Category: Curriculum Map

Chordates

Chordates
All Materials © Cmassengale  

Characteristics of Chordates

  • All chordates have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, & postanal tail at some time in their life
  • Notochord is a firm, flexible rod of tissue located on the dorsal side of the body that becomes part of the endoskeleton in vertebrates
  • Dorsal nerve cord is a hollow tube lying dorsal to the notochord that becomes the brain & spinal cord in vertebrates
  • Pharyngeal pouches are small outpockets of the anterior part of the digestive tract that become gills in aquatic chordates & jaws, inner ear, & tonsils in terrestrial chordates
  • Postanal tail consists of muscle tissue & lies behind the posterior opening of the digestive tract

Subphyla of Chordates

  • The Phylum Chordata  includes all of the vertebrates, as well as two groups of marine animals that lack backbones and are called invertebrate chordates
  • The phylum is divided into three subphyla, determined by the development of the notochord
  • Subphylum Cephalochordata contains about 24 species of blade-shaped animals known as lancelates that retain the notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal pouches, and postanal tail throughout their life
  • Subphylum Urochordata  contains 2,000 species commonly called tunicates because their bodies are covered by a tough covering, or tunic
    * Called sea squirts because they shoot out a stream of water when touched
    *Sessile, barrel-shaped, filter feeding animals that live on the sea bottom
    *Adults have a pouch-like pharynx with slits
    *Adults do not have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, or postanal tail
  • Subphylum Vertebrata is the largest subphylum in which the notochord is replaced with vertebrae
    *  Skeletons consist of bone &/or cartilage
    * Brain is protected by a cranium
    * Well developed 4 chambered heart with a closed circulatory system
    * Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals

Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
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Cell Quiz 4

Name: 

 

 Cells & Organelles

 

 

True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
1.
Organelles enable eukaryotic cells to specialize.
2.
Chromatin carries a cell’s genetic information.
3.
Nucleoli produce the RNA of ribosomes
4.
Cells within a tissue carry out a common function.
5.
The ribosome is the site of protein synthesis within a cell.
6.
A unicellular organism is at a disadvantage when compared to a multicellular organism because a unicellular organism is unable to perform all life functions that a multicellular organism can.
7.
Cell membranes are totally permeable.
8.
As a cell gets larger, its volume increases at a faster rate than its surface area.
9.
ATP is produced primarily in mitochondria.
10.
The only difference between a plant cell and an animal cell is that plant cells have chloroplasts.
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
11.
Which of the following is not a function both multicellular and unicellular organisms can perform?
a.
coordinate the activities of organs
c.
produce other cells
b.
synthesize new living material
d.
regulate water balance
12.
Structures that support and give shape to cells are
a.
Golgi bodies
c.
basal bodies
b.
microtubules
d.
chloroplasts
13.
Which of the following functions are performed by both multicellular and unicellular organisms?
a.
regulating water balance
c.
producing other cells
b.
reacting to changes in the environment
d.
all of these
14.
What structures are associated with cell division?
a.
mitochondria
c.
Golgi bodies
b.
chloroplasts
d.
centrioles
15.
A complex network of membranes lying between the nuclear membrane and the cell membrane is
the
a.
mitochondria
c.
cristae
b.
chromosomes
d.
endoplasmic reticulum
16.
A particularly active cell might contain large amounts of
a.
chromosomes.
c.
mitochondria.
b.
vacuoles.
d.
walls.
17.
The cell membrane
a.
allows all substances to pass into and out of the cell
c.
is composed mainly of a protein bilayer
b.
prevents all substances from passing into and out of the cell
d.
is composed mainly of a lipid bilayer
18.
Sometimes these organelles are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum to form rough ER
a.
chloroplasts
c.
mitochondria
b.
ribosomes
d.
centrioles
19.
One difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that
a.
nucleic acids are found only in prokaryotes.
b.
mitochondria are found in larger quantities in eukaryotes.
c.
Golgi vesicles are found only in prokaryotes.
d.
prokaryotes have no nuclear membrane.
20.
Cigar-shaped bodies in the cytoplasm known as centers of ATP production are
a.
Golgi bodies
c.
ribosomes
b.
mitochondria
d.
chloroplasts
21.
Which of the following cells would probably contain the greatest number of mitochondria
a.
stomach cells
c.
bone cells
b.
muscle cells
d.
red blood cells
22.
Any cell component that performs specific functions is called:
a.
an organelle
c.
a eukaryote
b.
a nucleus
d.
a microorganism
23.
Hooke’s discovery of cells was made observing
a.
living algal cells.
c.
dead plant cells.
b.
living human blood cells.
d.
dead protist cells.
24.
When the volume of a cell increases, its surface area
a.
increases at the same rate.
c.
increases at a faster rate.
b.
remains the same.
d.
increases at a slower rate.
25.
Cells that have a high energy requirement generally have many
a.
nuclei
c.
mitochondria
b.
flagella
d.
microfillaments
26.
Which organelles are a pathway for transport of materials
a.
endoplasmic reticulum
c.
mitochondria
b.
ribosomes
d.
Golgi bodies
27.
Which organelle selectively destroys tissue to shape the bodies of animals during early
development?
a.
lysosome
c.
cell membrane
b.
mitochondria
d.
ribosome
28.
The ends of this structure pinch off to form lysosomes
a.
endoplasmic reticulum
c.
Golgi bodies
b.
mitochondria
d.
centrioles
29.
A cell that can change its shape would be well suited for
a.
receiving and transmitting nerve impulses.
b.
covering the body surface.
c.
moving to different tissues through narrow openings.
d.
All of the above
30.
Which organelles store cellular secretions?
a.
endoplasmic reticulum
c.
Golgi bodies
b.
ribosomes
d.
centrioles
31.
Which of the following is not a specialized activity found in cells of Volvox (green algae) colonies?
a.
photosynthesis
c.
movement
b.
transmission of messages
d.
reproduction
32.
Ribosomes are
a.
surrounded by a double membrane
c.
composed of proteins and RNA
b.
manufactured in the cytosol
d.
attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
33.
Lysosomes function in cells to
a.
recycle cell parts
c.
shape developing body parts
b.
destroy viruses and bacteria
d.
all of the above
34.
An example of a prokaryotic cell is a(n)
a.
animal cell.
c.
bacterium.
b.
tree cell.
d.
“animalcule.”
35.
Which of the following associations between a type of animal tissue and its primary function is incorrect?
a.
connective tissue—transport of substances around the body
b.
epithelial tissue—protective surface coverings
c.
muscle tissue—contraction
d.
nervous tissue—receiving and transmitting messages
36.
Which of the following is not part of an animal cell?
a.
protoplasm
c.
cell wall
b.
nucleus
d.
cell membrane
37.
The organelles associated with photosynthesis are the
a.
mitochondria.
c.
Golgi apparatus.
b.
chloroplasts.
d.
vacuoles.
38.
The cell theory states that
a.
Unicellular organisms are exceptions to the rule
b.
cells come from other cells
c.
cell membranes have a fluid mosaic structure
d.
A and B
39.
One early piece of evidence supporting the cell theory was the observation that
a.
only plants are composed of cells
c.
cells come from other cells
b.
only animals are composed of cells
d.
animal cells come from plant cells
40.
The semifluid that fills most of the cell outside the nucleus is called:
a.
cellulose
c.
nucleoplasm
b.
cytoplasm
d.
pectin

 
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Diffusion Quiz

Name: 

Homeostasis & Transport

 

 

True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
1.
Diffusion is an active process that requires a cell to expend a great deal of energy.
2.
A concentration gradient is the difference in concentrations of a substance across space.
3.
A solution outside a cell is hypotonic if its concentration of solute  molecules is lower than the
concentration of the solute molecules inside the cell.
4.
Homeostasis is the process by which molecules move toward an area of lesser concentration.
5.
Facilitated diffusion is an active form of carrier transport.
6.
The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell.
7.
Wastes may exit a cell by pinocytosis.
8.
Ion channels are usually able to transport only one type of ion.
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
9.
A cell membrane consists of phospholipids and different large molecules of
a.
protein.
c.
DNA.
b.
fat.
d.
carbohydrates.
10.
The outer surface of a cell membrane is:
a.
hydrophobic
c.
hydrophilic
b.
isotonic
d.
hypertonic
11.
Which of the following is an example of osmosis?
a.
the movement of ions from an area of greater concentration to one of  lesser concentration
b.
the movement of ions from an area of lesser concentration to one of greater concentration
c.
the movement of water through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to one of  lesser concentration
d.
the movement of water through a membrane from an area of lesser concentration to one of greater concentration
12.
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are both examples of:
a.
plasmolysis
c.
exocytosis
b.
cytolysis
d.
endocytosis
13.
Some plants absorb mineral ions from the soil even though the soil concentration is lower than the internal cell concentration. This is due to:
a.
cytolysis
c.
diffusion
b.
active transport
d.
passive transport
14.
The pouch formed during endocytosis is called a:
a.
gate
c.
vesicle
b.
contractile vacuole
d.
channel
15.
A process that requires the addition of energy is
a.
osmosis.
c.
diffusion.
b.
active transport.
d.
facilitated diffusion.
16.
If two substances of different concentrations are present on either side of a semipermeable membrane, the substances move
a.
away from the area of lower concentration.
b.
toward the area of lower concentration.
c.
until equilibrium is reached.
d.
until all molecular motion ceases.
17.
The following are steps that occur during endocytosis.  Which is the first step that is out of order.
a.
material is taken into the cell by infolding of cell membrane
b.
the infolding forms a pocket
c.
the pocket forms a vacuole in the cytoplasm
d.
the pocket breaks loose from the cell membrane
18.
Na+ ions are transported across cell membranes of body cells by
a.
molecular pumps.
c.
simple diffusion.
b.
facilitated diffusion.
d.
passive transport.
19.
The process by which molecules of a substance move from an area of higher concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration is known as
a.
exocytosis.
c.
endocytosis.
b.
pinocytosis.
d.
diffusion.
            Concentration of Water and Solutes in Four Adjacent Cells
            chp5_web_tutorial_files/i0220000.jpg
20.
Refer to the illustration above. In this system, solute molecules in cell “B” are most likely to
a.
remain in cell “B.”
c.
diffuse into cell “A.”
b.
adhere to cell “B’s” membrane.
d.
diffuse into cell “D”
21.
Refer to the illustration above. In this system, water molecules are most likely to diffuse in which direction?
a.
from “A” to “B”
c.
from “D” to “C”
b.
from “B” to “D”
d.
from “C” to “A”
22.
The dispersal of ink in a beaker of water is an example of
a.
diffusion.
c.
active transport.
b.
osmosis.
d.
endocytosis.
23.
Which of the following enters a cell by active transport?
a.
glucose
c.
sodium ion
b.
water
d.
potassium ion
24.
endocytosis : exocytosis ::
a.
phagocytosis : bacteria
c.
cold : hot
b.
secrete : exocytosis
d.
white blood cell : bacteria
25.
Glucose enters a cell most rapidly by
a.
facilitated diffusion
c.
osmosis
b.
diffusion
d.
phagocytosis
26.
When the cells in a plant have low turgor pressure, the plant
a.
is rigid
c.
wilts
b.
dies
d.
explodes

 
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Chimpanzee Webquest

Life of the Chimpanzee

Introduction  |  Task  |  Process  |  Evaluation  |  Conclusion 

Introduction

Chimpanzees are primates that live in forest regions of Africa.  They are genetically very similar to humans, sharing 98% of the same genes.  Because of their similarities, Chimpanzees can reveal much about ourselves and how we learn.  Chimpanzees have evolved over time to the most sophisticated primates other than humans.  They have a very complex social structure, and even know how to use “tools” to make a task easier.  In this web quest, you will learn all about chimpanzees, their common connection with humans, and how they have evolved to survive.

Task

Your task is to use the internet to research chimpanzees.  After researching, you will use a poster board to make a Venn diagram that outline the similarities and differences of humans and chimpanzees.  After making your diagram, you will present it to the class, explaining the similarities. In addition, you will explain what specific characteristics chimps and humans share that allow them to survive. This will be a group project.  An illustration of the Venn diagram is shown below.  Group A will be human characteristics,  group B will be chimpanzee characteristics, and group C will be the shared traits of humans and chimps.  Before beginning the process, skip down and read the Evaluation Rubric so you will know what your grade is based on.

Process

  1.  First, you will watch and take notes on the video, Jane Goodall’s Wild Chimpanzees.  The movie will give you some background knowledge on what scientists know about chimps and their behavior.
  2.  After watching the movie, you will choose a partner to help do research on chimpanzees.  This research will be used to construct your Venn diagram and to make a presentation ( PowerPoint – 15 slides ) which you and your partner will give to the class.
  3.  Use the following links to initially research chimpanzees.  If you wish to do your own customized search, use the Google Search Engine and keywords.  Hint: to get the most out of research, divide up the responsibilities and have each person research a different aspect of chimpanzees.

Encyclopedia Entry:  Chimpanzee

   Jane Goodall Institute

   Enchanted Learning:  Chimpanzees

   Save the Chimps:  Fact Sheet

  1. During your research, be sure to record any similarities and differences between chimps and humans.  After your research is completed, you will consolidate all of your findings into the diagram.
  2.  After each group member is done researching, come together as a group and complete your Venn diagram.  Remember to include both unique and shared characteristics of humans and chimpanzees.  Remember also to include shared adaptations that allow chimps and humans to survive.  Write these adaptations below the diagram.
  3.  After each group has completed the diagram, you will present your Venn diagram to the class, explaining your findings using  a PowerPoint presentation. 

 

Evaluation:

You will be evaluated based on the following rubric:  (CLICK HERE FOR PRINTABLE COPY)

 

Oral Presentation Rubric Possible Points Self-Assessment Teacher Assessment
Complete Venn diagram with unique adaptations listed at bottom. 25
PowerPoint Presentation well-designed and with 15 slides 25
Presentation was well planned and coherent. (Evidence of rehearsal) 10
Poster board  (helpful, neat) 10
Teamwork:  Every member of group played a role 10
Presentation shows evidence of research on Chimpanzees (good understanding of similarities and differences) 10
Communication Skills (eye contact, posture, clear voice, appropriate volume, transitions between speakers smooth, and all members presented) 10
Total Possible Points 100

Note that half of your grade is based on the completion of the Venn diagram and PowerPoint, while the other half is distributed among different presentation aspects.  Teamwork is a part of your grade as well.  Make sure that each member plays a role in research and presentation.

Conclusion:

Chimpanzees and Humans are very different in many ways.  Humans are much more advanced in thought and practical skills.  Yet, there are still many shared characteristics, such as a complex social hierarchy, ability to use “tools”, and communication.  These adaptations have allowed both humans and chimpanzees to survive, each in their respective habitat.  Understanding chimpanzee behavior can help us understand our own evolution, where we came from, and perhaps where we are going.

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Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration Objectives

 

 

Chapter 9    Cellular Respiration
Objectives
The Principles of Energy Harvest

1.  In general terms, distinguish between fermentation and cellular respiration.

2.  Write the summary equation for cellular respiration. Write the specific chemical equation for the degradation of glucose.

3.  Define oxidation and reduction.

4.  Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges.

5.  Describe the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration.

6.  In general terms, explain the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration.

The Process of Cellular Respiration

7.  Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs.

8.  Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis.

9.  Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis.

10. Identify where substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ occur in glycolysis.

11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how this process links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.

12. List the products of the citric acid cycle. Explain why it is called a cycle.

13. Describe the point at which glucose is completely oxidized during cellular respiration.

14. Distinguish between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

15. In general terms, explain how the exergonic “slide” of electrons down the electron transport chain is coupled to the endergonic production of ATP by chemiosmosis.

16. Explain where and how the respiratory electron transport chain creates a proton gradient.

17. Describe the structure and function of the four subunits of ATP synthase.

18. Summarize the net ATP yield from the oxidation of a glucose molecule by constructing an ATP ledger.

19. Explain why it is not possible to state an exact number of ATP molecules generated by the oxidation of glucose.

Related Metabolic Processes

20. State the basic function of fermentation.

21. Compare the fate of pyruvate in alcohol fermentation and in lactic acid fermentation.

22. Compare the processes of fermentation and cellular respiration.

23. Describe the evidence that suggests that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway.

24. Describe how food molecules other than glucose can be oxidized to make ATP.

25. Explain how glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can contribute to anabolic pathways.

26. Explain how ATP production is controlled by the cell, and describe the role that the allosteric enzyme phosphofructokinase plays in the process.

 
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