Category: 2nd Semester

Chapter 30 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 30     Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Pants
Objectives
Key Terrestrial Adaptations Were Crucial to the
Success of Seed Plants
1. Name five terrestrial adaptations that contributed to the success of seed plants.
2. Compare the size and independence of the gametophytes of bryophytes with those of seed plants.
3. Describe the ovule of a seed plant.
4. Contrast the male gametophytes of bryophytes with those of seed plants.
5. Explain why pollen grains were an important adaptation for successful reproduction on land.
6. Explain how a seed can be said to include contributions from three distinct generations.
7. Compare spores with seeds as dispersal stages in plant life cycles.
Gymnosperms
8. Explain how climatic changes with the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea favored the spread of gymnosperms.
9. List and distinguish among the four phyla of gymnosperms.
10. Describe the life history of a pine. Indicate which structures are part of the gametophyte generation and which are part of the sporophyte generation.
Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
11. Identify the following floral structures and describe a function for each:

a. sepal f. anther
b. petal g. stigma
c. stamen h. style
d. carpel i. ovary
e. filament j. ovule
12. Define fruit. Explain how fruits may be adapted to disperse seeds.
13. Explain why a cereal grain is a fruit rather than a seed.
14. Diagram the generalized life cycle of an angiosperm. Indicate which structures are part of the gametophyte generation and which are part of the sporophyte generation.
15. Describe the role of the generative cell and the tube cell within the angiosperm pollen grain.
16. Explain the process and function of double fertilization.
17. Explain the significance of Archaefructus.
18. Explain the significance of Amborella.
19. Distinguish between monocots and eudicots.
20. Explain how animals may have influenced the evolution of terrestrial plants and vice versa.
Plants and Human Welfare
21. Name the six angiosperms that are most important in the diet of the human species.
22. Describe the current threat to plant diversity caused by human population growth.

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Chapter 35 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 35     Plant Structure and Growth
Objectives
The Plant Body
1. Describe and compare the three basic organs of vascular plants. Explain how these basic organs are interdependent.
2. List the basic functions of roots. Describe and compare the structures and functions of fibrous roots, taproots, root hairs, and adventitious roots.
3. Describe the basic structure of plant stems.
4. Explain the phenomenon of apical dominance.
5. Describe the structures and functions of four types of modified shoots.
6. Describe and distinguish between the leaves of monocots and those of eudicots.
7. Describe the three tissue systems that make up plant organs.
8. Describe and distinguish between the three basic cell types of plant tissues. For each tissue, describe one characteristic structural feature and explain its functional significance.
9. Explain the functional relationship between a sieve-tube member and its companion cell.
The Process of Plant Growth and Development
10. Distinguish between determinate and indeterminate growth. Give an example of each type of growth.
11. Distinguish among annual, biennial, and perennial plants.
12. Explain this statement: “In contrast to most animals, which have a stage of embryonic growth, plants have regions of embryonic growth.”
13. Distinguish between the primary and secondary plant body.
14. Describe in detail the primary growth of the tissues of roots and shoots.
15. Describe in detail the secondary growth of the tissues of roots and shoots.
16. Name the cells that make up the tissue known as wood. Name the tissues that comprise the bark.
Mechanisms of Plant Growth and Development
17. Explain why Arabidopsis is an excellent model for the study of plant development.
18. Explain what each of these Arabidopsis mutants has taught us about plant development:
a. fass mutant
b. gnom mutant
c. KNOTTED-1 mutant
d. GLABRA-2 mutant
19. Define and distinguish between morphogenesis, differentiation, and growth.
20. Explain why (a) the plane and symmetry of cell division, (b) the orientation of cell expansion, and (c) cortical microtubules are important determinants of plant growth and development.
21. Explain how pattern formation may be determined in plants.
22. Give an example to demonstrate how a cell’s location influences its developmental fate.
23. Explain how a vegetative shoot tip changes into a floral meristem.
24. Describe how three classes of organ identity genes interact to produce the spatial pattern of floral organs in Arabidopsis.
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Chapter 36 AP Objectives

Chapter 36     Transport in Plants
Objectives
An Overview of Transport Mechanisms in Plants
1. Describe how proton pumps function in transport of materials across plant membranes, using the terms proton gradient, membrane potential, cotransport, and chemiosmosis.
2. Define osmosis and water potential. Explain how water potential is measured.
3. Explain how solutes and pressure affect water potential.
4. Explain how the physical properties of plant cells are changed when the plant is placed into solutions that have higher, lower, or the same solute concentration.
5. Define the terms flaccid, plasmolyze, turgor pressure, and turgid.
6. Explain how aquaporins affect the rate of water transport across membranes.
7. Name the three major compartments in vacuolated plant cells.
8. Distinguish between the symplast and the apoplast.
9. Describe three routes available for lateral transport in plants.
10. Define bulk flow and describe the forces that generate pressure in the vascular tissue of plants.
11. Relate the structure of sieve-tube cells, vessel cells, and tracheids to their functions in bulk flow.
Absorption of Water and Minerals by Roots
12. Explain what routes are available to water and minerals moving into the vascular cylinder of the root.
13. Explain how mycorrhizae enhance uptake of materials by roots.
14. Explain how the endodermis functions as a selective barrier between the root cortex and vascular cylinder.
Transport of Xylem Sap
15. Describe the potential and limits of root pressure to move xylem sap.
16. Define the terms transpiration and guttation.
17. Explain how transpirational pull moves xylem sap up from the root tips to the leaves.
18. Explain how cavitation prevents the transport of water through xylem vessels.
19. Explain this statement: “The ascent of xylem sap is ultimately solar powered.”
The Control of Transpiration
20. Explain the importance and costs of the extensive inner surface area of a leaf.
21. Discuss the factors that may alter the stomatal density of a leaf.
22. Describe the role of guard cells in photosynthesis-transpiration.
23. Explain how and when stomata open and close. Describe the cues that trigger stomatal opening at dawn.
24. Explain how xerophytes reduce transpiration.
25. Describe crassulacean acid metabolism and explain why it is an important adaptation to reduce transpiration in arid environments.
Translocation of Phloem Sap
26. Define and describe the process of translocation. Trace the path of phloem sap from a primary sugar source to a sugar sink.
27. Describe the process of sugar loading and unloading.
28. Define pressure flow. Explain the significance of this process in angiosperms.
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Chapter 37 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 37     Nutrition in Plants
Objectives
Nutritional Requirements of Plants
1. Describe the ecological role of plants in transforming inorganic molecules into organic compounds.
2. Define the term essential nutrient.
3. Explain how hydroponic culture is used to determine which minerals are essential nutrients.
4. Distinguish between macronutrient and micronutrient.
5. Name the nine macronutrients required by plants.
6. List the eight micronutrients required by plants and explain why plants need only minute quantities of these elements.
7. Explain how a nutrient’s role and mobility determine the symptoms of a mineral deficiency.
The Role of Soil in Plant Nutrition
8. Define soil texture and soil composition.
9. Explain how soil is formed.
10. Name the components of topsoil.
11. Describe the composition of loams and explain why they are the most fertile soils.
12. Explain how humus contributes to the texture and composition of soils.
13. Explain why plants cannot extract all of the water in soil.
14. Explain how the presence of clay in soil helps prevent the leaching of mineral cations.
15. Define cation exchange, explain why it is necessary for plant nutrition, and describe how plants can stimulate the process.
16. Explain why soil management is necessary in agricultural systems but not in natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands. Describe an example of human mismanagement of soil.
17. List the three mineral elements that are most commonly deficient in agricultural soils.
18. Explain how soil pH determines the effectiveness of fertilizers and a plant’s ability to absorb specific mineral nutrients.
19. Describe problems resulting from farm irrigation in arid regions.
20. Describe actions that can reduce loss of topsoil due to erosion.
21. Explain how phytoremediation can help detoxify polluted soil.
The Special Case of Nitrogen as a Plant Nutrient
22. Define nitrogen fixation and write an overall equation representing the conversion of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia.
23. Explain the importance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria to life on Earth.
24. Summarize the ecological role of each of the following groups of bacteria.
a. ammonifying bacteria
b. denitrifying bacteria
c. nitrogen-fixing bacteria
d. nitrifying bacteria
25. Explain why improving the protein yield of crops is a major goal of agricultural research.
Nutritional Adaptations: Symbiosis of Plants and Soil Microbes
26. Describe the development of a root nodule in a legume.
27. Explain how a legume protects its nitrogen-fixing bacteria from free oxygen, and explain why this protection is necessary.
28. Describe the basis for crop rotation.
29. Explain why a symbiosis between a legume and its nitrogen-fixing bacteria is considered to be mutualistic.
30. Explain why a symbiosis between a plant and a mycorrhizal fungus is considered to be mutualistic.
31. Distinguish between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.
Nutritional Adaptations: Parasitism and Predation by Plants
32. Name one modification for nutrition in each of the following groups of plants:
a. epiphytes
b. parasitic plants
c. carnivorous plants
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Chapter 33 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 33     Invertebrates
Objectives
Sponges
1. From a diagram, identify the parts of a sponge (including the spongocoel, porocyte, epidermis, choanocyte, mesohyl, amoebocyte, osculum, and spicules) and describe the function of each.
Eumetazoa
2. List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from the other animal phyla.
3. Describe the specialized cells that are found in Cnidarians.
4. Describe the two basic body plans in Cnidaria and their role in Cnidarian life cycles.
5. List the four classes of Cnidaria and distinguish among them based on life cycle and morphological characteristics.
Bilateria
6. Distinguish between:
a. diploblastic and triploblastic development
b. acoelomates and coelomates
c. gastrovascular cavity and alimentary canal
d. protostome and deuterostome
7. List the characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes that distinguish it from the other animal phyla.
8. Distinguish among the four classes of Platyhelminthes and give examples of each.
9. Describe the generalized life cycle of a trematode and give an example of one fluke that parasitizes humans.
10. Explain how trematodes evade detection by the immune systems of their hosts.
11. Describe the anatomy and generalized life cycle of a tapeworm.
12. Describe unique features of rotifers that distinguish them from other pseudocoelomates.
13. Define parthenogenesis and describe asexual forms of rotifer reproduction.
14. Define lophophore and list three lophophorate phyla.
15. List the distinguishing characteristics of the phylum Nemertea.
16. Explain the relationship between nemerteans and flatworms.
17. List the characteristics that distinguish the phylum Mollusca from the other animal phyla.
18. Describe the basic body plan of a mollusc and explain how it has been modified in the Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, and Polyplacophora.
19. List the characteristics that distinguish the phylum Annelida from other animal phyla.
20. Distinguish among the three classes of Annelida and give examples of each.
21. Describe the adaptations that enable some leeches to feed on blood.
22. List the characteristics of the phylum Nematoda that distinguish it from other wormlike animals.
23. Give examples of both parasitic and free-living species of nematodes.
24. List the characteristics of arthropods that distinguish them from the other animal phyla. List the three features that account for the success of this phylum.
25. Describe advantages and disadvantages of an exoskeleton.
26. Distinguish between hemocoel and coelom.
27. Define and distinguish between the major arthropod lines of evolution represented by:
a. Cheliceriformes
b. Hexapoda
c. Crustacea
d. Myriapoda
28. Describe three specialized features of spiders.
29. Describe two features that may account for the great diversity of insects.
Deuterostomia
30. List the characteristics of echinoderms that distinguish them from other animal phyla.
31. Distinguish among the six classes of echinoderms and give examples of each.
32. Explain why the phylum Chordata is included in a chapter on invertebrates.
33. Describe the developmental similarities between echinoderms and chordates.
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