| What Is an Animal? |
| 1. |
List the five characteristics that combine to define animals. |
| 2. |
Describe the role of Hox genes in animal development. |
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The Origins of Animal Diversity |
| 3. |
Describe the evidence that suggests animals may have first evolved about a billion years ago. |
| 4. |
Explain the significance of the Cambrian explosion. Describe three hypotheses for the cause of the Cambrian explosion. |
| 5. |
Outline the major grades of the animal kingdom based on symmetry, embryonic germ layers, the presence or absence and type of coelom, and protostome or deuterostome development. |
| 6. |
Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry. Explain how animal symmetry may match the animal’s way of life. |
| 7. |
Distinguish among the acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate grades. Explain the functions of a body cavity. |
| 8. |
Distinguish between the following pairs of terms:
a. diploblastic and triploblastic
b. spiral and radial cleavage
c. determinate and indeterminate cleavage
d. schizocoelous and enterocoelous development |
| 9. |
Compare the developmental differences between protostomes and deuterostomes, including:
a. pattern of cleavage
b. fate of the blastopore
c. coelom formation |
| 10. |
Name five major features of animal phylogeny that are supported by systematic analyses of morphological characters and recent molecular studies. |
| 11. |
Distinguish between the ecdysozoans and the lophotrochozoans. Describe the characteristic features of each group. |
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