Category: 1st Semester

Genetics PPT Questions

 

 

Mendelian Genetics
PowerPoint Questions
Gregor Mendel

1. Who is responsible for our laws of inheritance?

2. What organism did Mendel study?

3. When was Mendel’s work recognized?

4. When did Mendel perform his experiments & how many plants did he grow?

5. What did Mendel notice about offspring traits?

6. How is Mendel referred to today?

7. In what country did Mendel do his research on peas?

8. Mendel stated that physical traits were inherited as _______________.

9. Today we know that particles are actually what?

Terminology

10. Define these three terms:
a. trait –

 

b. heredity –

c. genetics –

 

11. Name & describe two types of genetic crosses.

 

 

12. What is used to solve genetic crosses?

13. Sketch a Punnett square & show how they are  used to solve a genetics problems.

 

 

 

14. Use a Punnett square to solve a cross between two parents that both have the genotype Yy.

 

 

 

 

15. What are alleles & what are the two forms?

 

16. Explain the difference between dominant & recessive alleles.

 

 

17. Using a letter of the alphabet, show how each allele would be represented.

 

18. What is a genotype and write 3 possible genotypes?

 

19. What is a phenotype and write possible phenotypes for your genotypes in question 18?

 

20. Using these alleles, R = red flower and r = yellow flowers, write all possible genotypes & phenotypes.

 

21. What are homozygous genotypes?

 

22. Write a homozygous dominant genotype.

23. Write a homozygous recessive genotype.

24. What is meant by a heterozygous genotype?

 

25. Write a heterozygous genotype.

26. Heterozygous  genotypes are also called _____________.

27. What two things actually determine an organism’s characteristics?

Pea Experiments

28. Give 4 reasons that Mendel used garden peas, Pisum sativum, for his experiments.

 

 

 

29. Name the male and female parts of a flowering plant and explain how pollination occurs.

 

 

30. What is the difference between self and cross pollination?

 

31. Explain how Mendel cross pollinated his pea plants.

 

 

32. How did Mendel get pure plants?

33. Name 8 pea plant traits and give the dominant & recessive form of each.

 

 

 

 

 

34. How did Mendel’s experimental results compare to the theoretical genotypic ratios? Explain.

 

35. What does P1 mean?

36. What is the F1 generation?

37. What is the F2 generation?

38. What results from this cross — TT  x  tt?

39. What results do you get from crossing two hybrids (Tt   x  Tt)?

 

40. Show all your work for solving a P1 monohybrid cross for seed shape.
Trait:
Alleles:

P1 cross:  __________ x __________

Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________

 

41. The offspring of the above cross are called the _____ generation.

42. Show all your work for solving a F1 monohybrid cross for seed shape.
Trait:
Alleles:

F1 cross:  __________ x __________

Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________

43. Show all your work for solving both F2 monohybrid crosses for seed shape.

Trait:
Alleles:

F2 cross:  ________ x ________  F2 cross:  ________ x ________

 

 

 

 

Genotype ____________                  Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________                   Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________                   G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________                    P. Ratio _____________

Mendel’s Laws

Complete the following question:

44. _________ are responsible for inherited traits.

45. Phenotype is based on _______________.

46. Each trait requires _____ genes, one from each ____________.

47. State the Law of Dominance and give an example.

 

 

48. State the Law of Segregation and tell when alleles are “recombined”.

 

 

49. State the Law of Independent assortment & tell what type of crosses show this.

 

 

50. Using the formula 2n where n = the number of heterozygotes, tell how many gametes will be produced by each of the following allele combinations:
a. RrYy
b. AaBbCCDd
c. MmNnOoPPQQRrssTtQq

51. What are the possible allele combinations in the egg and sperm from the following cross — RrYy x RrYy.

 

52. Show how to work an F1 dihybrid cross for seed shape & seed color.

Traits:
Alleles:

 

 

F1 cross   __________ x __________

 

 

 

GR         Genotypes           PR         Phenotypes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

53. Complete this cross or crosses for eye color & curliness of the hair — bbC__ x bbcc.

 

 

 

 

54. Draw a table summarizing Mendel’s 3 laws.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Incomplete and Co-Dominance

55. Incomplete dominance occurs in __________ and produces a phenotype _______________ the phenotype of the two parents.

56. Show your work solving a cross for flower color in snapdragons when there is incomplete dominance.

Trait:
Alleles:

Cross:  RR x rr

 

Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________

57. What is codominance & give an example?

 

58. Write the genotypes for each of these blood types:

type A
type B
type AB
type O

59. Solve this codominance problem: IBIB x IAi.

 

 

 

60. Solve this codominance problem for blood type: ii x IAIB.

 

 

 

Sex-Linked Traits

61. What are sex linked traits?

 

62. Name the sex chromosomes.

63. Write the genotype for male and for female.

64. Most sex-linked traits are carried on what chromosome?

65. Give an example of a sex-linked trait in fruit flies.

66. Show the results of crossing a red-eyed male (XRY)  with a white-eyed female (XrXr) fruit fly.
RR =
Rr =
rr =
XY =
XX =

Cross:    __________ x __________

 

 

 

Genotype ____________
Phenotype ___________
G. Ratio _____________
P. Ratio _____________

67. What is meant by a female carrier?

 

68. Name a disease that can be carried in this manner.

 

 

 

Graphing Practice

Graphing Practice

Introduction

  • Graphing is an important procedure used by scientists to display the data that is collected during a controlled experiment
  • Line graphs must be constructed correctly to accurately portray the data collected
  • Many times the wrong construction of a graph detracts from the acceptance of an individual’s hypothesis
  • A graph contains five major parts:
    a. Title
    b. The independent variable
    c. The dependent variable
    d. The scales for each variable
    e. A legend
  • The title: depicts what the graph is about. By reading the title, the reader should get an idea about the graph. It should be a concise statement placed above the graph.
  • The Independent Variable: is the variable that can be controlled by the experimenter. It usually includes time (dates, minutes, hours), depth (feet, meters), temperature (Celsius). This variable is placed on the X axis (horizontal axis).
  • The Dependent Variable: is the variable that is directly affected by the independent variable. It is the result of what happens because of the independent variable. Example: How many oxygen bubbles are produced by a plant located five meters below the surface of the water? The oxygen bubbles are dependent on the depth of the water. This variable is placed on the Y-axis or vertical axis.
  • The Scales for each Variable: In constructing a graph one needs to know where to plot the points representing the data. In order to do this a scale must be employed to include all the data points. This must also take up a conservative amount of space. It is not suggested to have a run on scale making the graph too hard to manage. The scales should start with 0 and climb based on intervals such as: multiples of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, or 100. The scale of numbers will be dictated by your data values.
  • The Legend: is a short descriptive narrative concerning the graph’s data. It should be short and concise and placed under the graph.
  • The Mean for a group of variables: To determine the mean for a group of variables, divide the sum of the variables by the total number of variables to get an average.
  • The median for a group of variables: To determine median or “middle” for an even number of values, put the values in ascending order and take the average of the two middle values.    e.g.    2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10     Add 4+5 (2 middle values) and divide by 2 to get 4.5
  • The mode for a group of variables: The mode for a group of values is the number that occurs most frequently.     e.g.   2, 5,  8, 2,  6,  11    The number 2 is the mode because it occurred most often (twice)  

Procedure 1:
Using the following data, answer the questions below and then construct a line graph.

 

Depth in meters Number of Bubbles / minute Plant A Number of Bubbles / minute Plant B
2 29 21
5 36 27
10 45 40
16 32 50
25 20 34
30 10 20

 

 

1. What is the dependent variable and why?  

2. What is the independent variable and why?

3. What title would you give the graph? .

4. What are the mean, median, and mode of all 3 columns of data? 

a). Depth :                      Mean____________Median__________Mode________ 

b). Bubble Plant A.:        Mean ____________Median_________Mode________ 

c). Bubbles Plant B:        Mean ____________Median_________Mode________

Graph Title: _________________________________________________________

Legend: ______________________________________________________________ 

Procedure 2:
Diabetes is a disease affecting the insulin producing glands of the pancreas. If there is not enough insulin being produced by these cells, the amount of glucose in the blood will remain high. A blood glucose level above 140 for an extended period of time is not considered normal. This disease, if not brought under control, can lead to severe complications and even death. 

Answer the following questions concerning the data below and then graph it.  

 

Time After Eating hours Glucose mg /dL of Blood Person A Glucose mg /dL of Blood Person B
0.5 170 180
1 155 195
1.5 140 230
2 135 245
2.5 140 235
3 135 225
4 130 200

 

 1. What is the dependent variable and why?

2. What is the independent variable and why?

3. What title would you give the graph?

4. Which, if any, of the above individuals (A or B) has diabetes? 

5. What data do you have to support your hypothesis? 

6. If the time period were extended to 6 hours, what would the expected blood glucose level for Person B? 

Title: ________________________________________________________________

Legend: ______________________________________________________________

Summary:
1. What conclusions can be determined from the data in graph 1?

2. What conclusions can be determined from the data in graph 2?

3. Can the data in each of these graphs be used to construct other types of graphs?

4. If so, what other graph types can be constructed?

 
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Genetics Worksheet Bi Chapter 9

 Fundamentals of Genetics

Section 9-1 Mendel’s Legacy

1. What scientist is responsible for our study of heredity?

2. Define heredity.

3. What plant did Mendel use for his hereditary experiments?

4. Name the 7 characteristics, giving both dominant and recessive forms of the pea plants, in Mendel’s experiments.

5. In order to study pea plant traits, Mendel had to control __________________ among the plants.

6. Define pollination & name 2 types.

7. How do pea plants normally pollinate?

8. How can cross-pollination of pea plants be done?

9. How did Mendel obtain pure pea plants?

10. What is the P1 generation? How is it obtained?

11. What is the F1 generation &how is it obtained?

12. How did Mendel obtain his F2 generation?

13. When Mendel crossed his P1 plants to get the F1 generation, what ratio did he get?

14. What is the difference between dominant & recessive genes?

15. State Mendel’s law of segregation.

16. What are alleles?

Section 9-2 Genetic Crosses

17 What is the difference between genotypes & phenotypes?

18. Write the 2 genotypes for a purple flower.

19. Write the genotype for a white flower.

20. What is the difference in a homozygous and a heterozygous genotype?

21. What is  probability & tell 3 ways they can be expressed.

22. What is the probability that you will get “heads” each time you flip a coin?

23. What is a monohybrid cross?

24. Give an example of a monohybrid cross.

25. What is a Punnett Square used for?

26. Sketch the Punnett Square for crossing a pure purple flower with a white flower.

27. Use a Punnett Square to solve this cross — PP x pp.

28. What percentage of the offspring from this cross are purple? White?

29. Use a Punnett Square to solve this cross in guinea pigs — BB x Bb. Hint: See page 174.

30. In the above cross, what coat colors & percents did you get?

31. What phenotype (coat color) would each of these guinea pig genotypes result in:

        a. Bb?

        b. BB?

        c. bb?

32. Use a Punnett Square to solve this cross for coat color in rabbits: Bb x Bb?

33. What percent of the rabbits will have black fur? Brown fur? What ratio does this give for coat color?

34. Define genotypic ratio.

35. What is the genotypic ratio for all F1 crosses (bb x Bb)?

36. Define phenotypic ratio.

37. What is the phenotypic ratio for all F1 crosses?

38. What is a testcross?

39. A testcross can determine which individual’s phenotype is ________________________.

40. Use a Punnett Square to solve the following 2 testcrosses:

        a. BB x Bb

        b. bb x Bb

41. In each of the above testcrosses, tell how many offspring have black coats (dominant) and how many will have brown (recessive) coats?

42. What does complete dominance mean?

43. Give an example of complete dominance in pea plants.

44. What is incomplete dominance?

45. How many alleles influence the phenotype in:

        a. complete dominance?

        b. incomplete dominance?

46. Using four-o-clocks, give an example of how incomplete dominance occurs. Be sure to tell all possible genotypes & phenotypes.

47. Give the following ratios for crossing 2 pink four-o-clocks (Rr x Rr):

        a. Genotypic ratio?

        b. Phenotypic ratio?

48. Define codominance.

49. In what genotype does codominance appear?

50. In horses, _________________ coat color is a result of codominance.

51. Write the genotype for roan coat color & tell the color of each allele in the genotype.

52. What is a dihybrid cross?

53. How many different genotypes will result in a dihybrid cross when 2 homozygous organisms are crossed?

54. The offspring from a dihybrid cross of 2 homozygous organisms will all be __________________________.

55. Use a Punnett Square to show the results of the following cross: RrYy x RrYy

56. How many different genotypes resulted from this cross?

57. How many different phenotypes resulted from this cross?

58. Write the genotypes for each of these phenotypes:

        a. Round, green seeds

        b. Wrinkled, yellow seeds

        c. Wrinkled, green seeds