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PCC Virus, Viroids, & Prions Study Guide

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PCC Virus, Viroids, & Prions Study Guide

 

  

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 
 1.
The outer protein coat of a virus is called a
a.
 DNA core.
c.
 bacteriophage.
b.
 capsid.
d.
 tail sheath.
 
 2.
All viruses are made of proteins and
a.
 nucleic acids.
c.
 bacteriophages.
b.
 prophages.
d.
 endospores.
 
 3.
A viral capsid functions to
a.
 bind the virus to the surface of a host cell.
b.
 transcribe viral genes.
c.
 force a host cell to make copies of the virus.
d.
 destroy a host cell.
 
 4.
The instructions for making new copies of a virus are
a.
 a part of a virus’s capsid.
b.
 coded in surface proteins attached to the protein coat.
c.
 coded in either RNA or DNA.
d.
 found only in bacteriophages.
 
 5.
What is the basic structure of a virus?
a.
 DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
b.
 a capsid surrounded by a protein coat
c.
 a tail sheath surrounded by tail fibers
d.
 a tiny cell surrounded by a cell wall
 
 6.
Viruses
a.
 are all about the same size.
b.
 vary greatly in size and structure.
c.
 rarely contain DNA or RNA.
d.
 can be seen with a basic compound light microscope.
 
 7.
Which of the following characteristics of living things is NOT true about viruses?
a.
 contain genetic material
c.
 obtain and use energy
b.
 evolve over time
d.
 able to reproduce
 
 8.
A lytic infection concludes with the
a.
 embedding of viral DNA into the host cell’s DNA.
b.
 production of a prophage.
c.
 bursting of the host cell.
d.
 production of messenger RNA.
 
 9.
A prophage is made of
a.
 bacteriophages.
c.
 capsid proteins.
b.
 carbohydrates.
d.
 viral DNA.
 
 10.
Bacteriophages infect
a.
 other viruses.
c.
 any available host cell.
b.
 bacteria only.
d.
 cells undergoing the lytic cycle.
 
 11.
Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do NOT
a.
 inject their genetic material into the host cell.
b.
 enter the lytic cycle.
c.
 lyse the host cell right away.
d.
 infect host cells.
 
 12.
During a lytic infection, the host cell is
a.
 destroyed.
c.
 copied many times over.
b.
 prepared for the lysogenic cycle.
d.
 all of the above
 
 13.
Which of the following is NOT a viral disease?
a.
 botulism
c.
 measles
b.
 AIDS
d.
 polio
 
 14.
Viral diseases can be
a.
 treated with antibiotics and prevented with vaccines.
b.
 treated with vaccines and prevented with antibiotics.
c.
 prevented with antibiotics but not treated with vaccines.
d.
 prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics.
 
 15.
Plant viruses have a difficult time entering the cells they infect partly because
a.
 plant viruses are weaker than animal viruses.
b.
 plant cells have tough cell walls.
c.
 many plant viruses are spread by insects.
d.
 plant viruses do not have a protein coat.
 
 16.
Viruses cause disease by
a.
 producing toxins that harm the body.
b.
 reproducing independently inside the body.
c.
 forming endospores in the body.
d.
 disrupting the body’s normal equilibrium.
 
 17.
Prions differ from viruses because
a.
 prions do not cause disease.
c.
 prions only infect plant cells.
b.
 prions contain no DNA or RNA.
d.
 prions do not contain any protein.
 
 18.
We know viruses are not alive because they
a.
 are made of cells.
c.
 they are autotrophic.
b.
 make prions rather than proteins.
d.
 they are not made of cells.
 
 19.
The study of viruses is a part of biology because viruses
a.
 belong to the domain Archaea.
c.
 are living organisms.
b.
 are about to become extinct.
d.
 are active inside living cells.
 
 20.
A typical virus consists of a
a.
 protein coat and a cytoplasm core.
b.
 carbohydrate coat and a nucleic acid core.
c.
 protein coat and a nucleic acid core.
d.
 polysaccharide coat and a nucleic acid core.
 
 21.
Biologists now know that viruses
a.
 are the smallest organisms.
b.
 consist of a protein surrounded by a nucleic acid coat.
c.
 contain RNA or DNA in a protein coat.
d.
 all form the same crystalline shape.
 
   
 
nar001-1.jpg
 
 22.
Refer to the illustration above. Which structure represents protein?
a.
 structure B
c.
 structure D
b.
 structure A
d.
 structure E
 
 23.
The function of a bacteriophage’s tail and tail fibers is to inject
a.
 viral protein into the host cell.
c.
 glycoproteins into the host cell.
b.
 viral enzymes into the host cell.
d.
 viral DNA into the host cell.
 
 24.
The capsid of a virus is the
a.
 protective outer coat.
c.
 nucleus.
b.
 cell membrane.
d.
 cell wall and membrane complex.
 
 25.
A provirus is part of a virus’s
a.
 lytic cycle.
c.
 infection cycle.
b.
 conjugation cycle.
d.
 lysogenic cycle.
 
 26.
How is a lytic cycle different from a lysogenic cycle?
a.
 The host cell is destroyed in a lysogenic cycle.
b.
 The host cell is destroyed in a lytic cycle.
c.
 A provirus is formed during a lytic cycle.
d.
 A lytic cycle releases temperate viruses.
 
 27.
A virulent virus is one that
a.
 has only DNA.
b.
 has only RNA.
c.
 reproduces only with a lysogenic cycle.
d.
 reproduces only with a lytic cycle.
 
 28.
In a lytic cycle, viral genetic material
a.
 remains separate from the host cell’s DNA.
b.
 becomes part of the host cell’s DNA.
c.
 becomes a provirus.
d.
 remains in the host cell permanently.
 
 29.
The cycle of viral infection, replication, and cell destruction is called the virus’s
a.
 lysogenic cycle.
c.
 lytic cycle.
b.
 metabolic cycle.
d.
 provirus cycle.
 
 30.
Viroids are
a.
 much smaller than viruses.
c.
 misshapen proteins.
b.
 much larger than viruses.
d.
 found in the brain.
 
 31.
Prions
a.
 always have a capsid.
c.
 change the shape of normal proteins.
b.
 cause abnormal growth in plants.
d.
 are made of RNA.
 

 

 
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Quiz Cell Reproduction

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Cell Reproduction

 

 

True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
1.
The information needed by a cell to direct its activities and to determine its characteristics is contained in molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
2.
Gametes are diploid so that when fertilization occurs, the resulting zygote will have the characteristic number of chromosomes for that species.
3.
A karyotype is a type of gene.
4.
Cell division in bacteria and eukaryotes takes place in precisely the same manner.
5.
Cells spend most of their lifetime in interphase.
6.
After the replication of a cell’s chromatids, there are twice as many centromeres as there are chromosomes.
7.
Asexual reproduction occurs by mitosis.
8.
During telophase, a nuclear envelope surrounds each new set of chromosomes.
9.
Chromatids separate from each other during telophase.
10.
After mitosis and cytokinesis, each new cell has a complete set of the original cell’s  chromosomes.
 

Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
11.
Following replication of its DNA, each chromosome contains two ____________________, which are attached to each other by a centromere.
12.
Chromosomes that are not involved in sex determination are called ____________________.
13.
A picture of a cell’s chromosomes is called a ____________________.
14.
The sequence of events that occurs in a cell from one mitotic division to the next is called the ____________________.
15.
“Cables” made of microtubules that extend from the poles of a cell to the centromeres during cell division are called ____________________.
16.
In mitosis, anaphase follows ____________________.
17.
The stage of meiosis during which homologues line up along the equator of the cell is called ____________________.
18.
The process called ____________________ guarantees that the number of chromosomes in gametes is half the number of chromosomes in body cells.
19.
A reciprocal exchange of corresponding segments of DNA is called ____________________.
20.
As a result of spermatogenesis, ____________________ cells are produced that can all develop into sperm cells. As a result of oogenesis, only ____________________ cell(s) develop(s) into (an) egg cell(s).

 
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PCC Fungi Study Guide

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PCC Fungi Study Guide

 

 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 1.
All fungi are
a.
 heterotrophic prokaryotes.
c.
 autotrophic prokaryotes.
b.
 heterotrophic eukaryotes.
d.
 autotrophic eukaryotes.
 2.
Fungi do NOT
a.
 carry out photosynthesis.
c.
 digest food outside their bodies.
b.
 grow on their food source.
d.
 absorb food through their cell walls.
 3.
Fungi resemble plants in that they both always
a.
 have stems.
c.
 act as parasites.
b.
 grow from the ground.
d.
 have cell walls.
 4.
A mushroom is a fungal
a.
 fruiting body.
c.
 mycorrhiza.
b.
 lichen.
d.
 yeast.
 5.
The tangled mass that makes up the body of a fungus is the
a.
 hypha.
c.
 mycelium.
b.
 rhizoid.
d.
 stolon.

nar001-1.jpg

Figure 21–1
 6.
Fungal hyphae, shown in Figure 21–1, differ in that some lack
a.
 cell walls.
c.
 nuclei.
b.
 cross walls.
d.
 cytoplasm.
 7.
A circular arrangement of mushrooms sprouting from the same mycelium is known as a(an)
a.
 hypha.
c.
 imperfect fungus.
b.
 fairy ring.
d.
 sporangiophore.
 8.
Most fungi reproduce
a.
 asexually only.
c.
 both sexually and asexually.
b.
 sexually only.
d.
 by budding.
 9.
Stinkhorns, which mimic the odor of rotting meat, have spores that are dispersed by
a.
 wind.
c.
 snow.
b.
 birds.
d.
 flies.
 10.
When hyphae of opposite mating types meet, they first
a.
 enter mitosis
c.
 enter meiosis.
b.
 grow and develop.
d.
 fuse.
 11.
Sporangia are found at the tops of specialized hyphae called
a.
 sporangiophores.
c.
 gametangia.
b.
 mycelia.
d.
 stolons.
 12.
Which of the following processes is first to occur after the nuclei of opposite mating types fuse?
a.
 Spores are produced.
c.
 Mitosis occurs.
b.
 Gametes are produced.
d.
 Meiosis occurs.
 13.
Dark fuzz that grows on bread is an example of
a.
 toadstool.
c.
 yeast.
b.
 spore.
d.
 mold.
 14.
Rhizoids in molds are analagous to which structures on plants?
a.
 flowers
c.
 stems
b.
 roots
d.
 leaves
 15.
In bread mold, haploid gametes are produced by the
a.
 gametangia.
c.
 zygospores.
b.
 rhizoids.
d.
 sporangiophores.
 16.
Which of the following ingredients is NOT added to bread dough in order to make it rise?
a.
 sugar
c.
 water
b.
 yeast
d.
 oxygen
 17.
The dry, powdered yeast used to bake bread actually contains
a.
 zygospores.
c.
 conidia.
b.
 ascospores.
d.
 sporangia.
 18.
Yeasts obtain energy by alcoholic fermentation in the absence of
a.
 moisture.
c.
 oxygen.
b.
 carbon dioxide.
d.
 sugar.
 19.
Mushrooms are classified as
a.
 common molds.
c.
 club fungi.
b.
 sac fungi.
d.
 imperfect fungi.
 20.
Which is responsible for the enlargement of fruiting bodies?
a.
 water uptake by cells in hyphae
c.
 production of haploid spores
b.
 rapid cell division
d.
 expansion of air spaces between the gills
 21.
The common name for members of the phylum Basidiomycota is derived from the shape of their
a.
 spores.
c.
 basidia.
b.
 hyphae.
d.
 stalks.
 22.
Over time, nutrients at the center of a large underground mycelium become depleted, causing new mushrooms to sprout only
a.
 in a cluster at the center.
c.
 when the nutrients are replaced.
b.
 in a ring at the outer edges.
d.
 after budding takes place.
 23.
Each of the following is a basidiomycete EXCEPT
a.
 shelf fungi.
c.
 puffballs.
b.
 mushrooms.
d.
 cup fungi.
 24.
In basidiomycetes, the primary mycelia of different mating types fuse to form
a.
 a secondary mycelium.
b.
 haploid zygotes.
c.
 gills.
d.
 haploid nuclei of the same mating type.
 25.
Which statement about Penicillium is correct?
a.
 It produces mushrooms.
c.
 It is the source of an antibiotic.
b.
 It causes bread to rise.
d.
 It causes athlete’s foot.
 26.
Penicillium is classified in phylum Deuteromycota because Penicillium has
a.
 fruiting bodies.
c.
 no observed sexual phase.
b.
 gills.
d.
 basidiospores.
 27.
Penicillium may have evolved from an ascomycete that lost its ability to carry out
a.
 asexual reproduction.
c.
 spore formation.
b.
 sexual reproduction.
d.
 conidia formation.
 28.
An important role of fungi in an ecosystem is
a.
 photosynthesis.
c.
 making alcohol.
b.
 breaking down dead organisms.
d.
 killing bacteria.
 29.
The oldest fossil fungi on record belong to the phylum
a.
 Ascomycota.
c.
 Basidiomycota.
b.
 Deuteromycota.
d.
 Zygomycota.
 30.
Fungi that absorb food from decaying organic matter are
a.
 parasites.
c.
 mutualists.
b.
 saprobes.
d.
 autotrophs.
 31.
Fungi feed on
a.
 only living organisms.
c.
 both living and dead organisms.
b.
 only dead organisms.
d.
 only other fungi.
 32.
The breakdown of dead organisms is accelerated by the fungal production of
a.
 alcohols.
c.
 digestive enzymes.
b.
 acids.
d.
 recycled nutrients.
 33.
Which of the following statements about fungi is true?
a.
 They bind trace elements and hold them.
b.
 They return trace elements to the soil.
c.
 They do not affect trace elements.
d.
 They deplete the soil of trace elements.
 34.
Athlete’s foot is caused by the same fungus that causes
a.
 wheat rust.
c.
 ringworm.
b.
 moldy bread.
d.
 thrush.
 35.
The growth of yeasts in moist regions of the body is kept in check by competition from
a.
 antibiotics.
c.
 rusts.
b.
 bacteria.
d.
 mildews.
 36.
Crop damage by fungal diseases is
a.
 greatest in tropical areas.
c.
 greatest in temperate areas.
b.
 least in tropical areas.
d.
 not affected by climate.
 37.
Which structures of the fungus Cordyceps digest tropical grasshoppers from the inside out?
a.
 spores
c.
 fruiting bodies
b.
 hyphae
d.
 mycelia
 38.
Each of the following is true of wheat rust EXCEPT that it
a.
 is caused by a basidiomycete.
b.
 is carried by insects into wheat fields.
c.
 is controlled by destroying barberry plants.
d.
 produces two kinds of spores.
 39.
The normal balance between bacteria and yeasts in the body can be upset by
a.
 eating yeast-leavened bread.
c.
 using antibiotics.
b.
 eating edible mushrooms.
d.
 being exposed to mushroom spores.

nar002-1.jpg

Figure 21–2
 40.
Figure 21–2 illustrates an association of a(an)
a.
 cyanobacterium and a plant.
c.
 plant and a fungus.
b.
 alga or cyanobacterium and a fungus.
d.
 alga and a plant.
 41.
Which of the following is NOT a single organism?
a.
 mushroom
c.
 yeast
b.
 smut
d.
 lichen
 42.
Which statement about lichens is correct?
a.
 They are not tolerant of harsh conditions.
b.
 They cannot make their own food.
c.
 They grow only in soil.
d.
 They can serve as an air quality indicator.
 43.
The association of plants and fungi in mycorrhizae illustrates a type of relationship called
a.
 parasitism.
c.
 competition.
b.
 mutualism.
d.
 parallelism.
 44.
In a mycorrhizal relationship, what benefit does the plant get from the fungus?
a.
 protection from harsh conditions
c.
 products of photosynthesis
b.
 aid in seed dispersal
d.
 aid in the absorption of water and minerals
 45.
Beneath the forest floor, carbon atoms can be moved from one tree to the next by
a.
 orchids.
c.
 mycorrhizae.
b.
 fungal spores.
d.
 lichens.
 46.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of fungi?
a.
 membrane-bounded nuclei
b.
 mitochondria
c.
 cell wall of lipopolysaccharides
d.
 primarily terrestrial in habitat
e.
 reproduction via spores
 47.
The cell walls of fungi are composed of:
a.
 cellulose.
b.
 lipids.
c.
 glycogen.
d.
 chitin.
e.
 chlorophyll.
 48.
Fungi can grow under all of the following conditions except:
a.
 concentrated salt solutions.
b.
 an environment with a very low pH of 3.
c.
 a dry environment.
d.
 jelly or other sugar solutions.
e.
 a cold, refrigerated environment.
Figure 25-01
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.nar003-1.jpg
 49.
In Figure 25-01, the structure labeled 1 is:
a.
 a conidium.
b.
 a perforated septum.
c.
 a hypha.
d.
 a basidium.
e.
 a spore.
 50.
In Figure 25-01, the fungus illustrated in Figure A is:
a.
 multicellular.
b.
 coenocytic.
c.
 septate.
d.
 dikaryotic.
e.
 None of the above.
 51.
An example of a unicellular fungus is:
a.
 a mold.
b.
 a mushroom.
c.
 a yeast.
d.
 a rust.
e.
 a smut.
 52.
A ____________ is a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi.
a.
 thallus
b.
 protonema
c.
 fruiting body
d.
 hypha
e.
 septa
 53.
Which group of fungi have hyphae that are multinucleate and not divided by septa?
a.
 monokaryotic
b.
 unicellular
c.
 ascomycete
d.
 coenocytic
e.
 sporophyllous
 54.
A ____________ is a tangled mat of hyphae.
a.
 sporocarp
b.
 sporangia
c.
 zygospore
d.
 mycelium
e.
 coenocyte
 55.
The club fungi typically reproduce by producing:
a.
 zygospores.
b.
 ascospores.
c.
 asci.
d.
 basidia.
e.
 mycorrhizae.
 56.
Most fungal spores are ____________ reproductive cells that are produced ________________________.
a.
 motile; sexually only
b.
 motile; asexually only
c.
 nonmotile; sexually only
d.
 nonmotile; asexually only
e.
 nonmotile; sexually or asexually
 57.
In a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called:
a.
 a hypha.
b.
 a gametangium.
c.
 a fruiting body.
d.
 an oogonium.
e.
 an antheridium.
 58.
What makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom?
a.
 underground mycelium
b.
 above ground mycelium
c.
 underground fruiting body
d.
 above ground ascocarp
e.
 underground ascocarp
 59.
Dikaryotic cells are denoted as:
a.
 n + n.
b.
 n – n.
c.
 n.
d.
 2n.
e.
 2n – n.
 60.
Members of phylum ____________ are the most primitive of the fungi and were previously classified as protists.
a.
 Chytridiomycota
b.
 Zygomycota
c.
 Oomycota
d.
 Ascomycota
e.
 Deuteromycota
 61.
One ancestral characteristic remaining in representatives of the Chytridiomycetes is:
a.
 gametes formed by mitosis.
b.
 alternation of generations.
c.
 cell walls.
d.
 flagellated cells.
e.
 both sexual and asexual reproduction.
 62.
An example of a member of phylum Zygomycota is:
a.
 the common edible mushroom.
b.
 yeast.
c.
 the black bread mold.
d.
 the truffle.
e.
 More than one of the above.
 63.
When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored:
a.
 spores.
b.
 hyphae.
c.
 mycelia.
d.
 ascocarps.
e.
 thalli.
 64.
Black bread mold is ___________________, which means that it is self-sterile.
a.
 heterozygous
b.
 heterothallic
c.
 hetertrophic
d.
 mycotoxic
e.
 coenocytic
 65.
Reproduction in the black bread mold occurs between ___________________ hyphae.
a.
 male and female
b.
 + and –
c.
 dikaryotic and monokaryotic
d.
 heterothallic and homothallic
e.
 sterile and self-sterile
 66.
An example of a member of phylum Ascomycota is:
a.
 the common edible mushroom.
b.
 yeast.
c.
 the black bread mold.
d.
 the truffle.
e.
 More than one of the above.
 67.
The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called:
a.
 asci.
b.
 basidia.
c.
 gemmae.
d.
 conidiophores.
e.
 conidia.
 68.
Asexual reproduction in sac fungi involves production of spores called:
a.
 asci.
b.
 basidia.
c.
 gemmae.
d.
 conidiophores.
e.
 conidia.
Figure 25-02
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.nar004-1.jpg
 69.
In Figure 25-02, the structure labeled 11 is:
a.
 a zygote.
b.
 a female gametangium.
c.
 a male gemetangium.
d.
 a zoosporangium.
e.
 a zoospore.
 70.
The process occurring at point 3 in Figure 25-02 is:
a.
 asexual reproduction.
b.
 fertilization.
c.
 meiosis.
d.
 mitosis.
e.
 zygote germination.
 71.
The structure labeled 9 in Figure 25-02 was produced by:
a.
 fertilization of two zygotes.
b.
 meiosis in the resting sporangium.
c.
 meiosis in the zoosporangium.
d.
 mitosis in the resting sporangium.
e.
 mitosis in the zoosporangium.
 72.
An example of a plant disease caused by a basiodiomycete is:
a.
 chestnut blight.
b.
 Dutch elm disease.
c.
 verticillium wilt on potatoes.
d.
 stem rust of wheat.
e.
 All of the above.
 73.
In a mushroom, the primary mycelium is composed of ______________ cells.
a.
 monokaryotic
b.
 dikaryotic
c.
 homothallic
d.
 coenocytic
e.
 prokaryotic
 74.
Puffballs and bracket fungi are most closely related to:
a.
 molds.
b.
 truffles.
c.
 the common edible mushroom.
d.
 yeast.
e.
 the black bread mold.
 75.
Lichens are most typically formed by the symbiotic association of an alga or cyanobacterium and:
a.
 an ascomycete.
b.
 a deuteromycete.
c.
 a basidiomycete.
d.
 a zygomycete.
e.
 All of the above.
 76.
Lichens reproduce primarily asexually by ____________, which are fragments of the body of the lichen.
a.
 conidia
b.
 soredia
c.
 asci
d.
 basidia
e.
 thalli
 77.
Which of the following organisms typically grows most slowly?
a.
 bread molds
b.
 lichens
c.
 yeasts
d.
 mushrooms
e.
 sac fungi
 78.
Which of the following is not produced utilizing fungi?
a.
 beer
b.
 bread
c.
 blue cheese
d.
 yogurt
e.
 wine
 79.
Claviceps purpurea produces _______________, which infests grain and has been important in many historical events, as ingestion of infested grain milled into flour can cause hallucinations and even death.
a.
 an ergot
b.
 a smut
c.
 a rust
d.
 a brown rot
e.
 a mildew
 80.
Fungi parasitic on plants produce specialized hyphae, called ____________, that penetrate the host.
a.
 soredia
b.
 secondary mycelia
c.
 basidia
d.
 asci
e.
 haustoria
 81.
A basidiomycete that infests wheat is the wheat:
a.
 rust.
b.
 wilt.
c.
 strobilus.
d.
 scab.
e.
 rot.
 82.
Which is not a fungal infection in humans?
a.
 ringworm
b.
 athlete’s foot
c.
 yeast infections
d.
 histoplasmosis
e.
 None of the above, all are fungal infections in humans.
 83.
Examples of plant disease caused by an ascomycete are:
a.
 chestnut blight.
b.
 Dutch elm disease.
c.
 stem rust of wheat.
d.
 abnormal leaf fall of rubber.
e.
 Both A and B.
 84.
______________________ is a common chytridiomycete, which exhibits alternation of generation.
a.
 phytophthora
b.
 Allomyces
c.
 Ascomycetes
d.
 chytrids
e.
 None of the above.
 85.
Which one of the following is mismatched?
a.
 Bread mold – zygomycetes
b.
 Sac fungi – Ascomycota
c.
 Yeast – Ascomycota
d.
 Truffles – Ascomycota
e.
 Ascomycota – ascospores
 86.
The characteristic brown, blue-green, pink, or other tints of ascomycetes are due to the color of their__________.
a.
 Mycelia
b.
 Hyphae
c.
 Conidia
d.
 Sporangia
e.
 None of the above.
 87.
Yeasts reproduce asexually by:
a.
 division.
b.
 budding.
c.
 ascospores.
d.
 Binary fission.
e.
 Both B and D.
 88.
Which one of the following statements is true?
a.
 Basidiospores are formed within the basidia.
b.
 Ascospores are formed outside the ascus.
c.
 Both Basidiospores and ascospores are formed within their respective structures.
d.
 Both Basidiospores and ascospores are formed outside their respective structures.
e.
 Basidiospores are formed outside, and ascospores are formed within, their respective structures.
 89.
Which one of the following is mismatched?
a.
 Mushroom – Basidiomycetes
b.
 Sac fungi – Ascomycetes
c.
 Club fungi – Basidiomycetes
d.
 Puff balls – Basidiomycetes
e.
 Corn smut disease – Ascomycetes
 90.
Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:
a.
 Basidiospores.
b.
 Basidiocarp.
c.
 Mycelium.
d.
 Hyphae.
e.
 Gills.
 91.
Color pigments produced by __________________ are used to dye woolens and litmus.
a.
 club fungi
b.
 mushroom
c.
 algae
d.
 lichens
e.
 puff balls
 92.
Reduction in ____________________ growth is used as a sensitive indicator of air pollution.
a.
 fungus
b.
 mushroom
c.
 algae
d.
 lichen
e.
 puff balls
 93.
Mycorrhiza is an example of ________________.
a.
 Commensalism
b.
 Parasitism
c.
 Mutualism
d.
 All of the above.
e.
 None of the above.
 94.
Mycorrhizae benefits plants by:
a.
 increasing photosynthetic area.
b.
 increasing absorptive surface area of roots.
c.
 increasing chlorophyll content.
d.
 increasing leaf area.
e.
 None of the above.
 95.
____________________ cause enormous economic losses by decaying wood, both living trees and stored lumber.
a.
 Sac fungi
b.
 Mushrooms
c.
 Bracket fungi
d.
 Aspergillus
e.
 Rhizopus
 96.
Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus _______________ can be fatal.
a.
 Agaricus
b.
 Shottake
c.
 Portobello
d.
 Amanita
e.
 Oyster
 97.
_________________ is a fungal chemical that shows promise as an anticancer agent.
a.
 Pencillin
b.
 Fumigallin
c.
 Ergot compounds
d.
 Psilocybin
e.
 None of the above.
 98.
Ergot compounds, produced by _____________________, are used as drugs to induce labor and to stop uterine bleeding.
a.
 Aspergillus tamari
b.
 Claviceps purpurea
c.
 Penicillium notatum
d.
 Erwinia carotovora
e.
 None of the above.

 
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Plant Evolution, Structure, and Function

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Plant Evolution, Structure, and Function

 

 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 1.
The ancestors of today’s land plants were probably
a.
 brown algae.
c.
 green algae.
b.
 red algae.
d.
 lichens.
 2.
The challenges faced by early land plants included
a.
 conserving water.
b.
 reproducing on land.
c.
 absorbing minerals from the rocky surface.
d.
 All of the above
 3.
The waxy protective covering of a land plant is called a
a.
 cuticle.
c.
 rhizome.
b.
 capsule.
d.
 stoma.
 4.
The cuticle
a.
 helps reduce the evaporation of fluids from a plant.
b.
 is a plant adaptation to an aquatic environment.
c.
 is a reproductive structure in some plants.
d.
 is crucial to plant cell nourishment.
 5.
Some land plants developed an internal system of interconnected tubes and vessels called
a.
 cuticles.
b.
 nonvascular canals.
c.
 the circulatory system.
d.
 vascular tissues.
 6.
The xylem in a plant
a.
 transports food from the leaves.
b.
 transports water and minerals to the stems and leaves.
c.
 exchanges carbon dioxide with the atmosphere.
d.
 All of the above
 7.
liverworts, hornworts, mosses : nonvascular plants ::
a.
 gymnosperms, angiosperms : bryophytes
b.
 ferns : mosses
c.
 gymnosperms, angiosperms : vascular plants
d.
 bryophytes, liverworts : vascular plants
 8.
gymnosperms : naked seeds ::
a.
 pollen : mosses
b.
 ferns : seeds
c.
 liverwort : vascular tissue
d.
 angiosperms : enclosed seeds
 9.
The diploid form in a plant’s life cycle is called the
a.
 sporophyte.
b.
 gametophyte.
c.
 parental generation.
d.
 alternate generation.
 10.
The haploid form in a plant’s life cycle is called the
a.
 sporophyte.
b.
 gametophyte.
c.
 parental generation.
d.
 alternate generation.
 11.
Alternation between a haploid stage and a diploid stage in a plant’s life cycle is called
a.
 generational recycling.
b.
 periodic gametogenesis.
c.
 alternating forms.
d.
 alternation of generations.
 12.
In plants, haploid gametes are produced as a result of
a.
 fertilization.
c.
 encapsulation.
b.
 meiosis.
d.
 mitosis.
 13.
The dominant generation in vascular plants is the
a.
 gametophyte.
c.
 angiosperm.
b.
 gymnosperm.
d.
 sporophyte.
 14.
vascular plants : sporophytes ::
a.
 sporophytic plants : gametophytes
b.
 nonvascular plants : gametophytes
c.
 spores : gametes
d.
 plants with seeds : seedless plants
 15.
sporophytes : spores ::
a.
 sporophytes : gametophytes
b.
 gametophytes : gametes
c.
 gametophytes : spores
d.
 sporophytes : gametes
 16.
Which of the following is not a nonvascular plant?
a.
 moss
c.
 hornwort
b.
 liverwort
d.
 fern
 17.
Which of the following is not characteristic of all nonvascular plants?
a.
 They produce seeds.
b.
 They have a life cycle characterized by alternation of generations.
c.
 They produce spores.
d.
 They require water for sexual reproduction.
 18.
Which of the following is a reason why mosses are good pioneer plants?
a.
 They can survive in very wet areas.
b.
 They can survive in areas that receive only low levels of sunlight.
c.
 They can create a layer of soil on bare rock.
d.
 They grow very slowly.
 19.
The water-retaining ability of peat moss makes it ideal for
a.
 use in garden-soil mixes.
b.
 use in packing bulbs and flowers for shipping.
c.
 use in houseplant soils.
d.
 All of the above
 20.
All of the following developed in some vascular plants and are not present in any nonvascular plants except
a.
 pollen.
c.
 chlorophyll.
b.
 deep roots.
d.
 seeds.
 21.
The primary distinguishing characteristics of all vascular plants are
a.
 xylem and phloem; true roots, stems, and leaves; pollen; seeds.
b.
 xylem and phloem; true roots, stems, and leaves; spores.
c.
 true roots, stems, and leaves; spores.
d.
 xylem and phloem; true roots, stems, and leaves.
 22.
Which of the following is not a seed plant?
a.
 a flowering plant
c.
 a fern
b.
 a pine tree
d.
 a ginkgo
 23.
Which of the following is characteristic of all seed plants?
a.
 a seed containing an embryo, a nutrient supply, and a protective coat
b.
 enclosure and protection of seeds within a fruit
c.
 production of flowers
d.
 All of the above
 24.
Pines, spruces, and firs are
a.
 angiosperms.
c.
 flowering plants.
b.
 gymnosperms.
d.
 sometimes nonvascular.
 25.
The tallest trees in the world are species of
a.
 conifers.
c.
 liverworts.
b.
 dicots.
d.
 angiosperms.
 26.
Which of the following were the first land plants to evolve seeds?
a.
 angiosperms
c.
 mosses
b.
 gymnosperms
d.
 ferns
 27.
Seed plants are the dominant land plants because
a.
 they include the largest plants on Earth.
b.
 the seeds they produce enable the plant to survive in a dormant state when conditions are not suitable for growth.
c.
 they are vascular plants with large root systems, so they can obtain water from any kind of environment.
d.
 they produce flowers that are pollinated by insects, enabling them to produce many offspring.
 28.
Monocots have
a.
 leaves with branching veins.
b.
 flower parts in multiples of four or five.
c.
 leaves with parallel veins.
d.
 two cotyledons.
 29.
Flowering plants are classified as monocots or dicots according to their number of
a.
 leaves.
c.
 meristems.
b.
 roots.
d.
 cotyledons.
 30.
Which of the following associations between a plant cell type and its characteristics is incorrect?
a.
 collenchyma cell—thin cell walls; do not occur in groups
b.
 parenchyma cell—cube-shaped or elongated; large vacuole
c.
 sclerenchyma cell—thick, rigid cell walls
d.
 All of the above are correct.
 31.
Which of the following types of plant cells provides structural support and is typically dead at functional maturity?
a.
 collenchyma
c.
 sclerenchyma
b.
 parenchyma
d.
 None of the above
 32.
The conducting cells of phloem are called
a.
 tracheids.
c.
 sieve plates.
b.
 sieve tube members.
d.
 vessel elements.
 33.
In xylem tissue, water moves from tracheid to tracheid through
a.
 pits.
c.
 sieve tubes.
b.
 vessel elements.
d.
 companion cells.
 34.
The outermost layer consisting of ground tissue in a stem is the
a.
 sapwood.
c.
 pith.
b.
 nodes.
d.
 cortex.
 35.
vascular tissue : transport of fluids ::
a.
 epidermis : support
b.
 dermal tissue : storage
c.
 dermal tissue : transport of fluids
d.
 ground tissue : metabolism
 36.
Regions of active cell division in plants are called
a.
 meristems.
c.
 phloem.
b.
 xylem.
d.
 dermal tissue.
 37.
Meristems can be found
a.
 only at the tips of roots.
b.
 only at the tips of stems.
c.
 at the tips of stems and roots.
d.
 None of the above
 38.
Which of the following types of meristems is found in some monocots above the bases of leaves and stems?
a.
 apical meristems
b.
 vascular cambium
c.
 intercalary meristems
d.
 cork cambium
 39.
The lengthening of plant roots and shoots is called
a.
 secondary growth.
c.
 primary growth.
b.
 germination.
d.
 vascular growth.
 40.
During periods of primary growth at apical meristems, stems and roots
a.
 become wider.
b.
 become longer.
c.
 maintain a constant number of cells.
d.
 undergo photoperiodism.
 41.
secondary growth : width ::
a.
 secondary growth : height
b.
 lateral meristem : length
c.
 apical meristem : width
d.
 primary growth : length
 42.
The primary function of root hairs is
a.
 to strengthen roots as they grow downward.
b.
 to transport food up the stem.
c.
 to absorb water and minerals.
d.
 to store water.
 43.
leaves : carbon dioxide from the air ::
a.
 leaves : water from the air
b.
 roots : light from the air
c.
 roots : carbon dioxide from the air
d.
 roots : nutrients from the soil
 44.
Which of the following are taproots?
a.
 underground roots of grass plants
b.
 prop roots of corn plants
c.
 roots of radish plants
d.
 aerial roots of orchids
 45.
Which of the following is not characteristic of fibrous roots?
a.
 many branch roots
b.
 shallow roots
c.
 dominant primary root
d.
 possible development from the base of the stem
 46.
Which of the following is not characteristic of secondary growth of roots?
a.
 Vascular cambium is formed.
b.
 Secondary xylem is produced toward the inside of the root and secondary phloem is produced toward the outside of the root.
c.
 Cork cambium is formed.
d.
 It occurs in monocot, dicot, and gymnosperm roots.
 47.
Which of the following is the function of the endodermis?
a.
 water absorption
b.
 water storage
c.
 regulation of passage of water and minerals into the vascular tissue
d.
 production of new cells for secondary growth
The diagram below shows the stem of a coleus plant.

nar001-1.jpg
 48.
Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled “1” in the diagram is called
a.
 meristem.
c.
 phloem.
b.
 xylem.
d.
 ground tissue.
 49.
Refer to the illustration above. In the diagram, the tissue labeled “2,” which conducts water and is made of elongated cells that connect end to end, is called
a.
 meristem.
c.
 phloem.
b.
 xylem.
d.
 ground tissue.
 50.
Refer to the illustration above. In the diagram, the tissue labeled “3,” which transports sugars from regions where they are made to regions where they are used, is called
a.
 meristem.
c.
 phloem.
b.
 xylem.
d.
 ground tissue.
 51.
The ground tissue in the center of roots and stems
a.
 turns into meristem.
b.
 transports food.
c.
 provides support.
d.
 germinates at least once a year.
 52.
Leaves connect to the stems of plants at the
a.
 lateral buds.
c.
 nodes.
b.
 pith.
d.
 internodes.
 53.
Secondary xylem and phloem are produced from the
a.
 cork cambium.
c.
 apical meristems.
b.
 vascular cambium.
d.
 bark.
 54.
xylem : inner side of vascular cambium ::
a.
 vascular cambium : cork cambium
b.
 cork : vascular cambium
c.
 phloem : outer side of vascular cambium
d.
 phloem : inner side of vascular cambium
 55.
Bark contains
a.
 xylem and phloem.
c.
 phloem and cork cells.
b.
 sapwood.
d.
 mesophyll.
 56.
In a woody stem, cork cambium
a.
 forms phloem.
b.
 forms xylem.
c.
 produces the outer bark.
d.
 becomes vascular cambium.
 57.
The movement of water through a plant is caused by
a.
 the attraction of water molecules for each other.
b.
 capillary action.
c.
 transpiration.
d.
 All of the above
 58.
The loss of water by the leaves and stem of a plant is called
a.
 translocation.
c.
 active transport.
b.
 osmosis.
d.
 transpiration.
 59.
The phloem in a plant
a.
 transports sugars.
b.
 transports water and minerals.
c.
 exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere.
d.
 None of the above
 60.
The transport of food from the leaf to the rest of the plant is called
a.
 translocation.
c.
 active transport.
b.
 osmosis.
d.
 transpiration.
 61.
A hypothesis that explains the movement of sugar in a plant is the
a.
 transpiration hypothesis.
c.
 pressure-flow hypothesis.
b.
 translocation hypothesis.
d.
 source-sink hypothesis.
 62.
cohesion : adhesion ::
a.
 hydrogen : polar
c.
 hand : people
b.
 book : pages
d.
 night : day
The diagram below shows a portion of a plant’s vascular system.

nar002-1.jpg
 63.
Refer to the illustration above. Structure 2 is a
a.
 tracheid.
c.
 vessel element.
b.
 companion cell.
d.
 sieve tube member.
 64.
Refer to the illustration above. Structure 3 is a
a.
 tracheid.
c.
 vessel element.
b.
 companion cell.
d.
 sieve tube member.
 65.
Refer to the illustration above. Which structure allows the cytoplasm of one cell to connect to the cytoplasm of a neighboring cell?
a.
 1
c.
 4
b.
 3
d.
 5
 66.
The xylem in a plant
a.
 transports sugars.
b.
 transports water and minerals.
c.
 exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere.
d.
 None of the above
 67.

Scientists studying the transport of sugars in plants found it difficult to conduct experiments that didn’t damage the plants they were studying. Some of them decided to use some insects they knew fed on plants. The insects they chose were aphids, which have mouthparts that they insert into plants and use to suck out nutrients. Many of these aphids also release excess sugars from the anal end of their digestive tracts. These substances are called honeydew because they are released as sugary droplets. The scientists conducted the following experiments:

(1) They measured the rate at which honeydew was released from aphids feeding on cucumber plants. The average rate was two drops per hour.
(2) They froze some aphids and the plant parts to which the aphids were attached. They then examined cross sections of the plant parts using an electron microscope. They found that the tips of the aphids’ mouthparts were in individual cells in the phloem tissue.
(3) They anesthetized aphids feeding on plants and then cut away the aphids, leaving the mouthparts in place. They noted that the honeydew continued to be released through the mouthparts at a rate of two drops per hour. They also analyzed the honeydew and found that it had the same chemical composition as the sugars transported in the plants.

Which of the following statements is not supported by the data obtained in these experiments?

a.
 The contents of the phloem are under pressure.
b.
 Sugars are transported in the phloem of plants.
c.
 Sugars are actively transported into cells of the phloem.
d.
 Some aphids take up more sugars from plants than they can use.
 68.
mc068-1.jpg

Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is a doubly compound leaf?

a.
 1
c.
 3
b.
 2
d.
 4
 69.
In plants, the ground tissue that is made up of chloroplast-rich cells is the
a.
 vascular bundle.
c.
 pith.
b.
 petiole.
d.
 mesophyll.
 70.
The tissue of the leaf mesophyll that is located directly below the upper epidermis and consists of tightly packed column-shaped cells is the
a.
 palisade layer.
c.
 adventitious layer.
b.
 cortex.
d.
 spongy mesophyll.
The diagram below shows a leaf cross section.

nar003-1.jpg
 71.
Refer to the illustration above. Which label indicates the spongy layer?
a.
 2
c.
 4
b.
 3
d.
 5
 72.
Refer to the illustration above. Structure 1
a.
 is the cuticle.
c.
 covers the epidermis.
b.
 protects the leaf.
d.
 All of the above
 73.
Refer to the illustration above. The vein is made up of
a.
 only xylem vessels.
b.
 only phloem vessels.
c.
 both xylem and phloem vessels.
d.
 neither xylem nor phloem vessels.
 74.
Photosynthesis enables plants to produce most of the organic molecules they need. This process requires the use of all of the following except
a.
 carbon dioxide.
c.
 light.
b.
 water.
d.
 glucose.
 75.
Which of the following is an adaptation found in leaves of shade-grown plants?
a.
 high density of chloroplasts
b.
 small leaf area
c.
 chloroplasts not shading each other
d.
 dense hair coatings
 76.
The stomata are responsible for
a.
 translocation.
b.
 leaf growth.
c.
 regulation of water loss.
d.
 transport of minerals.
 77.
The guard cells that surround a stoma
a.
 have no cell walls.
b.
 swell with water, causing the stoma to open.
c.
 shrivel up when opening the stoma.
d.
 are responsible for translocation.
 78.
guard cells : stomata ::
a.
 can openers : cans
c.
 cushions : rocking chairs
b.
 hammers : nails
d.
 trout : stream
 79.
cuticle : above-ground parts ::
a.
 vascular system : plant
c.
 guard cell : stoma
b.
 sperm : pollen
d.
 root system : wax
 

Completion
Complete each statement.
 80.
In leaves, the openings called ____________________ regulate the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
 81.
The surface of a vascular plant is covered by a waxy, waterproof layer called a(n) ____________________.
 82.
One of the first environmental challenges that early land plants had to overcome was finding a way to conserve ____________________.
 83.
The tissues that transport water and minerals within a plant make up the ____________________ system.
 84.
____________________ are seed plants with uncovered seeds.
 85.
In alternation of generations, the ____________________ generation alternates with the diploid generation.
 86.
co086-1.jpg

Refer to the illustration above. The cycle shown in the diagram is referred to as _________________________.
 87.
The fusion of two gametes results in the production of a(n) ____________________ sporophyte.
 88.
The haploid form of a plant is the ____________________ generation.
 89.
Conifers produce ____________________ to protect their seeds.
 90.
The sporophyte generation produces haploid spores by the process of ____________________.
 91.
Peat bogs contain organic matter that decomposes very slowly because of a(n) ____________________ produced by peat moss.
 92.
Bryophytes have a dominant ____________________ generation.
 93.
In mosses and liverworts, the ____________________ generation is the dominant generation.
 94.
A rootlike structure that anchors plants in the phylum Bryophyta is called a(n) ____________________.
 95.
The ability of mosses to absorb and retain ____________________ contributes to their ability to help prevent soil erosion.
 96.
Partially decomposed moss plants of the genus Sphagnum are dried and used as a source of ____________________ for heating.
 97.
A plant that has flower parts that occur in multiples of four or five is usually a(n) ____________________.
 98.
Most ____________________ have thin, transparent leaflike structures along a stemlike axis.
 99.
Nonvascular plants known as ____________________ usually have cells with a single large chloroplast, similar to algae.
 100.
Photosynthetic and storage tissues of plants are made up of ____________________ cells.
 101.
____________________ are narrow, elongated, thick-walled sclerenchyma cells that taper at each end.
 102.
The lateral meristem that produces secondary vascular tissue is called the _________________________.
 103.
The lateral meristem that produces the cork cells of the outer bark is called the ____________________.
 104.
Plants grow at the tips of roots and stems in regions of active cell division called ____________________.
 105.
Cell division in the ____________________ adds layers of new cells around the outside of a plant’s body.
 106.
Growth that occurs from the formation of new cells at the tip of a plant is called ____________________.
 107.
Growth that causes a plant to increase in width is called _________________________.
 108.
The thickening of a plant body by the production of new xylem and phloem is called ____________________ growth.
 109.
The ____________________ of plants absorb water and minerals necessary for growth.
 110.
The two main types of root systems are fibrous root systems and ____________________ systems.
 111.
Primary growth in roots occurs in cells of the _________________________, carbohydrate storage occurs in cells of the ____________________, and water absorption occurs through cells of the ____________________.
 112.
Flexible, soft, and usually green stems are called ____________________ stems.
 113.
Edible parts of the potato plant are modified stems called ____________________, which grow underground and store starch.
 114.
The darker wood in the center of a tree trunk is called ____________________.
 115.
Wood consists primarily of _________________________ cells.
 116.
The transport of organic molecules from the leaf to the rest of the plant is called ____________________.
 117.
The broad, flat portion of a typical leaf is called the ____________________.
 118.
When the guard cells that surround a stoma fill with water, the stoma ____________________.
 119.
____________________ ions play an important role in opening and closing stomata.
 

Problem
 120.

pr120-1.jpg

Refer to the illustration above. This cladogram depicts the presumed evolutionary relationships between the major phyla of land plants. The list below consists of paired characteristics found in at least some land plants. For each pair of characteristics, choose the one that is the more evolutionarily advanced. Then complete the cladogram by indicating on it where each of the more advanced characteristics first appeared.

Characteristics:

cones / flowers
sporophyte dominant / gametophyte dominant
waxy cuticle present / waxy cuticle absent
vascular tissue absent / vascular tissue present
gametophyte independent of sporophyte / gametophyte dependent on sporophyte
stomata absent / stomata present
seeds / spores
multicellular reproductive structure / unicellular reproductive structure
 

Essay
 121.
What problems were encountered by the first land plants? What adaptations evolved to solve these problems? Write your answer in the space below.
 122.
How is a seed an adaptation for life on land? Write your answer in the space below.
 123.
Describe three characteristics of angiosperms that have helped to make the group successful. Write your answer in the space below.
 124.
Describe the functions of ground tissue in a plant. Write your answer in the space below.
 125.
What kinds of plants have lateral meristems, and what kind of growth occurs in the lateral meristems? Write your answer in the space below.
 126.
While walking through a forest you notice that someone has carved his or her initials into the bark of a tree. The initials are exactly 1.5 meters from the ground. How far from the ground will the initials be next year and the year after that? Why? Discuss growth tissues in plants in your answer. Write your answer in the space below.
 127.
Secondary growth adds width to a woody stem. Briefly describe the tissues involved and explain how they increase the stem’s diameter. Write your answer in the space below.
 128.
Define the terms source and sink in relation to the transportation of organic molecules in the phloem of plants. Write your answer in the space below.
 129.
Compare the movement of sugar and water in a plant. Write your answer in the space below.
 130.
Why is it advantageous for mesophyll cells to be more densely packed in the upper part of a plant leaf than in the lower part? Write your answer in the space below.
 131.
Describe how stomata open and close. Write your answer in the space below.


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Genetics

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Genetics
 

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
 1.
Mendel discovered predictable patterns in the inheritance of traits. _________________________
 2.
Garden peas are difficult to grow because they mature slowly. _________________________
 3.
When Mendel cross-pollinated two varieties from the P generation that exhibited contrasting traits, he called the offspring the second filial, or F2, generation. _________________________
 4.
The contrasting forms of each character studied by Mendel appeared in a 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation. _________________________
 5.
A dominant allele masks the effect of a recessive allele. _________________________
 6.
The allele for a recessive trait is usually represented by a capital letter. _________________________
 7.
Heterozygous individuals have two of the same alleles for a particular gene. _________________________
 8.
The inheritance of sex-linked traits can be studied by making a pedigree of several generations of a family. _________________________
nar001-1.jpg
 9.
Refer to the illustration above. The father listed in the pedigree is most likely heterozygous for the trait. _________________________
 10.
Refer to the illustration above. Child #3 probably has the dominant phenotype. _________________________
 11.
Albinism is caused by a recessive allele. _________________________
 12.
The phenotype that results from an inherited pair of alleles depends on the instructions in the genes only. _________________________
 13.
Traits for different characters that are usually inherited together are said to be combined. _________________________
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 14.
The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called
a.
 genetics.
c.
 development.
b.
 heredity.
d.
 maturation.
 15.
The difference between Mendel’s experiments in the area of heredity and those done by earlier researchers was that
a.
 earlier researchers did not have microscopes.
b.
 earlier researchers used detailed and numerical procedures.
c.
 Mendel expressed the results of his experiments in terms of numbers.
d.
 Mendel used pea plants with both purple and white flowers.
 16.
The scientific study of heredity is called
a.
 meiosis.
c.
 genetics.
b.
 crossing-over.
d.
 pollination.
 17.
The “father” of genetics was
a.
 A. Knight.
c.
 Gregor Mendel.
b.
 Hans Krebs.
d.
 Charles Darwin.
 18.
Garden peas are good subjects for studying heredity because they
a.
 are difficult to grow.
c.
 produce few offspring.
b.
 mature quickly.
d.
 have few traits.
 19.
Mendel obtained his P generation by allowing the plants to
a.
 self-pollinate.
c.
 assort independently.
b.
 cross-pollinate.
d.
 segregate.
 20.
Step 1 of Mendel’s garden pea experiment, allowing each variety of garden pea to self-pollinate for several generations, produced the
a.
 F1 generation.
c.
 P generation.
b.
 F2 generation.
d.
 P1 generation.
 21.
F2 : F1 ::
a.
 P : F1
c.
 F1 : P
b.
 F1 : F2
d.
 P : F2
 22.
An allele that is always expressed whenever it is present is called
a.
 dominant.
c.
 recessive.
b.
 phenotypic.
d.
 superior.
 23.
The discovery of chromosomes provided a link between the first law of heredity that stemmed from Mendel’s work and
a.
 pollination.
c.
 mitosis.
b.
 inheritance.
d.
 meiosis.
 24.
The law of segregation states that
a.
 alleles of a gene separate from each other during meiosis.
b.
 different alleles of a gene can never be found in the same organism.
c.
 each gene of an organism ends up in a different gamete.
d.
 each gene is found on a different molecule of DNA.
 25.
Mendel’s law of segregation states that
a.
 pairs of alleles are dependent on one another when separation occurs during gamete formation.
b.
 pairs of alleles separate independently of one another after gamete formation.
c.
 each pair of alleles remains together when gametes are formed.
d.
 the two alleles for a trait segregate independently when gametes are formed.
 26.
The phenotype of an organism
a.
 is used to represent its genetic composition.
b.
 is the physical appearance of a trait.
c.
 occurs only in dominant individuals.
d.
 cannot be seen.
 27.
If an individual possesses two recessive alleles for the same trait, the individual is said to be
a.
 homozygous for the trait.
c.
 heterozygous for the trait.
b.
 haploid for the trait.
d.
 mutated.
 28.
When an individual heterozygous for a trait is crossed with an individual homozygous recessive for the trait, the offspring produced will
a.
 all have the same genotype.
b.
 show two different phenotypes.
c.
 show three different phenotypes.
d.
 all have the same phenotype.
 29.
Tallness (T) is dominant to shortness (t) in pea plants. Which of the following represents a genotype of a pea plant that is heterozygous for tallness?
a.
 T
c.
 Tt
b.
 TT
d.
 tt
 30.
homozygous : heterozygous ::
a.
 heterozygous : Bb
c.
 probability : chance
b.
 gg : Gg
d.
 factor : gene
 31.
Mendel’s finding that the inheritance of one trait had no effect on the inheritance of another became known as the
a.
 law of dominance.
b.
 law of universal inheritance.
c.
 law of separate convenience.
d.
 law of independent assortment.

In humans, having freckles (F) is dominant to not having freckles (f). The inheritance of these traits can be studied using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below.

nar002-1.jpg
 32.
Refer to the illustration above. The child represented in box 1 in the Punnett square would
a.
 be homozygous for freckles.
b.
 have an extra freckles chromosome.
c.
 be heterozygous for freckles.
d.
 not have freckles.
 33.
Refer to the illustration above. The parents shown in the Punnett square could have children with a phenotype ratio of
a.
 1:2:1.
c.
 3:1.
b.
 4:0.
d.
 2:2.
 34.
Refer to the illustration above. Which box in the Punnett square represents a child who does not have freckles?
a.
 box 1
c.
 box 3
b.
 box 2
d.
 box 4
 35.
Refer to the illustration above. The child in box 3 of the Punnett square has the genotype
a.
 FF.
c.
 ff.
b.
 Ff.
d.
 FfFf.

In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Consider the following cross between two rabbits.

nar003-1.jpg
 36.
Refer to the illustration above. The device shown, which is used to determine the probable outcome of genetic crosses, is called a
a.
 Mendelian box.
c.
 genetic graph.
b.
 Punnett square.
d.
 phenotypic paradox.
 37.
Refer to the illustration above. Both of the parents in the cross are
a.
 black.
c.
 homozygous dominant.
b.
 brown.
d.
 homozygous recessive.
 38.
Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype of the offspring indicated by box 3 would be
a.
 brown.
c.
 a mixture of brown and black.
b.
 black.
d.
 white.
 39.
Refer to the illustration above. The genotypic ratio of the F1 generation would be
a.
 1:1.
c.
 1:3.
b.
 3:1.
d.
 1:2:1.
 40.
What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant ´ heterozygous monohybrid cross?
a.
 1:0
c.
 1:2:1
b.
 1:1
d.
 1:3:1
 41.
What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a heterozygous ´ heterozygous monohybrid cross?
a.
 1:2:1
c.
 1:2
b.
 1:3:1
d.
 1:0
 42.
What is the expected phenotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant ´ heterozygous monohybrid cross?
a.
 1:3:1
c.
 2:1
b.
 1:2:1
d.
 1:0
 43.
The unknown genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype can be determined using a
a.
 ratio.
c.
 probability formula.
b.
 dihybrid cross.
d.
 test cross.
 44.
What is the probability that the offspring of a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual will exhibit the dominant phenotype?
a.
 0.25
c.
 0.66
b.
 0.5
d.
 1.0
 45.
Probability is calculated by dividing the number of one kind of possible outcome by the
a.
 number of other kinds of outcomes.
b.
 total number of all possible outcomes.
c.
 number of genes being considered.
d.
 total number of offspring produced.
 46.
If a characteristic is sex-linked, the gene for it is found on
a.
 a sex chromosome.
c.
 a linked chromosome.
b.
 an autosome.
d.
 an allele.
 47.
Since the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome, colorblindness
a.
 cannot be inherited.
c.
 is sex-linked.
b.
 occurs only in adults.
d.
 occurs only in females.
 48.
A diagram in which several generations of a family and the occurrence of certain genetic characteristics are shown is called a
a.
 Punnett square.
c.
 pedigree.
b.
 monohybrid cross.
d.
 family karyotype.
 49.
In humans, eye color and height are controlled by
a.
 simple dominance.
c.
 polygenic inheritance.
b.
 multiple alleles.
d.
 incomplete dominance.
 50.
Which of the following traits is controlled by multiple alleles in humans?
a.
 eye color
c.
 colorblindness
b.
 blood type
d.
 albinism
 51.
What would be the blood type of a person who inherited an A allele from one parent and an O allele from the other?
a.
 type A
c.
 type AB
b.
 type B
d.
 type O
 52.
Which of the following is not an outcome of the environment modifying a phenotype?
a.
 the changing of the color of an animal’s fur as the temperature changes
b.
 the increased intelligence of a person who attended school for many years
c.
 the very short stature of a kind of tree that grows at a high altitude in comparison with the same kind of tree growing at a lower altitude
d.
 the pink-flowered snapdragons that result from crosses between red-flowered and white-flowered snapdragon plants
 53.
Genes that are close together on a single chromosome are considered to be
a.
 alleles.
c.
 independent.
b.
 homozygous.
d.
 linked.

 
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