Genetic Traits Activity

 

Finding Your Genetic Match

Introduction:

Have you ever noticed that brothers or sisters often look alike?  Their inherited traits are what make their physical appearance so similar. An inherited trait is a particular genetically determined characteristic that distinguishes a person. The traits of children are determined by the traits that  are passed on from their parents. Some traits are obvious in a family — a child’s nose is shaped like their mother’s nose, but some traits are less obvious. You may have similar traits to many of your classmates even though you are not related to them. Some examples of often un-noticed human traits are the ability or not to roll your tongue, attached or unattached earlobes, dimples or freckles, naturally curly or straight hair, hitchhiker’s or straight thumb, straight or widow’s peak hairline, smooth or cleft chin, or colorblindness or normal vision.

There are numerous traits in humans, but some traits occur more frequently than others.  Between 70-90% of the human population have free-hanging earlobes, can roll their tongue,  are right-handed, and can taste a chemical called PTC.  These traits are called high frequency traits.

Objective:

Students will determine the presence of certain high frequency traits in themselves & their classmates.

Materials:

Genetic Inventory sheet with pictures, paper, pencil, PTC taste strips.

Procedure:

  1. Identify which of the following 10 human traits you have by placing a check mark beside that trait.
  2. Compare the traits you have with other students in the classroom and find the student you most closely match.

 

 

Human Trait Inventory
Student:
Tongue Roller
Non-Tongue Roller
Attached Earlobes
Unattached earlobes
Dimples
No Dimples
Right-handed
Left-Handed
Widow’s Peak
Straight Hairline
Left Thumb on top when Hands Crossed
Right Thumb on top when Hands Crossed
Hair on mid-digit of hand
No hair on mid-digit of hand
Bent little finger
Straight little finger
Second toe longer than big toe
Second toe not longer than big toe
Can Taste PTC
Can Not Taste PTC
Vulcan (Fingers spread 2 by 2)
None Vulcan
Class Match:

 

 

 

Tongue Roller Non Roller Dimples No Dimples
Attached Earlobes Unattached Earlobes Widow’s Peak Straight Hairline
Longer Second Toe Short Second Toe Bent Little finger Hitchhiker’s Thumb
Attached Ear lobes (left)
Unattached ear Lobes (right)
“VULCAN” or No “VULCAN” Dimples Right/Left Thumb on top

 

Genetics PPT Questions

 

 

Mendelian Genetics
PowerPoint Questions
Gregor Mendel

1. Who is responsible for our laws of inheritance?

2. What organism did Mendel study?

3. When was Mendel’s work recognized?

4. When did Mendel perform his experiments & how many plants did he grow?

5. What did Mendel notice about offspring traits?

6. How is Mendel referred to today?

7. In what country did Mendel do his research on peas?

8. Mendel stated that physical traits were inherited as _______________.

9. Today we know that particles are actually what?

Terminology

10. Define these three terms:
a. trait –

 

b. heredity –

c. genetics –

 

11. Name & describe two types of genetic crosses.

 

 

12. What is used to solve genetic crosses?

13. Sketch a Punnett square & show how they are  used to solve a genetics problems.

 

 

 

14. Use a Punnett square to solve a cross between two parents that both have the genotype Yy.

 

 

 

 

15. What are alleles & what are the two forms?

 

16. Explain the difference between dominant & recessive alleles.

 

 

17. Using a letter of the alphabet, show how each allele would be represented.

 

18. What is a genotype and write 3 possible genotypes?

 

19. What is a phenotype and write possible phenotypes for your genotypes in question 18?

 

20. Using these alleles, R = red flower and r = yellow flowers, write all possible genotypes & phenotypes.

 

21. What are homozygous genotypes?

 

22. Write a homozygous dominant genotype.

23. Write a homozygous recessive genotype.

24. What is meant by a heterozygous genotype?

 

25. Write a heterozygous genotype.

26. Heterozygous  genotypes are also called _____________.

27. What two things actually determine an organism’s characteristics?

Pea Experiments

28. Give 4 reasons that Mendel used garden peas, Pisum sativum, for his experiments.

 

 

 

29. Name the male and female parts of a flowering plant and explain how pollination occurs.

 

 

30. What is the difference between self and cross pollination?

 

31. Explain how Mendel cross pollinated his pea plants.

 

 

32. How did Mendel get pure plants?

33. Name 8 pea plant traits and give the dominant & recessive form of each.

 

 

 

 

 

34. How did Mendel’s experimental results compare to the theoretical genotypic ratios? Explain.

 

35. What does P1 mean?

36. What is the F1 generation?

37. What is the F2 generation?

38. What results from this cross — TT  x  tt?

39. What results do you get from crossing two hybrids (Tt   x  Tt)?

 

40. Show all your work for solving a P1 monohybrid cross for seed shape.
Trait:
Alleles:

P1 cross:  __________ x __________

Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________

 

41. The offspring of the above cross are called the _____ generation.

42. Show all your work for solving a F1 monohybrid cross for seed shape.
Trait:
Alleles:

F1 cross:  __________ x __________

Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________

43. Show all your work for solving both F2 monohybrid crosses for seed shape.

Trait:
Alleles:

F2 cross:  ________ x ________  F2 cross:  ________ x ________

 

 

 

 

Genotype ____________                  Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________                   Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________                   G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________                    P. Ratio _____________

Mendel’s Laws

Complete the following question:

44. _________ are responsible for inherited traits.

45. Phenotype is based on _______________.

46. Each trait requires _____ genes, one from each ____________.

47. State the Law of Dominance and give an example.

 

 

48. State the Law of Segregation and tell when alleles are “recombined”.

 

 

49. State the Law of Independent assortment & tell what type of crosses show this.

 

 

50. Using the formula 2n where n = the number of heterozygotes, tell how many gametes will be produced by each of the following allele combinations:
a. RrYy
b. AaBbCCDd
c. MmNnOoPPQQRrssTtQq

51. What are the possible allele combinations in the egg and sperm from the following cross — RrYy x RrYy.

 

52. Show how to work an F1 dihybrid cross for seed shape & seed color.

Traits:
Alleles:

 

 

F1 cross   __________ x __________

 

 

 

GR         Genotypes           PR         Phenotypes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

53. Complete this cross or crosses for eye color & curliness of the hair — bbC__ x bbcc.

 

 

 

 

54. Draw a table summarizing Mendel’s 3 laws.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Incomplete and Co-Dominance

55. Incomplete dominance occurs in __________ and produces a phenotype _______________ the phenotype of the two parents.

56. Show your work solving a cross for flower color in snapdragons when there is incomplete dominance.

Trait:
Alleles:

Cross:  RR x rr

 

Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________

57. What is codominance & give an example?

 

58. Write the genotypes for each of these blood types:

type A
type B
type AB
type O

59. Solve this codominance problem: IBIB x IAi.

 

 

 

60. Solve this codominance problem for blood type: ii x IAIB.

 

 

 

Sex-Linked Traits

61. What are sex linked traits?

 

62. Name the sex chromosomes.

63. Write the genotype for male and for female.

64. Most sex-linked traits are carried on what chromosome?

65. Give an example of a sex-linked trait in fruit flies.

66. Show the results of crossing a red-eyed male (XRY)  with a white-eyed female (XrXr) fruit fly.
RR =
Rr =
rr =
XY =
XX =

Cross:    __________ x __________

 

 

 

Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________

67. What is meant by a female carrier?

 

68. Name a disease that can be carried in this manner.

 

 

 

Graph Examples

Examples of Graphs

LINE GRAPHS

Line Graph title

A line graph is most useful in displaying data or information that changes continuously over time. The example below shows the changes in the temperature over a week in January. Notice that the title of the graph is “Average Daily Temperature for January 1-7 in degrees Fahrenheit”.

To the left is a table that shows the date in one column and the corresponding temperature in the second column. The line graph on the right shows the degrees of temperature going up the vertical axis (up and down numbers on the left of the graph) and the days of the week on the horizontal axis (going sideways from left to right). The points for the temperature for each day are connected by a line – thus the graph is a line graph.

Average Daily Temperature for January 1-7 in Degrees Fahrenheit

Date
Temperature
1 10
2 25
3 30
4 42
5 23
6 25
7 40
Line Graoh of Average Temperatures

 

Bar Graph Animated title

BAR GRAPHS

Bar graphs are an excellent way to show results that are one time, that aren’t continuous – especially samplings such as surveys, inventories, etc. Below is a typical survey asking students about their favorite after school activity. Notice that in this graph each column is labeled – it is also possible to label the category to the left of the bar. In this case, the numbers for each category are across the bottom of the chart.

A bar chart is marked off with a series of lines called grid lines. These lines typically mark off a numerical point in the series of numbers on the axis or line. In this case, each grid line going up and down marks a multiple of 20 as the graph is divided.  More gridlines can make it easier to be exact with the amounts being shown on the bar graph, but too many can make it confusing.  Notice that for data that does not fall evenly on a multiple of 20, the bar is in between two grid lines.  Bar graphs are useful to get an overall idea of trends in responses – which categories get many versus few responses.

Favorite Student After School Activity

Activity Number
Visit W/Friends 175
Talk on Phone 168
Play Sports 120
Earn Money 120
Use Computers 65
Bar Graph

Circle Pie Graph Title

CIRCLE/PIE GRAPHS

Circle or pie graphs are particularly good illustrations when considering how many parts of a whole are inception. In the table below both the number of hours in a whole day devoted to certain activities is listed as well as the percent of time for each of these activities. The pie chart is then divided very much as a baker’s pie would be into slices that represent the proportional amounts of time spent on each activity.

To the right of the pie chart is a legend that tells which color stands for which category. In addition, the percents are also near the pie slice that stands for that particular amount of time spent.

Percent of Hours of a Day Spent on Activities

ACTIVITY HOURS PERCENT OF DAY
Sleep 6 25
School 6 25
Job 4 17
Entertainment 4 17
Meals 2 8
Homework 2 8

 

 

Pie Graph of Day's Activities

 

Genetics Worksheet Bi Chapter 9

 Fundamentals of Genetics

Section 9-1 Mendel’s Legacy

1. What scientist is responsible for our study of heredity?

2. Define heredity.

3. What plant did Mendel use for his hereditary experiments?

4. Name the 7 characteristics, giving both dominant and recessive forms of the pea plants, in Mendel’s experiments.

5. In order to study pea plant traits, Mendel had to control __________________ among the plants.

6. Define pollination & name 2 types.

7. How do pea plants normally pollinate?

8. How can cross-pollination of pea plants be done?

9. How did Mendel obtain pure pea plants?

10. What is the P1 generation? How is it obtained?

11. What is the F1 generation &how is it obtained?

12. How did Mendel obtain his F2 generation?

13. When Mendel crossed his P1 plants to get the F1 generation, what ratio did he get?

14. What is the difference between dominant & recessive genes?

15. State Mendel’s law of segregation.

16. What are alleles?

Section 9-2 Genetic Crosses

17 What is the difference between genotypes & phenotypes?

18. Write the 2 genotypes for a purple flower.

19. Write the genotype for a white flower.

20. What is the difference in a homozygous and a heterozygous genotype?

21. What is  probability & tell 3 ways they can be expressed.

22. What is the probability that you will get “heads” each time you flip a coin?

23. What is a monohybrid cross?

24. Give an example of a monohybrid cross.

25. What is a Punnett Square used for?

26. Sketch the Punnett Square for crossing a pure purple flower with a white flower.

27. Use a Punnett Square to solve this cross — PP x pp.

28. What percentage of the offspring from this cross are purple? White?

29. Use a Punnett Square to solve this cross in guinea pigs — BB x Bb. Hint: See page 174.

30. In the above cross, what coat colors & percents did you get?

31. What phenotype (coat color) would each of these guinea pig genotypes result in:

        a. Bb?

        b. BB?

        c. bb?

32. Use a Punnett Square to solve this cross for coat color in rabbits: Bb x Bb?

33. What percent of the rabbits will have black fur? Brown fur? What ratio does this give for coat color?

34. Define genotypic ratio.

35. What is the genotypic ratio for all F1 crosses (bb x Bb)?

36. Define phenotypic ratio.

37. What is the phenotypic ratio for all F1 crosses?

38. What is a testcross?

39. A testcross can determine which individual’s phenotype is ________________________.

40. Use a Punnett Square to solve the following 2 testcrosses:

        a. BB x Bb

        b. bb x Bb

41. In each of the above testcrosses, tell how many offspring have black coats (dominant) and how many will have brown (recessive) coats?

42. What does complete dominance mean?

43. Give an example of complete dominance in pea plants.

44. What is incomplete dominance?

45. How many alleles influence the phenotype in:

        a. complete dominance?

        b. incomplete dominance?

46. Using four-o-clocks, give an example of how incomplete dominance occurs. Be sure to tell all possible genotypes & phenotypes.

47. Give the following ratios for crossing 2 pink four-o-clocks (Rr x Rr):

        a. Genotypic ratio?

        b. Phenotypic ratio?

48. Define codominance.

49. In what genotype does codominance appear?

50. In horses, _________________ coat color is a result of codominance.

51. Write the genotype for roan coat color & tell the color of each allele in the genotype.

52. What is a dihybrid cross?

53. How many different genotypes will result in a dihybrid cross when 2 homozygous organisms are crossed?

54. The offspring from a dihybrid cross of 2 homozygous organisms will all be __________________________.

55. Use a Punnett Square to show the results of the following cross: RrYy x RrYy

56. How many different genotypes resulted from this cross?

57. How many different phenotypes resulted from this cross?

58. Write the genotypes for each of these phenotypes:

        a. Round, green seeds

        b. Wrinkled, yellow seeds

        c. Wrinkled, green seeds