What You Need to Know About Becoming a Biology Major

Becoming a Biology Major

People choose to major in Biology for reasons that go beyond a fascination with living organisms. So, what’s so special about that? In essence, it satisfies a deep curiosity about life and answers fundamental questions about the natural world. And, that’s not it. On top of that, many are motivated by a desire to make a meaningful impact. There are various ways to do that, whether through medicine, conservation, or research. However, this field is very complicated. Thanks to its challenges, people can experience a sense of accomplishment. At the end of the day, mastering complex topics fosters resilience and growth. But the question is “How to handle those challenges successfully?” Read a simple answer below. 

Handling Challenges in Education

What is a Biology major path? To be fair enough, the academic journey is as demanding as it is rewarding. If you want to become a Biology major, you must understand that this path will be filled with challenging courses and rigorous research projects. And of course, this overwhelming workload can lead to intense reactions to stress. So, if you don’t want to face the negative consequences of that, you should learn how to balance work, exams, and writing assignments. The best way to do that is by using additional support. For me personally, the best solution was to pay someone to write my essay so that I could submit it on time without sacrificing sleep. Thanks to Edubirdie which provides online academic assistance, I could keep my passion for Biology alive and manage all my responsibilities. But it’s far not everything that you must know. Read more about this educational journey below. 

Confronting the Boundaries of Control

If you think about what lessons biology teaches us, it would be a lot about control. It shows us that life is governed by forces beyond our control, such as evolution, genetic inheritance, and ecological interactions. Sometimes, it can feel frustrating but it’s better to learn this lesson as soon as possible. While pursuing a major in Biology, many young people come up against the limits of human influence and are reminded of the fragility that underlies all living systems. Of course, this can evoke discomfort, but it’s worth facing. This is a necessary confrontation with reality that forces a deeper recognition of what it means to be alive. It forces a deeper recognition of what it means to be alive, so we can keep our hearts soft and open.

Searching for Meaning in Complexity

Any Biology student would confirm that the allure of this science lies not in its simplicity but in its intricacy. To be more accurate, the field doesn’t shy away from the messiness of life; rather, it delves into it. Researchers bravely accept the challenges presented by this field and delve into the messiness of life. They dedicate huge amounts of time to examining the interconnections between organisms and their environments. They also explore the emergence of consciousness, and the process of decay and renewal, which are so exciting for curious minds. By the way, have you ever thought that there is often an underlying need to find meaning amid this complexity for those drawn to this major? Just reflect on that and you’ll notice how you not just seek answers but strive for understanding your place in a world where change is the only constant. Thus, Biology becomes a way of coming to terms with the ever-changing nature of life.

Growth Through Tension and Struggle

If you study Biology, you must be prepared for the fact that this path is fraught with challenges. Just imagine yourself in a laboratory and recall all the failed experiments, difficult concepts, and unexpected outcomes. Sounds pretty scary, isn’t it? Yet, these struggles are not just obstacles to overcome. If we look at them from another perspective, they are the very ground upon which growth takes place. Without setbacks, we wouldn’t progress that much. In general, each setback invites reflection and each obstacle demands adaptation. This is an exciting ongoing process where you come to realize that growth is forged through moments of tension. It’s a valuable life lesson that Biology can teach you. Hence, the pursuit of understanding biology, then, is a lived experience of questioning and reimagining what is possible.

Final Thoughts

So, is biology hard? Definitely, yes. But it should not scare you away. If you pick a Biology program, you will not regret it. In fact, you need to know about both rewards and challenges before applying for a major in Biology. Hopefully, this article has inspired you to follow your passion!

Author’s BIO

Mattew Stoll is a personal tutor and content writer. He works with high school graduates and college students to help them achieve outstanding results in their education. Matthew believes that we all need to explore our full potential in academic settings, so his mission is to help with that.

Conquering Your Biology Paper Starts with Smart Preparation

When you sit down to write a biology paper, it can be scary. So many science terms, so much research, so many expectations. But it doesn’t have to be that hard. If you start with smart preparation, you’ll find that the writing process goes a lot more smoothly, and you’ll feel more confident writing about the most challenging subjects. Let’s break it down into easy steps to ace your Biology paper.

High School and College Biology Papers

Writing Biology Papers

1. Choose a Focused Topic

A good first step in smart prep is to select a topic that’s relatively narrow and manageable. The subject of Biology is so vast that to succeed, you’ll have to narrow your focus. Your topic will be too broad if you don’t know where to start your search and don’t know when you’ve covered enough. You can overcome these problems by zeroing in on a specific question or issue. For example, instead of “The Human Immune System”, consider “The Role of T-Cells in Fighting Viral Infections”. A narrow topic makes it easier to stay on track and allows you to go deeper in your research.

2. Conduct Thorough Research

Now you have chosen your topic, it is time to get down to business – research! For any good biology paper, your sources always need to be robust. That means peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and academic websites. Be sure to organize your research as you go. Keep a notebook or digital document handy for saving quotations, studies, and other facts that you plan to use in your paper. This will help you avoid a frantic search once you’re ready to put pen to paper. 

3. Develop a Clear Thesis Statement

Your biology paper thesis needs to be clear. If your thesis is strong, it will set the direction of your Biology paper while allowing you to focus on the points that you want to make. If we continue with our previous example, a thesis for a biology paper on T-cells could be like this: “T-cells are important because they identify and eliminate infected cells that are infected by viruses, thus preventing the spread of infections”. Your thesis should be concise, specific, and backed by the research you’ve conducted.

4. Create an Outline

An organized outline is perhaps the single most important thing to do when preparing for any paper. Use your outline to map out the order of your essay’s thoughts and arguments so that your ideas flow in a logical manner.

5. Use Visuals to Support Your Argument

Biology papers often grapple with concepts and processes that are hard to describe with words alone. Charts, diagrams, and graphs can help you explain scientific ideas more effectively and make your paper more inviting to read. For instance, if you’re writing about cell division, an easy-to-understand diagram of mitosis can make your explanation easier to follow. Don’t forget to label any visuals you add.

6. Break the Writing Into Sections

Don’t try to write the whole paper simultaneously, as that will leave you frustrated and exhausted. Instead, break up the writing into chunks. Write a paragraph. Or one section. Get that part done well, and then go to the next part of your paper. Having mini-goals makes it less overwhelming and will help you pay equal attention to each part of your paper.

7. Consider Using Essay Writers for Hire

If you have multiple assignments and deadlines to meet, you can get easily stuck and not know what to write first. Or maybe the topic you were assigned is too broad or complex to handle in a given time. In that case, there are services that can help you with this task. Essay writers for hire can help you create a well-researched and well-structured biology paper. This will leave you with some free time for your other projects.

8. Proofread and Edit Your Work

After you have completed your paper, you might be tempted to hit ‘submit’ and call it a day, but take the time to proofread and edit your paper. Your paper should be free of spelling, grammar, and punctuation mistakes, and all of your ideas should flow seamlessly from one section to the next. If you can, you should reread your work after a break with a fresh set of eyes. You may see what you initially didn’t notice.

9. Cite Your Sources Properly

Biology papers rely on a substantial amount of external sources, and they need to be cited properly. Cite the sources using whatever citation style your professor asks for – APA, MLA, or Chicago. Using the correct citation rules gives your work more credibility. If you’re not sure how to cite a source, numerous online tools, such as Citation Machine, can do the formatting for you.

10. Don’t Stress – You’ve Got This!

When you write a biology paper, you don’t have to be afraid. You can be smart about it. You can plan it out. This way, you’ll have your biology paper done in a breeze. Start early. Stay organized. And seek out help when you need it. Remember – you have what it takes to deliver an awesome paper.

Prep Smart, Write Confidently

The key to nailing your biology paper lies in careful preparation, from choosing a specific topic to proofreading the final draft. Every step of the way, your preparation builds on the previous step to a well-researched, effective essay. Preparing well and writing with confidence are the best ways to conquer that college paper. So, grab a pen and get ready to ace your biology paper!

Significance of Editing and Proofreading Your Biology Research Essay

A review essay for the biological sciences serves to discuss and synthesize key findings on a particular subject

Seasoned writers know that the most critical stage of writing academic papers is always editing. While editing, you catch most of the standard mistakes and polish your papers. Properly polished papers often receive much better grades than raw ones because the general neatness of your paper and correct grammar are what most attract the reviewer’s attention. 

Suppose you want to create a decent biology research essay, which is a significant paper for your academic performance. In that case, you must dedicate enough time for thorough editing and utilize some effective hacks and tips. We have gathered the most valuable advice for proper proofreading: with our guidance, you will be able to elevate your writing to the next level. If you are still not confident in your abilities to write close-to-perfect papers, contact the science essay writing service for urgent assistance. 

Why Proofreading Is So Important 

Proofreading is reviewing a work with a critical eye for typos, grammatical mistakes, and punctuation issues. A typical proofreader’s duties include making sure all citations and formatting are consistent and pointing out any instances of ambiguity or misinterpretation. Proper proofreading aids in fixing mistakes such as run-on phrases, fragmented sentences, and comma splices. Little mistakes may slip your mind while you are engrossed in your research and writing. Proofreading is a great way to catch and repair these mistakes.

To be clear, proofreading is not the same as editing. Editing and proofreading are sometimes confused for one another by researchers and PhD candidates. Keep in mind that editing is done before proofreading, and the aim is to make the research paper more explicit by fixing spelling and grammar mistakes and ensuring it is easy to read.

Tips on Proofreading Your Biology Paper

1 – Verify Your Biology Research

Proofreading and editing means not only finding typos and errors in spelling but also applies to finding logical flaws. The most essential part of your biology paper is research, and we recommend starting by rechecking each number and statement from your study. Otherwise, you risk writing the whole paper based on inaccurate facts, which can disaster your academic performance.

2 – Understand the Difference

When you edit your work, you check it for logic, coherence, structure, and argument errors.  Grammar, spelling, punctuation, formatting, and consistency are all aspects of a paper that should be carefully examined during proofreading. Editing focuses on the overall structure, whereas proofreading is more concerned with the specifics.

3 – We Recommend Always Starting with Editing

It is standard practice to modify a document first before moving on to proofreading. Doing so can save you the trouble of going back and addressing tiny mistakes that can easily be edited out.

Before you revise your work:

1. Give it a thorough and critical read-through.

2. Make sure it has a clear objective, research question, or hypothesis.

3. Check that the journals and your field’s specific guidelines for paper format and structure are followed.

We also recommend verifying that you have adequately introduced your study topic and provided the necessary background information in your work. Also, check that your work is well-organized and clearly displays your techniques, findings, and discussion. It would also be smart to remember that you need to include credible sources to back up your statements and conclusions throughout the paper and check that the manuscript acknowledges the limitations and consequences of your research.

4 – Listen to Feedback & Use Advanced Writing Tools

When you edit your work, you risk missing typos or weak points in your argument. Because of this, you need to use editing tools and comments to improve your paper. Software or online platforms exist to assist with many aspects of document editing, such as checking for plagiarism, readability, word count, and style.  Another option to help you find typical mistakes in your writing is to utilize a grammar or spell checker. On the other hand, you shouldn’t put all your faith in these tools—they may miss inevitable subtle mistakes or details in your paper. The best way to improve your paper is to get comments from people you respect, such as classmates, bosses, or mentors. They will be able to provide you with honest, helpful criticism. Pay attention to their feedback and change your paper based on what they say.

5 – Apply Best Proofreading Techniques

When you proofread your work, you run the risk of missing typos or grammatical mistakes that you’ve grown accustomed to. Use these proofreading approaches to make your work more correct.

To catch typos or strange phrasing you would miss when reading it silently or on your computer, you could print a copy of your paper and read it out loud. Consider reading your paper backward: it will force you to concentrate on the structure and spelling of each word rather than the overall meaning or flow of the sentences. A checklist or guide can remind you what to search for and how to fix any mistakes or inconsistencies in your paper, while a ruler or finger can assist you in avoiding skipping or repeating lines or words.

6 – Double-Check Numbers, References and Symbols

Such mistakes will easily catch the attention of reviewers but can be hard to spot for an average writer. You write this number once at the start and never return to recheck it because you are sure that the stated information is absolutely correct. The standard proofreading practice is double-checking all facts and accurate information in your biology research.

7 – Focus on One Type of Error at a Time

Keep in mind that academic writing proofreading is no picnic. As you go through your text, focus on fixing one typical error type at a time. Checking for spelling, grammar, or punctuation errors could be a good place to start. This method can help you avoid accidentally missing potential mistakes. 

The Bottom Line 

Writing an excellent biology research essay requires diligence, perseverance, and proper proofreading. We recommend not only looking for spelling errors, but double-checking each number in your final draft and each fact from your study. The outstanding research paper is a balanced combination of accurate information, perfect writing, and impeccable quality, and thorough proofreading can help you guarantee all of these.

How to Write a Biology Essay

“The point of the essay is to change things.” –Edward Tufte

Writing a biology essay can be a complex task, requiring not only a deep understanding of the subject but also the ability to present scientific information clearly and effectively. Prepare well and exploit a structured approach to crafting a compelling and well-researched biology text. Some simple steps go from understanding the assignment and conducting detailed research to structuring your essay and incorporating credible sources so that you can reach academic excellence without any complications. For qualitative preparation check out biology essay examples on a trustworthy source and follow the expert instructions to ensure your text meets the high standards of scientific writing.

Use real-world examples and case studies to illustrate your points and demonstrate how they apply to your thesis when writing in Biology.

Understand the Biological Context

You will hardly create any qualitative content unless you clearly understand what you are going to write about. Identify the biological concept or phenomenon that is to be at the center of your writing. If you have any hesitations or your assignment seems ambiguous to you, consult your professor for clarifications or any educational assistant for further directions.

What can help you dive deeper into your biological context is also a literature review. Proceed through a thorough literature review to understand the current state of research on the topic. Look up databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and institutional libraries.

Formulate a Hypothesis or Research Question

Pass on to generate a hypothesis or research question that is going to be the core of your essay. If your writing involves an experimental or observational study, formulate a clear, testable hypothesis. Develop a specific research question to guide your investigation if it’s a review or analytical essay. So, define the type of your text and formulate its central point respectively for further successful steps.

Conduct Detailed Research and Data Collection

Now that you know your context and your attitude as for the assignment it is time to back it up with the proof. Start with primary sources, covering research articles, original studies, and scientific experiments. When you have enough, pass on to secondary sources, such as review articles, meta-analyses, and books for broader context.

Additionally, biological research allows you to conduct data analysis to strengthen your essay arguments. If the step is relevant to your work, analyze raw data from experiments or existing datasets using statistical methods. Create or refer to graphs, tables, and figures to present data effectively.

Create and Follow a Structured Outline with Scientific Rigor

Sometimes it is very difficult to organize your work properly so that you can finish it on time and produce qualitative content without any delay. So the very next step is to create a structured outline with scientific rigor so that you can stick to it to write a fundamental essay.

● Abstract – if you are required to, begin with an abstract. Provide a concise summary of the essay, including the research question, methods, key findings, and conclusions.

● Introduction – the next step or the primary point when an abstract is not necessary is to write an introduction. For your introduction include detailed background information with references to key studies and findings. Explain the significance of the topic within the field of biology. And don’t forget to state your thesis or hypothesis clearly. The rest of your writing will be tied to it. Be confident you’ve singled out the central idea of your topic and the findings related.

● Methods – if necessary or stated in the assignment, dwell on the methods you’ve exploited when researching and writing. Provide a description of the experimental design, including controls, variables, and procedures. Add the list of materials and equipment used. Explain how data was collected and recorded. This part of the essay will be solid proof of your no-plagiarism work.

● Results – think of the way you are going to display the results of your research and organize them appropriately. Present data in an organizedmanner using figures, tables, and charts. Add statistical tests if used and their outcomes.

● Discussion – remember that you not only have to present the data and evidence you have collected but also analyze and show your attitude to the findings. Interpret the results in the context of the research question or hypothesis. Compare findings with previous studies and discuss similarities and differences. Be open about any limitations in your study or analysis.

● Conclusion – with the analysis of your findings ready, you should summarize your work with a proper conclusion. Dwell on how your findings support or disprove the thesis/hypothesis. Discuss the broader implications of your findings for the field of biology. Suggest areas for further research.

Make an outline and cover it step by step so that you have a logical and strong text in the end. This will help you to get everything important and finish up your essay on time. Usually with a scientific assignment, you don’t need the inspiration to guide you but should have a proper organization of the writing process to assist you. Outlining will be a crucial part of your well-organized work with the essay.

Incorporate Scientific Evidence

Your biological essay will be no more but the words compound together unless you exploit strong scientific evidence to support your arguments. Ensure all references are from peer-reviewed scientific journals or reputable academic sources. Use a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) and include in-text citations and a bibliography to guarantee the genuineness and trustworthiness of your sources and proofs.

Exploit direct quotations sparingly; prefer paraphrasing and summarizing with proper citations. Put the evidence in between your personal conclusions and attitude to the issue you are addressing in your writing. This will display you have processed the question under study deeply and made your own conclusions out of your findings.

Biology essays often include scientific data, diagrams, and graphs. Ensure that these elements are accurately presented and relevant to your argument

Consider Formatting and Technical Details

Scientific essay requires a relevant approach to its formatting and presentation. Use proper scientific nomenclature, italicizing genus and species names (e.g., Homo sapiens). Make sure you exploit standard units of measurement (SI units) and provide conversions if necessary. Define acronyms and abbreviations the first time they are used. Pay attention to these points when proofreading and editing or get someone to help you with a fresh look. A thorough approach and consistency in details will only add to the quality of your essay.

Spend Time on Proofreading and Peer Review

Take care your scientific essay looks appropriate and proves your level of qualification. Proofreading and thorough review will help you create a desirable image for your writing. Check for grammatical errors, scientific accuracy, and clarity. Use apps and tools to optimize and speed up the process. If possible, have your writing reviewed by a peer or mentor in the field for additional feedback. Or reach out to professionals from online services for high-end proofreading and review.

Care about Adherence to Ethical Guidelines

In the age of tolerance, you should also be confident that your essay doesn’t diminish or offend anyone’s rights and position as to your topic under study. Begin with ethical considerations. If your writing involves discussing experiments on humans or animals, ensure it adheres to ethical guidelines and includes necessary approvals. Additionally, avoid plagiarism by properly citing all sources and using original language. Check your text for authenticity with the help of anti-plagiarism tools on the Internet but beware of scams for anyone to steal your work.

Biology Essay Conclusion

Writing a biology essay involves proper planning, thorough research, and attention to detail. Cover some essential measures so that you can craft a well-structured and scientifically sound text that effectively communicates your findings and arguments. Mind the assignment and formulating a hypothesis to presenting data and discussing implications since each element plays a crucial role in the overall quality of your work. Remember to adhere to ethical guidelines, properly cite all sources, and seek feedback from peers or mentors. With these tools and strategies, you’ll be well-equipped to produce a high-quality biology essay that displays your knowledge and analytical skills.

Using a Heart Model to Study for AP Biology – Explore On a Deeper Level

Students in AP Biology have more opportunities for in-depth and hands-on experiences in the classroom. Learn how using a heart model to study can be beneficial when taking AP Biology.

Using A Heart Model To Study For AP Biology

heart model 500x500px

Since Biology is the study of living organisms, it’s essential to learn about and understand how the heart works. Although the basic functions of the heart are often taught at an early age and in elementary school, AP Biology provides the perfect opportunity to explore the unique organ at a deeper level.

While there are typically many lab sessions where students have the chance to examine and dissect a real heart, it’s not always the ideal model when studying the heart. We’ll discuss some of the ways that using a heart model can enhance and improve the overall learning experience in AP Biology.

Taking A Look At Heart Models

Walk into any AP Biology lab or even a doctor’s office, and there’s a good chance that you’ll see a model of a human heart on display. As an AP Biology student, exploring a human heart model may be the closest, you’ll get to human heart unless you decide to advance in the sciences or attend medical school.

Have a big exam coming up or just want to gain a better understanding of how all of the parts of the heart works? A model of a heart is an excellent resource for studying. If your AP Biology teacher has a heart model, you are probably encouraged to take a look at it in the classroom, but what can you use when you’re studying outside of the classroom?

what can you use when you’re studying outside of the classroom?

Quick Study Illustrations

heart illustration model

Your Biology book may have some stunning and highly-detailed graphics of a human heart, but it may not showcase every part in detail. You can find a variety of “quick study” pamphlets online that give you multiple views of the human heart, and in great detail.

This type of resource is nice for studying while “on the go,” or when you want something lightweight and compact, but it is still very similar to looking at a model of the heart in your textbook. If you are a visual learner, this method may be enough to help you study, but if you’re a “hands-on” learner, you may have a harder time learning about the heart.

3D Model Apps

If you spend a lot of time at your computer or on your device while you study, it may be worthwhile to check out a 3D model of the heart. Depending on the 3D model you choose, you might be able to do virtual dissection, manipulate the heart rate, or see what happens to the heart during a heart attack.

While a 3D model that you can touch and manipulate with your own hands, may help you understand the heart better than an app, the app may be beneficial due to some of its features (such as a beating heart or blood flow).

3D “Hand On” Models

Human heart model

As we mentioned earlier, there might be a 3D model of the human heart in your AP Biology classroom, and you have access to it while you’re in class. 3D heart models typically have pieces that come apart and allow you to see all the parts of the heart, which is essential when learning about the complex organ.

 When you want a more “hands-on” approach to studying the human heart, it can be difficult to have access to a 3D model, particularly if you’re in a large classroom with other students who are also wanting to see the model of the heart.

Purchasing a heart model for yourself might make studying more convenient and help information “sink in” a little better. If you’ve already started to search around online for 3D heart models, you might be a little disheartened by the price.

Many life-sized 3D heart models cost hundreds of dollars, and it might not be in your budget as an AP student. The good news is that there are many smaller 3D models available online for under $50.

If you decide to purchase a 3D model, it’s important to read the reviews before buying and keep in mind that the model will not be life-sized. Ideally, the 3D model should have parts that can be removed or at least moved out of the way, so that you can see all the parts of the heart.

Purchasing a 3D model of a heart can be a wise financial investment, particularly if you’re planning on pursuing Biology or other Life Sciences further. Your 3D model can also be a great asset to a study group or when using a variety of resources like the quick study pamphlet or 3D app.

Do You Have To Use A Heart Model When Studying?

A girl holding a heart model

You might be wondering if you need to use a model of a heart when studying for AP Biology. Your teacher may strongly recommend using heart models as a study guide, but as we mentioned earlier, you might understand how the heart works without looking at a model.

Even though we mention quick study pamphlets and 3D model apps as good alternatives to studying the heart, research suggests that students are more likely to understand and retain information better when they are presented with 3D models rather than 2D.

In one study, a group of nursing students was tested after learning and studying with 2D models, and the other group was tested (with the same test) after learning and studying with 3D models. Overall, the group that had access to a 3D model performed better on the test.

The methods, which were compared included a dissection of a sheep heart and a PowerPoint presentation versus a 3D heart model; the 3D model resulted in higher test scores.

Isn’t Dissection The Best Option For Studying The Heart?

humna heart model sectioned

Many may argue that dissecting a heart is the best way to study the heart and gain a better understanding of how it works. In AP Biology, you may have the opportunity to dissect a sheep heart or another mammal heart, but you won’t be able to have an up close and personal interaction with a human heart.

While dissection is a fascinating and “must have” experience in every Biology course, it can also be challenging to understand and often it’s a hurried process with limited explanations. It can also be more challenging when more than one student is working on dissecting a heart at once (such as a group of two or three people).

Dissection takes practice and time, and even though many students would benefit from one-on-one help from their instructor, it’s not always feasible. Dissecting a heart can also be very difficult for some students and may make them feel nervous or uneasy, which can also affect the overall learning experience.

Another reason why dissection may not be the best option for studying is that you can’t carry the heart around with you. Depending on how many students are in the class or how many class sessions touch and examine a heart, it can become harder to work with or easily damaged.

Ideally, every student would have the opportunity to dissect a heart and learn enough from the experience to understand how the heart works and ace an exam on how the heart functions. Since a heart is such a unique and complex organ, it’s beneficial to explore a variety of resources to help better understand the heart.

Dissection is a great option, but it’s not the only option (nor should it be) when providing an in-depth look at the heart. Unless you have a photographic memory, most students benefit from seeing the parts of a heart multiple times, not just during the various steps of a dissection.

Using a 3D model allows you to take the heart apart and put it back together as many times as you want. If the model is made of high-quality materials and is handled carefully, it can withstand many study sessions and years of science courses.

Using Various Heart Models For Studying

The type of heart models you choose will most likely depend on your learning style and preferences. Since learning about the heart is not something that is easily done overnight, it’s best to utilize as many resources as you can when you study.

If a model of the human heart is not available to you on a regular basis or at home, consider the 3D model app and even some of the quick study guides.