| The Stages of Embryonic Development in Animals |
| 1. |
Compare the concepts of preformation and epigenesis. |
| 2. |
List the two functions of fertilization. |
| 3. |
Describe the acrosomal reaction and explain how it ensures that gametes are conspecific. |
| 4. |
Describe the cortical reaction. |
| 5. |
Explain how the fast and slow blocks to polyspermy function sequentially to prevent multiple sperm from fertilizing the egg. |
| 6. |
Describe the changes that occur in an activated egg and explain the importance of cytoplasmic materials to egg activation. |
| 7. |
Compare fertilization in a sea urchin and in a mammal. |
| 8. |
Describe the general process of cleavage. |
| 9. |
Explain the importance of embryo polarity during cleavage. Compare the characteristics of the animal hemisphere, vegetal hemisphere, and gray crescent in amphibian embryos. |
| 10. |
Describe the formation of a blastula in sea urchin, amphibian, and bird embryos. Distinguish among meroblastic cleavage, holoblastic cleavage, and the formation of the blastoderm. |
| 11. |
Describe the product of cleavage in an insect embryo. |
| 12. |
Describe the process of gastrulation and explain its importance. Explain how this process rearranges the embryo. List adult structures derived from each of the primary germ layers. |
| 13. |
Compare gastrulation in a sea urchin, a frog, and a chick. |
| 14. |
Describe the formation of the notochord, neural tube, and somites in a frog. |
| 15. |
Describe the significance and fate of neural crest cells. Explain why neural crest cells have been called a “fourth germ layer.” |
| 16. |
List and explain the functions of the extraembryonic membranes in reptile eggs. |
| 17. |
Describe the events of cleavage in a mammalian embryo. Explain the significance of the inner cell mass. |
| 18. |
Explain the role of the trophoblast in implantation of a human embryo. |
| 19. |
Explain the functions of the extraembryonic membranes in mammalian development. |
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The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Differentiation in Animals |
| 20. |
Describe the significance of changes in cell shape and cell position during embryonic development. Explain how these cellular processes occur. Describe the process of convergent extension. |
| 21. |
Describe the role of the extracellular matrix in embryonic development. |
| 22. |
Describe the locations and functions of cell adhesion molecules. |
| 23. |
Describe the two general principles that integrate our knowledge of the genetic and cellular mechanisms underlying differentiation. |
| 24. |
Describe the process of fate mapping and the significance of fate maps. |
| 25. |
Describe the two important conclusions that have resulted from the experimental manipulation of parts of embryos and the use of fate maps. |
| 26. |
Explain how the three body axes are established in early amphibian and chick development. |
| 27. |
Explain the significance of SpemannÕs organizer in amphibian development. |
| 28. |
Explain what is known about the molecular basis of induction. |
| 29. |
Explain pattern formation in a developing chick limb, including the roles of the apical ectodermal ridge and the zone of polarizing activity. |
| 30. |
Explain how a limb bud is directed to develop into either a forelimb or a hind limb. |
