My Classroom Material 102 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Preap Photosynthesis Study Guide

Photosynthesis Review

1. What is the term for the ability to perform work? ______________________.

2. Animals that Cannot make their own food are called ________________________.

3. Most organisms use an energy storage molecule called ____________________ _______________________ or simply (_______).

4. Light of different colors is different in ______________________ and _________________________.

5. During photosynthesis, a Reduction Reaction _________ ______________ to a molecule.

6. Oxidation is a process that makes a molecule __________________ electrons.

7. Disk-shaped structures with photosynthetic pigments are known as __________________.

8. The process by which autotrophs convert sunlight into energy is called ___________________________.

9. A molecule that can absorb certain light wavelengths and reflect others is a ________________________________.

10. What are the most common group of photosynthetic pigments in plants? ___________________________

11. Stroma are gel-like matrix (a solution) that surrounds the ________________________.

12. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages called:
A.______________________________________________
B.______________________________________________

13. Plants that use only the Calvin Cycle for photosynthesis are called ______________.

14. CAM Plants can survive in dry, hot deserts because they can fix carbon at ____________________________.

15. What substances do Autotrophs or producers use to make food?
A._____________________________________
B._____________________________________
C._____________________________________

16. The addition of an electron to an atom or a molecule is called _________________.

17. The loss of an electron to an atom or a molecule is called ____________________.

18. Organisms that CAN produce their own food are called ______________________.

19. An important waste product of photosynthesis is _______________________.

20. Photosynthesis occurs in what organelle of plants and algae? _________________________.

21. The Thylakoids are surrounded by a gel-like matrix (solution) called __________________.

22. An object that absorbs all colors appears _____________________.

23. What are the light collecting units of the Chloroplast? __________________.

24. Carbon fixing reactions occur in a pathway called the _____________________ _________________.

25. Chlorophyll reflects and transmits what color? _________________________.

26. An object that reflects all colors appears ____________________________.

27. Folded Thylakoids that resemble stacks of pancakes are called ________________________________.

28.The pigments that absorb violet, blue and red light. __________________________

29.The Enzyme that adds a phosphate group to ADP. _________ __________________ to form _________________.

30. What do we call the component colors of white light? ______________________ ___________________________

31. What clusters of pigments are called. ____________________________

32. A five-carbon carbohydrate in the Calvin cycle. _____________________________

33. A three-carbon molecule in the Calvin cycle.______________________________

34. A Series of linked chemical reactions is called a __________________________ ____________________________.

35. The pigments that absorb blue and green light are called ________________________.

36. The oxygen atoms in the oxygen gas produced in photosynthesis come from ________________________ __________________________.

37. Both C4 and C3 plants use the ____________________ _________________ for carbon fixation.

38. Where does the energy required for the Calvin cycle originate? From ______________ and __________________ produced by the ____________________ _____________________.

39. Protons are move into the thylakoid using energy from ___________________ in the __________________________ __________________________.

40. At the end of photosystem I transport chain, electrons combine with ______________ to form ______________________.

41. Carbon atoms are fixed into organic compounds in the _____________________ ______________________.

42. To produce the same amount of carbohydrate, C4 plants require less ___________________ ____________________ than C3 plants.

43. Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions occur? ________________________

44. Where in the chloroplast do the reactions of the Calvin cycle occur? ______________________________

45. What product of the light reactions of photosynthesis is released and does not participate further in photosynthesis? _________________________________

46.Which environmental factor will cause a rapid decline in the photosynthesis rate if the factor rises above a certain level? ___________________________________

47. Accessory pigments differ from chlorophyll a in that they are _______________ directly involved in the ___________________ _____________________ of photosynthesis.

48. What structure that is found in the thylakoid membrane is important to chemiosmosis? ___________
_____________________________.

49. _______________________________________________________ is the protein in the _____________________________________ membrane that adds a phosphate group to ADP.

50. Chemiosmosis relies on a(n) ____________________________________________________ of protons across the thylakoid membrane.

51. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis.____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

52. ATP synthase is a multifunctional protein. By allowing protons to cross the thylakoid membrane, it functions as a(n) _______________________________________________, and by catalyzing the synthesis of ATP it functions as a(n) ______________________________.

53. H+ represents an ion or in photosynthesis a(n) _____________________________________.

DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without appropriate discussion is inadequate.

1. Describe the internal structure and external structure of a chloroplast.

2. Explain what happens to the components of water molecules that are split during the light reactions of photosynthesis? (HINT: Name the three products that are produced when water molecules are split during the light reactions and explain what each product is used for.)

3. Explain the difference between the roles of photosystem I and photosystem II in photosynthesis?

4. Explain why the leaves of some plants look green during the summer then turn yellow, orange, red,
or brown during the fall?

5. What plant structures control the passage of water out of a plant and carbon dioxide into a plant? Explain
how they control the passage of water out of a plant and carbon dioxide into a plant.

6. What happens to the electrons that are lost by photosystem II? What happens to the electrons
that are lost by photosystem I?

7. Photosynthesis is said to be “Saturated” at a certain level of CO2. Explain what this means?

8. Explain how is ATP synthesized in photosynthesis? What is this process called?

9. What is the fate of most of the PGAL molecules in the third step of the Calvin cycle and Why is this important?
What happens to the remaining PGAL molecules? What organic compound can be made from PGAL?

10. Explain how CAM plants differ from C3 and C4 plants? How does this difference allow CAM
plants to exist in hot, dry conditions?

11. Define biochemical pathway and explain how the Calvin cycle is an example of a biochemical pathway.
In what part of the chloroplasts does the Calvin cycle take place?

12. Explain how the function of the chloroplasts is related to its structure.

13. What roles do water molecules play in photosynthesis?

14. Describe the structure and function of the thylakoids of a chloroplasts.

15. What role do accessory pigments play in photosynthesis?

Properties of Water

Properties of Water

Introduction

Water covers about three quarters of the earth’s surface and makes up about three quarters of our body weight. In fact, without water, life would not be possible. This simple fact is why scientists are constantly looking for water on other planets – the presence of water could indicate the presence of life.

We have discussed some of the properties of water in previous lessons. This lesson will consider water’s properties in more depth. As you read about the characteristics of water, take some time to think about how these characteristics relate to the fields of water and wastewater treatment.

Water Molecule

As you should remember, water is represented by the formula H2O. The picture below can also be used to represent water.

Water molecule

Lesson 5 explained how hydrogen bonds form between water molecules. The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds, as shown below, causes many of water’s unique characteristics. For example, you should recall that hydrogen bonding makes water an excellent solvent.

Hydrogen bond

Temperature

Introduction

Water is unique in that it is found as a gas, a liquid, and a solid at natural earth temperatures. In contrast, most other substances are naturally found in only one or two states. This property of water is integral to our daily lives, and is especially important in the hydrologic cycle.

On this page, we will consider how water is influenced by temperature. The surrounding air temperature can change the temperature of water, change water’s state, and change water’s density.

Specific Heat Capacity

Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. Every substance has its own specific heat capacity, with the specific heat capacity of water being 1 cal/(g°C).

The specific heat capacity of water is much higher than that of other common substances. For the sake of comparison, the specific heat capacity of oil is about 0.5 cal/(g°C) and the specific heat capacity of aluminum is about 0.2 cal/(g°C). This means that it takes a lot more heat to raise the temperature of water compared to the amount of heat it would take to raise the temperature of oil or aluminum.

The high specific heat of water helps the earth’s temperature remain moderate since water traps heat during the day and releases it slowly at night. As a result, the temperature on earth’s surface does not vary very widely, ranging from extremes of 134°F to -129°F. For comparison, the moon has no liquid water and its temperatures can range from 240°F to -290°F. (The lack of atmosphere on the moon, along with other factors, also contributes to the wide range of temperature.)

Boiling Point

Water also has a very high boiling point, meaning that liquid water turns into water vapor at a higher temperature (212°F) than would be expected due to the size and weight of the molecule. The high boiling point of water is due to the hydrogen bonds which tend to hold water molecules together, preventing them from breaking apart and entering the gaseous state.

Since it takes such a large amount of energy to change the state of water, sweating is a very effective method of cooling the body. In order to evaporate, the sweat requires the input of a great deal of heat energy, some of which comes from our bodies. So, as our sweat evaporates, we begin to feel cooler.

Density and Expansion

As you should remember from ENV 110, density is the ratio of mass to volume. Dense objects feel heavier and tend to sink while less dense objects feel lighter and tend to float.

The density of most objects changes slightly as the temperature changes. In general, warmer temperatures tend to make substances less dense because the greater random kinetic energy makes the molecules spread out. The amount that objects expand when heated is known as the coefficient of expansion.

The density of water, once again, is a special case. Water is most dense at 39°F, and as it cools or warms from this temperature, the water expands slightly. This means that ice is slightly less dense than cold water, which is why ice floats on the surface of bodies of water. The floating ice slows the freezing process by insulating the water underneath, which contributes to the moderate temperatures on earth. In addition, the layer of ice prevents many lakes from freezing solid, allowing fish and other organisms to survive under the ice.

The changing density of water at different temperatures is also responsible for turnover. Turnover occurs when the water on the surface of a lake cools in the fall. Eventually, this cold water will become more dense than the warmer water beneath, so the cold water will sink to the bottom and the warm water will rise to the surface. When lakes are used as the water source for water treatment plants, turnover can cause abrupt changes in the quality of the raw water.

Other Properties

Surface Tension

In a body of water, hydrogen bonds between water molecules are constantly pulling the molecules in many different directions. However, at the water’s surface, the molecules are only being pulled from side to side and down, with no hydrogen bonds pulling them upwards. This results in a skin of water at the surface in which the molecules are held together very tightly.

Surface tension is a measurement of the amount of force required to break this skin on the surface of water. Other liquids have a surface tension as well, but the surface tension in water is quite strong due to the hydrogen bonds. The pictures below show some examples of the results of water’s strong surface tension.

Surface tension is what holds drops of water together in a round shape. Surface tension allows both water striders and paperclips to float on water even though they are more dense than the water. In addition, surface tension allows you to fill a cup slightly over the brim with water.

Capillary Action

Surface tension is also responsible for another phenomena known as capillary action. Capillary action occurs when water climbs upward through a small space, defying gravity due to the forces of adhesion and surface tension. The image below shows one example of capillary action – a narrow straw was placed in a cup of water and the water crept upwards through the straw.

What causes the movement of water during capillary action? The first factor is adhesion, the attraction between water and another object. In this case, adhesion attracted the water within the straw to the surface of the straw. Molecules of water which came in contact with the straw tended to move upward along the inside of the straw, as shown below:

Adhesion pulls water up the sides of the straw

Water’s surface tension is so strong that, as water is pulled upward along the straw’s walls, the water in between tends to be pulled upward also. The downward pull of gravity prevents the central water from rising quite as high as the water which is adhered to the straw, so the result is a meniscus, as shown in the first picture in this section.

Capillary action is important in moving water upwards through small spaces. Plants depend on capillary action to move water upward from the roots to the leaves. In the soil, capillary action also tends to move water upward between the soil particles.

Review

Water has many unique properties, many of which are based on its molecules’ ability to form hydrogen bonds. Water is found at earth’s temperatures as a solid, liquid, and gas. It has a high specific heat capacity and boiling point. Water is most dense at 39°F. Water also has a strong surface tension.

Planarian Regeneration by Lora Bueker

Planarian Regeneration

Lab Objective
When a brown planarian’s body part is lost or damaged, the planarian will regenerate a new body part to replace the lost one.

Planarian Background
The brown planarian is the Dugesia tigrina. It is in the class Turbellaria, which is in the phylum Platyhelminthes. The freshwater Tubellarians are found in almost all aquatic habitats. Planarians hide under rocks, leaves, and debris to avoid light. Planarians have no definite eyes, just eyespots that cannot form an image and are sensitive to light. Planarians are known as triciads because of their triple gut with a single anterior and two posterior branches. Planarians reproduce both sexually and asexually. In sexual reproduction they produce “summer” eggs, which are thin-shelled and transparent; and “winter” eggs, which are usually black and set on stalks. Planarians are hermaphroditic, possessing complete male and female systems. They produce asexually by fragmentation and tail dropping in which they spontaneously drop their tails and each end regenerates the missing part. Planarians are carnivorous eating both living and dead organic matter. Kept in captivity, they feed on raw liver.

Lab Materials
Materials used in the lab include two petri dishes, a pencil, paper, two planarians, a microscope slide, lens paper, scalpel, dropper/pipette, magnifying glass, camel’s hair brush, ruler, scissors, tape, raw data folder, and aged water.

Lab Procedure
Choose two cuts from the eight operations given. (Figure 1) Record your name & the number of the cut on a label and tape this on the underside of the petri dish so it is visible from the top. Repeat this procedure with the second cut & dish. Fill both dishes with aged water. Next, choose two planarians and measure the length and width of each worm and record this in your data folder. Prepare an “operating table” by wrapping lens paper around a microscope slide. Using a camel’s hair brush, transfer a planarian from the petri dish to the operating table. Allow the planarian to become fully extended on the slide, but do not let it dry out. When the planarian is fully extended, make the chosen cut quickly and cleanly. When the operation is complete, rinse the pieces of planarian into the petri dish with a stream of aged water from the dropper. Replace the lids on the petri dish and place in a shaded area at room temperature. Repeat with the second cut. During the regeneration process, do not feed the planarians, and they should not be disturbed as little as possible.
* Because planarians foul their water quickly, it is necessary to change their water twice a week by pipetteing the old water out and replacing with new aged water. It will also be necessary to oxygenate the water by blowing bubbles in the water with the dropper.

Figure 1

Data
* Cut one is a transverse cut, while cut two is a longitudinal cut.

Table 1

CUT ONE	Length	Width	Number of Pieces	Other
Day 1	10 mm	2mm	3
Day 2	3mm each	1mm each	4	Head part moving, others floating
Day 6	3mm each	1mm each	4	Tail dropped on one piece
Day 8	3mm each	1mm each	4	Slight growth
Day 13	3mm each	1mm each	4	Water changed & oxygenated
Day14	3mm each	1mm each	4	Vast regeneration, all part moving, transparent in color in some areas

Table 2

CUT TWO	Length	Width	Number of Pieces	Other
Day 1	9mm	2mm	2	Both tails dropped
Day 2	4mm each	1mm each	1	1 piece disintegrated
Day 6	0	0	0	Total disintegrated/ new cut
Day 8	3mm & 4mm	1mm & 1mm	2	Slight growth
Day 13	3mm & 4mm	1mm & 1mm	2	Slight growth
Day14	3mm & 4mm	1mm & 1mm	2	Definite movement

Error Analysis
Some tail dropping occurred & some pieces were so small that they disintegrated instead of regenerating

Conclusion
It can be concluded that when a planarian loses or damages a body part, it will regenerate over a certain period of time into a whole new planarian. There are some conditions that may occur during the regeneration process. For instance, the tail end of a headpiece grows faster, and the eyes first begin to appear about a week into the lab. Between the eyes and pharynx, the pharynx regenerates faster. While the rest of the body is brown, the regenerated areas are transparent and also show polarity.

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Pre AP Grades

Pre AP Biology Grades

August 20, 2011
Fourth Nine Weeks Grades

1st Period

8th Period

CHERYL MASSENGALE COMPLETE DETAILED RECORD – Quarter 1
1 PREAP BIOLOGY 1 2
Qtr. 1 Aug 18, 2011 100100 QUARTER Method: Weight/Categories
Student H T HOMEWORK LAB QUIZ TEST Qtr. 1
= = > 91100 A- 91% A 100% A 99%
= = > 94 94 A 94% A 94% A 94%
= = > 91 94 A- 91% A 94% A 94%
= = > 91 94 A- 91% A 94% A 94%
= = > 88 94 B+ 88% A 94% A- 93%
= = > 88 94 B+ 88% A 94% A- 93%
= = > 91 89 A- 91% B+ 89% B+ 89%
= = > 88 89 B+ 88% B+ 89% B+ 89%
= = > 88 89 B+ 88% B+ 89% B+ 89%
= = > 79 89 C+ 79% B+ 89% B+ 88%
= = > 73 89 C- 73% B+ 89% B+ 87%
= = > 94 83 A 94% B- 83% B 84%
= = > 91 83 A- 91% B- 83% B 84%
= = > 91 83 A- 91% B- 83% B 84%
= = > 88 83 B+ 88% B- 83% B 84%
= = > 88 83 B+ 88% B- 83% B 84%
= = > 85 83 B 85% B- 83% B- 83%
= = > 85 83 B 85% B- 83% B- 83%
= = > 83 B- 83% B- 83%
= = > 80 83 B- 80% B- 83% B- 83%
= = > 73 83 C- 73% B- 83% B- 82%
= = > 97 78 A 97% C+ 78% B- 80%
= = > 91 78 A- 91% C+ 78% C+ 79%
= = > 88 78 B+ 88% C+ 78% C+ 79%
= = > 85 78 B 85% C+ 78% C+ 79%
= = > 82 78 B- 82% C+ 78% C+ 79%
= = > 85 72 B 85% C- 72% C 74%
= = > 73 72 C- 73% C- 72% C- 72%
Average = = > 87 85 B+ 87% B 85% B 85%
WT.10% WT.20% WT.70% Weight/PercentagesASSIGNMENTS FOR 1 PREAP BIOLOGY Quarter 1
AUG 17 1 H 100 SAFETY WKSHT AUG 18 2 T 100 SAFETY TEST

CHERYL MASSENGALE COMPLETE DETAILED RECORD – Quarter 1
8 PREAP BIOLOGY 1 2
Qtr. 1 Aug 18, 2011 100100 QTR PTS. QUARTER Method: Cumulative Points
Student H T HOMEWORK LAB QUIZ TEST Qtr. 1
= = > 91 89 180/200 A- 91% B+ 89% A- 90%
= = > 91 89 180/200 A- 91% B+ 89% A- 90%
= = > 79100 179/200 C+ 79% A 100% B+ 89%
= = > 85 94 179/200 B 85% A 94% B+ 89%
= = > 88 89 177/200 B+ 88% B+ 89% B+ 89%
= = > 88 89 177/200 B+ 88% B+ 89% B+ 89%
= = > 82 94 176/200 B- 82% A 94% B+ 88%
= = > 82 94 176/200 B- 82% A 94% B+ 88%
= = > 85 89 174/200 B 85% B+ 89% B+ 87%
= = > 79 94 173/200 C+ 79% A 94% B 86%
= = > 88 83 171/200 B+ 88% B- 83% B 86%
= = > 82 89 171/200 B- 82% B+ 89% B 86%
= = > 82 89 171/200 B- 82% B+ 89% B 86%
= = > 79 89 168/200 C+ 79% B+ 89% B 84%
= = > 79 89 168/200 C+ 79% B+ 89% B 84%
= = > 73 94 167/200 C- 73% A 94% B 84%
= = > 82 83 165/200 B- 82% B- 83% B- 83%
= = > 82 83 165/200 B- 82% B- 83% B- 83%
= = > 82 83 165/200 B- 82% B- 83% B- 83%
= = > 76 89 165/200 C 76% B+ 89% B- 83%
= = > 79 83 162/200 C+ 79% B- 83% B- 81%
= = > 79 83 162/200 C+ 79% B- 83% B- 81%
= = > 76 78 154/200 C 76% C+ 78% C+ 77%
= = > 55 83 138/200 F 55% B- 83% D+ 69%
= = > NC 94 94/200 F 0% A 94% F 47%
= = > NC 89 89/200 F 0% B+ 89% F 45%
Average = = > 75 89 164/200 C 75% B+ 89% B- 82%
WT. 50% WT. 0% WT. 0% WT. 50% Cumulative PointsASSIGNMENTS FOR 8 PREAP BIOLOGY Quarter 1
AUG 17 1 H 100 SAFETY WKSHT AUG 18 2 T 100 SAFETY TEST

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Plant Classification Study Guide

PLANT EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION

1. There are more than ________________ different plant species.

2. Plants share Four Characteristics:
A._________________________________________________________________

B._________________________________________________________________

C._________________________________________________________________

D._________________________________________________________________

3. In their characteristics plants are most similar to the ________________________.

4. Plants and Green Algae Have these Characteristics in Common:
A.__________________________________________________________________

B.__________________________________________________________________

C.__________________________________________________________________

D.__________________________________________________________________

5. There are also some important Difference:
A.__________________________________________________________________

B.__________________________________________________________________

C.__________________________________________________________________

D.__________________________________________________________________

6. All plants are photosynthetic, multicellular, __________________________ organisms, and can _________________________ _________________________.

7. A ____________________ is a ripen ovary that surrounds the seeds of angiosperms.

8. All plants probably evolved from ______________________ __________________.

9. One of the greatest problems that encountered by the first land plants was the need for
___________________________.

10. How does water aid the fertilization of some organisms? ______________________
____________________________________________________________________

11. _________________________ of _______________________ means that there are TWO
phases in the life cycle of plants:

A. The first phase: ___________________ ______________________ phase that produces ________________________ and _______________________.

B. The second phase: ___________________ _____________________ phase that produces ________________________.

12. Sexual reproduction ensures there will be __________________________ ______________________ in plants.

13. The type of vascular tissue that transports organic compounds is ____________________________.

14. The _____________________ is a waxy, waterproof layer that coats the parts of a plant
exposed to air.

15. The earliest plants were probably __________________, and had NO true ___________,
____________________, or ______________________.

16. __________________ is a hard compound that strengthens cell walls, enabling cells to support additional weight.

17. The 12 Phyla of plants can be divided into two groups based on the presence of __________________________ ___________________________.

18. One adaptation that help land plants to slow the evaporation of water was a
____________________________.

19. The type of vascular tissue that transports water is _________________________.

20. This type of angiosperm has parallel leaf venation __________________________.

21. The waxy covering on plant surfaces is called _____________________________.

22. The plant material in peat bogs decomposes very ________________________ because the bogs are ____________________________.

23. How many plant phyla produce seeds? _____________________

24. What type of gymnosperm produces fleshy seeds? ____________________________

25. What is the photosynthetic phase of a moss called? ______________________________

26. Bryophytes, instead of roots, they have long, thin strands of cells called ____________________ that attach the plant to the soil.

27. Vascular plants absorb water from the soil through underground structures called
_____________________. They also provide a plant with ___________________.

28. Non-woody plants are usually called ___________________________.

29. _____________________ carries organic compounds in any direction depending on the plant’s needs.

30. In order to reproduce, a nonvascular plant must have ________________________.

31. Rhizoids are long, thin strands of cells that resemble ________________________.

32. The roots of vascular plants absorb water and _________________________ _________________________.

33. What is the non-photosynthetic phase of a moss called ____________________________.

34. Gymnosperms produce “_____________________” seeds, while angiosperms produce _______________________ protected inside a _____________________________.

35. This type of angiosperm has net leaf venation __________________________.

36. The _________________________ allow for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.

37. Sphagnum is often used to ______________________ soil and help it ____________________ __________________________.

38. A ___________________ is a protective structure that contains a plant
__________________, and _________________ __________________.

39. A __________________ is a structure that develops in plants with flowers and contains the
____________________.

40. Nonvascular plants are distinguished by the absence of ______________________ and ____________________________.

41. All nonvascular plants are collectively called _______________________________.

42. Vascular plants are classified into one of Two Types: _______________________ or
________________________________ plants.

43. What are the Four Phyla of Seedless Vascular Plants? ________________________,
________________________, ______________________, ________________________.

44. What are the Five Phyla of Seed Vascular Plants? _______________________,
_________________________, _________________________,
________________________, and ______________________________.

45. Vascular seed plants are subdivided into TWO general categories according to the type of seeds they produce: _________________________________ and
____________________________________.

46. A ____________________________ is a special reproductive structure composed of hard scales, that produces seeds without a fruit.

47. ____________________ are vascular plants that produce seeds lacking a protective
_______________________. They are often called _______________ _________.

48. A seed is a _________________________ embryo inside a __________________________ _____________________.

49. The _____________________ are vascular plants that produce seeds enclosed and
__________________ by a __________________.

50. All angiosperms produce _________________ and _________________.

51. The protective structure that contains the seed or seeds of an angiosperm is the
______________________.

52. One way of distinguishing among the many types of angiosperms is by counting the number of seed leaves or ________________________.

53. Angiosperms with only ONE cotyledon are called _______________________________ or simply _____________________.

54. An angiosperm whose embryo has TWO cotyledons are called __________________________________ or simply _______________________.

56. Plants that produce seed protected by a fruit are called _______________________________.

57. A dicot is an angiosperm whose embryo has Two _______________________.

58. Plants remove carbon dioxide from the air by the process of ________________________.

59. Bryophytes are _______________-growing plants that live in _____________________ ________________________________.

60. All vascular plants have __________________________ tissues and _____________________________ of _________________________________.

61. True roots, stems, and leaves are characteristics of all ______________________ _________________________.

62. What are the primary functions of spores and seeds?

63. In what ways do green algae differ from plants?

64. Why do nonvascular plants have to live in moist environments?

65. Name three bryophytes, and identify their common characteristics.

66. Which plant phylum contains the tallest and most massive plants? Is this a phylum of nonvascular, seedless vascular, or seed plants?

67. Conifers are often found living at high elevations in locations with cold, dry winters. What characteristic enables them to retain their leaves in these conditions?