Category: My Classroom Material

Protozoan

 

Protozoa
Animal like Protists
All Materials © Cmassengale

Characteristics:

  • Eukaryotes
  • Found in kingdom Protista
  • Most are unicellular
  • Heterotrophs that ingest small food particles & digest it inside food vacuoles containing digestive enzymes
  • Classified by the way they move (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia…)

  • Microscopic in size
  • 65,000 identified species with almost half extinct
  • Found in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial habitats
  • Make up part of the zooplankton & serve as food for animals in marine & freshwater systems
  • First seen by Leeuwenhoek in 1675
  • Many species are free living
  • Some species are parasitic living in the bloodstream of their host & cause malaria, amebic dysentery, or giardiasis
  • Many serve as food for other organisms in aquatic habitats; called zooplankton

Reproduction:

  • All reproduce asexually by binary fission (single protozoan divides into two individuals)
  • Some species reproduce by multiple fission producing more than two individuals
  • Some species reproduce sexually by conjugation (opposite mating strains join & exchange genetic material)

Adaptations:

  • Eyespots in some protozoans can detect changes in light

  • Many can form harden covering called cyst when conditions become unfavorable (no water, pH or temperature changes, nutrient deficiency, decreased oxygen supplies…)
  • Metabolic activity of protozoans resumes when conditions become favorable again
  • Some protozoans can detect & avoid obstacles and harmful chemicals in their environment
  • Freshwater protozoa have contractile vacuoles to pump out excess water

Classification:

  • Divided into 4 phyla based on their method of movement — Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Zoomastigina, & Sporozoa
  • Found in the kingdom Protista along with algae, slime molds, & water molds
  • Sarcodinians move by extending their cytoplasm or pseudopodia (fingerlike projections of the cytoplasm)
  • Zooflagellates move by whip like flagella
  • Ciliophorans or ciliates move by hair like cilia move
  • Sporozoans are nonmotile

 

Phylum Common Name Locomotion Type of Nutrition Examples
Sarcodina sarcodines pseudopodia heterotrophic;
some parasitic		 Amoeba
Radiolaria
Naegleria
Ciliophora ciliates cilia heterotrophic;
some parasitic		 Paramecium
Tetrahymena
Balantidium
Zoomastigina zooflagellates flagella heterotrophic;
some parasitic		 Trypanosoma
Leishmania
Giardia
Trichonympha
Sporozoa sporozoans (None in Adults) heterotrophic;
some parasitic		 Plasmodium
Toxoplasma

 

 

Protozoan Evolution:

  • First eukaryotic organism thought to have evolved about 1.5 billion years ago
  • Protozoans possible evolved from the 1st eukaryotes by Endosymbiosis 
  •  Endosymbiosis – process where one prokaryote lives inside another becoming dependent upon each other

Phylum Sarcodina:

  • Includes hundreds of species of amebas
  • Found in freshwater, marine, & moist soil habitats
  •  Usually reproduce asexually
  • Their cytoplasm consists of clear, outer ectoplasm and granular, inner endoplasm
  • Move by extending cytoplasm (cytoplasmic streaming)
  • Cytoplasm extensions are called “false foot” or pseudopods
  • Pseudopods form when the inner cytoplasm or endoplasm pushes the outer cytoplasm or ectoplasm forward to make a blunt, armlike extension
  • Ameba move by cytoplasmic streaming to produce pseudopods; process called ameboid movement

  • Sarcodines also use their pseudopods for feeding by surrounding & engulfing food particles & other protists; called phagocytosis
  • Food is surrounded by a pseudopod & then this part of the cell membrane pinches together forming a food vacuole; called endocytosis
  • Cytoplasmic enzymes enter the food vacuole & digest the food
  • Undigested food & wastes leave by exocytosis

  • Most Sarcodinians have contractile vacuoles to pump out excess water

  • Oxygen & carbon dioxide diffuse through the cell membrane
  • Sarcodinians may form hard, protective, inactive cysts when conditions become unfavorable (drought, lack of nutrients, heat…)
  • React to stimuli such as light
  •  Some Sarcodinians have hard shells called the test made of silica or calcium carbonate
  • Radiolarians found in warm, marine waters have a test made of silica & have sticky pseudopodia to trap food

  • Marine Foraminiferans have a test made of calcium carbonate with holes through which pseudopodia extend

  • Foraminiferan tests build up and form limestone or chalk (e.g. White Cliffs of Dover)
  • Important food source in marine habitats
  • Entameba histolytica cysts in untreated water supplies cause amebic dysentery which can be fatal

Phylum Ciliophora:

  • Called ciliates because they move by short, hairlike cilia lining the cell membrane
  • Cilia may be modified into teeth, paddles, or feet

  • Largest group of protozoans
  • Most found in freshwater, but some are marine
  •  Called plankton & serve as a food source
  •  Form protective cysts to survive unfavorable conditions
  • Members include the Paramecium, Vorticella,  & Stentor
  • Have 2 types of nuclei — smaller micronuclei & larger macronuclei
  • Macronucleus controls asexual reproduction by mitosis
  • Can reproduce sexually by conjugation (two paramecia join together & exchange DNA)
  • Gases diffuse across cell membrane

Stentor:

  • Trumpet shaped protozoan with cilia around the top
  • Attaches to feed & then detaches to swim around

Vorticella:

  • Cup shaped protozoan with cilia at the top
  •   Has a coiled stalk to raise & lower the organism
  • Can attach to surfaces

Paramecium caudatum:

  •  Slipper shaped protozoan found in freshwater

  • Clear, elastic covering of cell membrane called pellicle
  • Pellicle made of protein for protection
  • Use cilia to swim & obtain food (algae & bacteria)
  • Have 2 contractile vacuoles to pump out excess water
  •  Cilia sweep food into oral groove where mouth located at the bottom
  •  Food enters short tube called gullet into food vacuoles where it’s digested
  • Wastes leave through anal pore

  • Have trichocysts (tiny, toxic darts to help capture prey or anchor to a surface)
  •  Respond to light & learn by trial & error
  • Reproduce asexually by mitosis & sexually by conjugation

Phylum Zoomastigina:

  • Called Zooflagellates because have one or more whiplike flagella to move
  • Flagella made of bundles of microtubules

  • May be freshwater or marine
  • Some are parasites such as Trypanosoma that destroy red blood cells & causes fatal African sleeping sickness

  • Trichonympha lives symbiotically inside termites & digests cellulose

Phylum Sporozoa:

  • Adult sporozoans have no structures for movement
  • Form spores

  • Most are parasitic using one or more hosts
  • Immature sporozoans are called sporozoites & live in body fluids of hosts
  • Plasmodium is transmitted by mosquitoes & causes malaria
  • Plasmodium sporozoites enter the bloodstream, travel to the liver, divide & form spores called merozoites
  • Merozoites attack red blood cells & later form eggs & sperm that fertilize
  •  New sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands of mosquitoes where they can be passed on to another person
  • Malaria can be controlled by controlling mosquito populations & it is treated with a drug called quinine derived from the Cinchona Tree

 

 

Prefix & Suffix List

    Scientific Prefixes & Suffixes
           Notebook Copy        

 

Element
Definition
Element
Definition
a-
ab-
ad-
aero-
alveus
arthron-
atrium-
auto-
bacterio-
bi-
bio-
carnis-,carn-
chele-
chloro-
chroma-
-cide
con-
cytis-
-cyte, cyto-
dermis-, derm-
di-
ecto-
endo-
epi-
eu-
exo-
feto-
gastro-
-gen
geo-
gymno-
halo-
hemato-
hemi-
herb-
hetero-
histo-
homo-
hydro-
hyper-
hypo-
inter-
intra-
iso-
-itis
karyo-
leuco-
locus
-logy
lysis
macro-
maxilla
mensis
mesos-
meta-
micro-
mono-
morph-		 without
away from
near
air
cavity
joint
entrance room
self
bacteria
two
life
meat
claw
green
color
killer of
with
pouch
cell
skin
two
on the outside
inner, inside
upon
true
outside of
fetus
stomach
producing
earth
naked
salt
blood
half
plant
other
tissue
same, like
water
over
under
between
within
equal
infection
nucleus
white
place
study of
to loosen, break
large
jaw
month
middle
between
small
one
form		 multi-
mut-
myco-
neco-
neur-
nomen-
niga-
oculo-
oligo-
-oma
omni-
oo, ovum
osteo-
paleo-
ped, pod
peri-
pestis
phaeo-
phage-
-phore
photo-
-phyll
-phyte, phyto-
pino-
plankto-
poly-
pseudo-
primordis-
pro-
renes-
reptilis-
rhiza, rhizo-
rodere
sacchrum
sapros-
-scopy
soma-
sonus-
sperma-
spirare
-stasis
taxis
telo-
thallus
therm-
thrombos
trans-
tri-
tricho-
troph-
umbilicus
uni-
vasculum
vor-
xero-
zoo-, zoa-
zygon-		 many
to change
fungi
corpse
nerve
name
black
eye
few
tumor
all
egg
bone
old
foot
around
plague
brown
to eat
bearer
light
leaf
plant
to drink
drifting
many
false
original
first
kidney
crawling
root
to gnaw
sugar
rotten
observation
body
sound
seed
breathe
position
arrangement
end
green shoot
heat
clot
across
three
hair
feed
navel
one
vessel
to eat, devour
dry
animal
yoke

 

BACK

Pterosaur Reconstruction Bi

 

Pterosaur Reconstruction

 

Introduction:

A common sight during the Cretaceous period was the soaring through the air of a large fur-covered creature called the pterosaur. Pterosaur means flying lizard. Wings of some  pterosaurs were longer than the wings of a small plane. This creature lived on cliffs at the edge of lagoons and would sail from its nest to catch prey.  The bones of one pterosaur, Scaphognathus crassirostris, were discovered in 1826 by the German scientist, August Goldfuss.  The fossilized bones were located in a limestone quarry and were unbroken.  Scaphognathus crassirostris was approximately the size of a large bat with a broad jaw and short tail.

Objective:

Students will reconstruct the skeleton of S. crassirostris and draw conclusions about its method of movement, feeding habits, and other adaptations.

Materials:

Scissors, tape, construction paper, glue, metric ruler, pencil

                     
Fossil Cast of S. crassirostris                                    

 

Procedure:

  1. Use the drawings of S. crassirostris bones to cut out and reassemble a model of the flying reptile.
  2. Glue the model bones to a sheet of construction paper being sure to center the model and keep all bones on the paper.
  3. Use the metric ruler to measure the complete wingspan of the organism (tip to opposite tip).
  4. Complete the characteristics in data table 1.

Data:

Table 1

 

Characteristics of S. crassirostris
Wingspan (centimeters)?
Jaw Shape?
Teeth adapted for?
Arms & hands adapted for?
Number of bones in lower arm?
Number of bones making up skull?
Number of fingers?
Finger adaptations?

 

Questions:

  1. The bones of the lower arm and lower leg are fused (joined together). How might this be an adaptation for flight?
  2. What would be the main function of the long bones of S. crassirostris little finger?
  3. Noting the shape of the teeth and where S. crassirostris lived, what did it probably eat?
  4. Name 3 characteristics that adapted S. crassirostris to flight.
  5. The bones of S. crassirostris were hollow. How was this an adaptation?
  6. The flap of skin that made up the wing of S. crassirostris was very delicate and could tear easily. How could this cause a problem with S. crassirostris competing with other gliding reptiles?

 

 

Plant Structure Study Guide

PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

1. Cells that support the non-growing parts of plants are called ____________________.

2. Sugars are transported in vascular plants through what tissue?

3. The tissue in a vascular plant that is used to transport water and minerals is __________.
4. Which plant cells are the most abundant and least structurally specialized?
5. Long, narrow cells of xylem with thin separations between them are known as _______.
6. Short, wide cells of xylem with NO end walls function in water transport when the cells are __________.

7. Cells of phloem that help the sieve tube elements to function are called _________________.

8. Growth that makes a plant stem thicker is known as ____________________  ____________.

9. In the meristem regions of plants you would expect to find _____________________ cells.

10. Collenchyma cells would help support which parts of a celery plant?

11. The epidermis on the stems and leaves of young plants prevents ______________________.

12. The vascular cylinder of a root is surrounded by the __________________________.

13.  A plant absorbs water and minerals through  _____________________.

14.  Which type of plant cells function in metabolic activities such as photosynthesis, storage, and healing?

15. Grasses usually have which type of roots?

16. In stems, vascular tissue is arranged to form ________________________.

17. What are the pores in the epidermis of leaves that control water evaporation called?

18.Primary growth in roots results in _________________________ of roots, and secondary growth results in _________________________ of roots.

19. What is the process of the evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant called?

20. The movement of sugars in a plant can be explained by the __________-
_____________  _____________.

21. What causes water molecules to stick together and pull each other up a plant stem?

22. Sugars made in photosynthesis in transported by being pumped into the ___________________________   _______________________________.

23. The function of the endodermis in roots is to _____________________ movement of substances into the ________________________  ___________________ of the root.

24. _______________________________ tissue forms the skin of a plant.

25.  ______________________________ tissue consists of everything that is Not dermal or vascular tissue.

26. The growing regions of plants are called ________________________________________.

27. Meristematic tissue is the only type of plant tissue that produces new cells by _______________.

28. The elongation of stems and roots is called _____________  _______________.

29. Most seed plants have Three basic organs, _________________, ___________________ and
_______________________________.

30. Lateral roots form from the _______________________ inside the root, while lateral stems form from _____________________________ on the surface of stems.

31. Plant cells that are even, thick-walled, rigid cells _____________________________.

32.  The name of the meristem between xylem and phloem  _______________________.

33. The roots that branch off a primary root ________________________  _________________.

34. Plant cells that are irregular, thick-walled cells ______________________________.

35. A root system with an enlarged primary root  _________________________.

36.  Type of meristems found only in monocots  _________________________.

37. Type of root system with many branch roots  _______________________.

38. Type of plants cells that are thin-walled cells that can be cube-shaped or elongated _______________.

39. In Dicots primary growth occurs in _______________________  ________________________ and in monocots it occurs in _______________________ ______________________ and may also occur in _________________________  _________________________.

40. Primary growth results in the ________________________ of plant structures, and secondary growth results in the _____________________ of plant structures.

41. Monocots stems lack ____________________  ____________________ and therefore cannot produce _________________________  growth.

42. Annual rings in woody plants form as a result of the production of _____________________  ___________________, which contain cells of different sizes that were produced during different times of the growing season.

43. Water is transported from the roots to the leaves of a plant by the process of ___________.

Short Answer:
Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay
form (not outline form), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers.

 What are the TWO different types of vascular tissue in plants?  Briefly describe each kind.

2. How are carbohydrates transported throughout a plant? (Explain the pressure-flow hypothesis).

3. Describe tracheids and explain their function.

4. What are the lateral meristems of plants, and what is their function?

5. What is the difference between primary growth and secondary growth?

6. Explain the main functions of stems, roots and leaves.

7. What adaptations of root maximize water and mineral absorption?

8. Identify the structures that a water molecule would move through on its way from the soil into the xylem of a plant root.

9. What is the relationship between stomata and guard cells? Describe how they function and Describe their role in the activities conducted by leaves.

10. What is transpiration?  How is it related to the movement of water in plants?

11. What is the relationship between the Source and the Sink in the transport of sugars?

12. What are the Four types of tissue found in plants?

13. What are the Three basic types of plant cells?  What are the functions of each?

14. Explain the cohesion-tension theory.

15. List five differences and five similarities between the structure of roots and the structure of stems.

 

Preap Biology Study Guides

 

PreAP Biology Chapter Reviews
All Materials © Cmassengale