtain his F2 generation?

13. When Mendel crossed his P1 plants to get the F1 generation, what ratio did he get?

14. What is the difference between dominant & recessive genes?

15. State Mendel’s law of segregation.

16. What are alleles?

Section 9-2 Genetic Crosses

17 What is the difference between genotypes & phenotypes?

18. Write the 2 genotypes for a purple flower.

19. Write the genotype for a white flower.

20. What is the difference in a homozygous and a heterozygous genotype?

21. What is  probability & tell 3 ways they can be expressed.

22. What is the probability that you will get “heads” each time you flip a coin?

23. What is a monohybrid cross?

24. Give an example of a monohybrid cross.

25. What is a Punnett Square used for?

26. Sketch the Punnett Square for crossing a pure purple flower with a white flower.

27. Use a Punnett Square to solve this cross — PP x pp.

28. What percentage of the offspring from this cross are purple? White?

29. Use a Punnett Square to solve this cross in guinea pigs — BB x Bb. Hint: See page 174.

30. In the above cross, what coat colors & percents did you get?

31. What phenotype (coat color) would each of these guinea pig genotypes result in:

        a. Bb?

        b. BB?

        c. bb?

32. Use a Punnett Square to solve this cross for coat color in rabbits: Bb x Bb?

33. What percent of the rabbits will have black fur? Brown fur? What ratio does this give for coat color?

34. Define genotypic ratio.

35. What is the genotypic ratio for all F1 crosses (bb x Bb)?

36. Define phenotypic ratio.

37. What is the phenotypic ratio for all F1 crosses?

38. What is a testcross?

39. A testcross can determine which individual’s phenotype is ________________________.

40. Use a Punnett Square to solve the following 2 testcrosses:

        a. BB x Bb

        b. bb x Bb

41. In each of the above testcrosses, tell how many offspring have black coats (dominant) and how many will have brown (recessive) coats?

42. What does complete dominance mean?

43. Give an example of complete dominance in pea plants.

44. What is incomplete dominance?

45. How many alleles influence the phenotype in:

        a. complete dominance?

        b. incomplete dominance?

46. Using four-o-clocks, give an example of how incomplete dominance occurs. Be sure to tell all possible genotypes & phenotypes.

47. Give the following ratios for crossing 2 pink four-o-clocks (Rr x Rr):

        a. Genotypic ratio?

        b. Phenotypic ratio?

48. Define codominance.

49. In what genotype does codominance appear?

50. In horses, _________________ coat color is a result of codominance.

51. Write the genotype for roan coat color & tell the color of each allele in the genotype.

52. What is a dihybrid cross?

53. How many different genotypes will result in a dihybrid cross when 2 homozygous organisms are crossed?

54. The offspring from a dihybrid cross of 2 homozygous organisms will all be __________________________.

55. Use a Punnett Square to show the results of the following cross: RrYy x RrYy

56. How many different genotypes resulted from this cross?

57. How many different phenotypes resulted from this cross?

58. Write the genotypes for each of these phenotypes:

        a. Round, green seeds

        b. Wrinkled, yellow seeds

        c. Wrinkled, green seeds

Grasshopper Dissection

 

Grasshopper Dissection

 

Introduction:

Insects are arthropods with jointed appendages, segmented bodies, and an exoskeleton composed of chitin. Insects are in the class Insecta, & are the largest and most diverse group of animals on earth. The genus Romalea is a large grasshopper common in the southeastern United States. Insects have three body regions (head, thorax, & abdomen), 3 pairs of legs attached to the thorax, a single pair of antenna attached to the head, mouthparts adapted for chewing or sucking, and two pairs of wings. Some insects may have a single pair of wings or be wingless. Insect legs are often adapted for digging, crawling, jumping, or swimming. The insects are mostly terrestrial, they breathe air which enters small lateral openings on the body called spiracles and circulates in a system of ducts to all organs and tissues. Their chewing or sucking mouth parts are adapted  for  feeding on plant or animal materials.

Classification:

Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Arthropoda
Class – Insecta
Order – Orthoptera

Objective:

Identify & label the internal & external anatomy of a grasshopper.

Materials:

Lab apron, gloves, eyeglasses, dissecting pan, dissecting kit with forceps & scalpel, t-pins, magnifying glass, preserved grasshopper, paper, pencil.

Procedure (External Anatomy): Examine the entire grasshopper and identify the major subdivisions and parts of the body.  

  1. Obtain a preserved grasshopper & rinse off any preservative with water. Place grasshopper in the dissecting pan.

  1. Observe that the body of the grasshopper is divided into 3 regions — the head, the thorax, and abdomen. Label these on Figure 2.
  2. Examine the head and locate the following parts:
    HEAD
    Antennae (two, slender appendages)
    Compound eyes (2, large lateral)
    Ocelli (or simple eyes) – 3, small, between compound eyes
    Mouth parts – Labrum (upper lip), mandibles (jaws) below the labrum, maxillae located behind the mandibles to help cut & hold food, and the lower lip or labium

 

 

          1. Labrum          4. Labium
          2. Mandibles          5. Maxillary Palps
          3. Labial Palps          6. Maxillae
          7. compound eye          8. ocelli

 

 

  1. Label the mouthparts, eyes, and antenna on Figure 1.
  2. Using forceps, remove each of the appendages from the head, and attached them to table 1.
  3. Examine the following appendages on the thorax (middle section of the grasshopper’s body):

   THORAX
Legs (first 2 pairs are for walking & the last pair are for jumping)
Wings (forewings have a leathery appearance & protect the hind wings)

  1. Using forceps, remove one of the walking legs and identify these parts — the coxa connects the femur (the thickest part of the leg) to the grasshopper’s body; a slender, spiny tibia connects the femur to the tarsal segments (lowest part of the leg). Label these on Figure 2.
  2. Remove a jumping leg and attach the walking leg & jumping leg to Table 1.
  3. Raise both pairs of wings and locate the first abdominal segment.
  4. Locate the tympanic membrane or eardrum on the first abdominal segment. Label this on Figure 2.

  1. Using a magnifying glass, locate the spiracles or tiny pores for respiration on each side of the abdominal segments.  Label these on Figure 2.
  2. Determine if your grasshopper is a male or female by looking at the end of the abdomen. Females have a tapered abdomen that ends in a pointed egg laying tube called the ovipositor. Male have a more rounded abdomen that turns upward.

  1. Label the ovipositor on Figure 2.

ABDOMEN
Spiracles (small openings on the side of somites or body segments)
Auditory Organs (two located laterally on the 1st body somite or segment)
Ovipositor (on female)

Observations & Conclusion:

Figure 1 – Grasshopper Head (Label ALL parts.)

 

Figure 2 – External Grasshopper anatomy (Label ALL parts.)

Table 1 – External Appendages of the Grasshopper (Attach ALL parts.)

 

Antenna

 
Labrum

 
Mandible

 
Maxilla

 
Labium

 
Forewing

 
Hindwing

 
Walking Leg

 
Jumping Leg

 
Sex of Grasshopper

 

 

1. Which region of the insect’s body is specialized for sensory functions? Explain your answer.

 

2. Which region of the insect’s body is specialized for movement & explain why?

 

3. What is the purpose of compound eyes? of simple eyes?

4. List the grasshopper’s mouthparts & their functions.

 

 

5. How are the ends of the legs adapted for holding onto plants?

 

6. How is the third pair of legs adapted for jumping?

 

7. Describe the differences between the two pairs of wings (appearance & function).

 

8. How does the tympanic membrane help a grasshopper?

9. What system do spiracles open into on a grasshopper?

10. Do all abdominal segments have spiracles? Are there any spiracles on the thoraic segments?

11. How did you determine the sex of your grasshopper?

 

12. Explain how grasshoppers dig holes to lay their eggs.

 

 

Great Biology Web Sites

 

Great Biology Web Sites

 

Great Sites by Great Teachers
These are some of the best web sites that I have found.  These are awesome teachers making a difference.   If you can add to the list, please send me an email at: cmassengale8@sps.k12.ar.us
Kelly Reidell  http://kr021.k12.sd.us/
Mark Adame http://smtexas.net/faculty/adame/BIOLOGYHOME.htm
Diane Goerlitz         
        

     

Biology.org

J. Naughton’s Biology Page http://www.niles-hs.k12.il.us/jacnau/

Shannan Muskopf       Biology Corner          http://www.biologycorner.com/

 Biologyzone-
Kim B. Foglia

Enzyme PowerPoint Worksheet

Enzymes
ppt Questions

Enzyme Structure & Function

1. Most enzymes are what type of macromolecule?

2. Most enzymes are ______________ or ______________ structures.

3. Enzymes act as ___________ in reactions.

4. Are enzymes permanently changed in the chemical reactions they are involved in?

5. Will an enzyme work on any substance? Explain.

 

6. Can enzymes be reused?

7. What ending is found on many enzymes?

8. Give 3 examples of enzymes with this ending.

 

9. How does an enzyme work?

 

10. What effect does an enzyme have on activation energy needed to start a reaction?

11. Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 is a common waste product of cells. Enzymes called catalases in cells break this down into harmless ________________.

12. What is meant by the term substrate?

 

13. What is meant by active site?

 

14. Sketch and label the enzyme-substrate complex.

 

 

15. What is meant by induced fit?

 

16. What induces an enzyme to change the shape of its active site?

17. List 4 factors that can affect enzyme activity.

 

18. What is the effect of high temperature on an enzyme (running fever)?

 

19. What temperature do most enzymes do best at?

20. Most enzymes like a pH near ______________.

21. To denature an enzyme means the enzyme becomes _______________ and can no longer work properly.

22. Name 3 inorganic substances (cofactors) that are often needed for enzymes to work properly.

 

23. Give an example of an enzyme & its needed inorganic substance.

 

24. Give one example of an enzyme inhibitor.

25. Explain how competitive inhibitors work.

 

 

26. If a competitive inhibitor blocks the active site, the ____________ can’t fit.

27. Explain noncompetitive inhibitors. 

 

 

28. Do noncompetitive inhibitors bind to the active site? Explain.