PreAP Biology Project Due Dates
| Project | Due Date |
Category: My Classroom Material
Plant Structure Study Guide
PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1. Cells that support the non-growing parts of plants are called ____________________.
2. Sugars are transported in vascular plants through what tissue?
3. The tissue in a vascular plant that is used to transport water and minerals is __________.
4. Which plant cells are the most abundant and least structurally specialized?
5. Long, narrow cells of xylem with thin separations between them are known as _______.
6. Short, wide cells of xylem with NO end walls function in water transport when the cells are __________.
7. Cells of phloem that help the sieve tube elements to function are called _________________.
8. Growth that makes a plant stem thicker is known as ____________________ ____________.
9. In the meristem regions of plants you would expect to find _____________________ cells.
10. Collenchyma cells would help support which parts of a celery plant?
11. The epidermis on the stems and leaves of young plants prevents ______________________.
12. The vascular cylinder of a root is surrounded by the __________________________.
13. A plant absorbs water and minerals through _____________________.
14. Which type of plant cells function in metabolic activities such as photosynthesis, storage, and healing?
15. Grasses usually have which type of roots?
16. In stems, vascular tissue is arranged to form ________________________.
17. What are the pores in the epidermis of leaves that control water evaporation called?
18.Primary growth in roots results in _________________________ of roots, and secondary growth results in _________________________ of roots.
19. What is the process of the evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant called?
20. The movement of sugars in a plant can be explained by the __________-
_____________ _____________.
21. What causes water molecules to stick together and pull each other up a plant stem?
22. Sugars made in photosynthesis in transported by being pumped into the ___________________________ _______________________________.
23. The function of the endodermis in roots is to _____________________ movement of substances into the ________________________ ___________________ of the root.
24. _______________________________ tissue forms the skin of a plant.
25. ______________________________ tissue consists of everything that is Not dermal or vascular tissue.
26. The growing regions of plants are called ________________________________________.
27. Meristematic tissue is the only type of plant tissue that produces new cells by _______________.
28. The elongation of stems and roots is called _____________ _______________.
29. Most seed plants have Three basic organs, _________________, ___________________ and
_______________________________.
30. Lateral roots form from the _______________________ inside the root, while lateral stems form from _____________________________ on the surface of stems.
31. Plant cells that are even, thick-walled, rigid cells _____________________________.
32. The name of the meristem between xylem and phloem _______________________.
33. The roots that branch off a primary root ________________________ _________________.
34. Plant cells that are irregular, thick-walled cells ______________________________.
35. A root system with an enlarged primary root _________________________.
36. Type of meristems found only in monocots _________________________.
37. Type of root system with many branch roots _______________________.
38. Type of plants cells that are thin-walled cells that can be cube-shaped or elongated _______________.
39. In Dicots primary growth occurs in _______________________ ________________________ and in monocots it occurs in _______________________ ______________________ and may also occur in _________________________ _________________________.
40. Primary growth results in the ________________________ of plant structures, and secondary growth results in the _____________________ of plant structures.
41. Monocots stems lack ____________________ ____________________ and therefore cannot produce _________________________ growth.
42. Annual rings in woody plants form as a result of the production of _____________________ ___________________, which contain cells of different sizes that were produced during different times of the growing season.
43. Water is transported from the roots to the leaves of a plant by the process of ___________.
Short Answer:
Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay
form (not outline form), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers.
What are the TWO different types of vascular tissue in plants? Briefly describe each kind.
2. How are carbohydrates transported throughout a plant? (Explain the pressure-flow hypothesis).
3. Describe tracheids and explain their function.
4. What are the lateral meristems of plants, and what is their function?
5. What is the difference between primary growth and secondary growth?
6. Explain the main functions of stems, roots and leaves.
7. What adaptations of root maximize water and mineral absorption?
8. Identify the structures that a water molecule would move through on its way from the soil into the xylem of a plant root.
9. What is the relationship between stomata and guard cells? Describe how they function and Describe their role in the activities conducted by leaves.
10. What is transpiration? How is it related to the movement of water in plants?
11. What is the relationship between the Source and the Sink in the transport of sugars?
12. What are the Four types of tissue found in plants?
13. What are the Three basic types of plant cells? What are the functions of each?
14. Explain the cohesion-tension theory.
15. List five differences and five similarities between the structure of roots and the structure of stems.
Preap Biology Study Guides
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PreAP Biology Chapter Reviews | |
| All Materials © Cmassengale |
Plant Taxonomy
| Plant Origin & Classification All Materials © Cmassengale |
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Overview of Plants:
- All plants are multicellular & contain chlorophyll inside of chloroplasts
- Plants (also called autotrophs or producers) trap energy from the sun by photosynthesis & store it in organic compounds
- Heterotrophs or consumers get their energy directly or indirectly from plants
- Plants also release oxygen needed by consumers
- All plants are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that reproduce sexually
- Many medicines are produced by plants
- Plants are very diverse & may be terrestrial or aquatic
- Vary in size from 1 mm in width to more than 328 feet
- May live a few weeks or some over 5000 years
- Kingdom Plantae is divided into 12 phyla or Divisions
- More than 270,000 plant species identified, but new species still unidentified in tropical rain forests
Terrestrial Adaptations:
- Plants probably evolved from green algae
- Both algae & plants have chlorophyll a & b, have cell walls made of cellulose, and store energy as starch
- First land plants had to develop adaptations to scarcity of water & climate changes (air temperature changes more rapidly than water temperature)
- Moving onto land allowed more sunlight, nutrients, & CO2 for photosynthesis
- A support adaptation included a compound called lignin (a hard substance that strengthens cell walls so they can support additional weight)
- The origin of vascular tissue (specialized tissue for carrying food , water, & minerals) was an evolutionary breakthrough in the colonization of land
- Plants with vascular tissue are known as Tracheophytes
- Two types of vascular tissue developed — xylem & phloem
- Xylem carries water & inorganic nutrients from the roots to the stem & leaves
- Phloem carries carbohydrates made by the plants to wherever they’re needed or stored in the plant
Copyright Holt, Rinehart, & Winston
- Some plants formed woody tissue from xylem for extra support, while others kept a flexible, non-woody stem (herbaceous plants)
- Greater amount of water lost by evaporation (transpiration) on land
- A waxy covering or cuticle developed on all plant parts exposed to air which slowed transpiration (water loss)
- Gases (carbon dioxide & oxygen) had to be able to move into & out of the plant
- Openings in the cuticle called stomata allowed movement of gases
- Two guard cells on each side of a stoma helped open & close the opening
Copyright Holt, Rinehart, & Winston
- When guard cells lose water & shrink, the stoma closes (prevents water loss in the hotter times of the day)
- When guard cells swell with water, the stoma opens for gas exchange
copyright McGraw-Hill
- Other structural adaptations to land included roots for absorption of water and minerals leaves for gas exchange and photosynthesis
Reproductive Adaptations:
- To be successful on land, plants had to develop protective seeds for their embryos with stored food or endoderm
Copyright Holt, Rinehart, & Winston
- Seeds are better at dispersal than spores
Classification of Plants:
- They’re are 12 Divisions of plants divided into two main groups based on the presence of vascular tissue
- Nonvascular plants lack vascular tissue and do not have true roots, stems, or leaves (mosses, liverworts, & hornworts)
- Most plants have vascular tissue with true roots, stems, & leaves, but may or may not produce seeds
Copyright Holt, Rinehart, & Winston
- Ferns, horsetails, & club mosses are seedless vascular plants that reproduce by spores
- Plants that reproduce by seeds are divided into 2 groups — gymnosperms & angiosperms
- Gymnosperms have “naked” seeds usually protected by cones & includes pines, cedars, spruce, fir …
- Angiosperms are flowering plants whose seeds are produced & protected within the fruit
Plant Life Cycles:
- Plants have 2 phases in their life cycle called alternation of generation
- The haploid gametophyte stage produces eggs & sperm, while the diploid sporophyte stage produces spores
Copyright Holt, Rinehart, & Winston
- Plant gametes are not directly produced by meiosis but rather by mitosis from the haploid multicellular stage
- Meiosis instead produced specialized haploid cells called spores
- These spores are released by most Seedless plants, but are retained by Seed plants
- In nonvascular plants, the Gametophyte stage is dominant (mosses)
- In vascular plants, the Sporophyte stage is dominant
- Seedless vascular plants usually have a separate, small gametophyte plant
- Sexual reproduction in plants ensures that there will be genetic recombination
Seed-Bearing, Vascular Plants:
- The development of seeds with their protected embryo & stored food supply increased the reproductive success of seed plants
- Seeds remain dormant or inactive when conditions aren’t favorable
- Moisture & warmer temperature cause seeds to germinate or sprout
- Young plant embryos use their endosperm as energy for early growth
- Seeds plants are divided into 2 groups based on the type of seed they produce
Gymnosperms:
- Gymnosperms produce seeds that not protected within an ovary
- The seeds are exposed on the upper surfaces of a spore producing structure (e.g. cone scales in conifers)
- Called “naked” seeds
- Gymnosperms do not produce flowers or fruit
- The four phyla of gymnosperms alive today include the cycads (Cycadophyta), the ginkgo (Gingkophyta), the gnetophytes (Gnetophyta), and the conifers (Coniferophyta)
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| Cycad | Welwitshcia (gnetophyte) |
Gingko | Fir Tree (Conifer) |
- All gymnosperms have vascular tissue to conduct food, water & minerals and produce woody tissue
- Two types of cones are made by gymnosperms — pollen cones & seed cones
- Pollen cones are small & produce pollen containing the male gametophyte which is spread by wind or insects to the female gametophyte
- Seed cones are larger and contain eggs on scales that form seeds when they are fertilized
Division Cycadophyta:
- Dominated earth when dinosaurs lived, but only about 100 species are alive today & are endangered
- Most are slow growing, palm-like plants found mostly in tropical areas
- All cycads bear cones, which are made up of seed bearing leaves (sporophylls)
- They have large compound leaves, a short thick trunk, and are dioecious (either male or female plant)
- Cycads bear naked seeds
Zamia (native to Georgia)
Division Gingkophyta:
- Ginkgoes were common in the Mesozoic period, but today only one species of ginkgo remains (Ginkgo biloba)
- Gingko trees have distinctive fan shaped leaves & are dioecious (each tree is either male or female but not both)
- Commonly planted as an ornamental tree
- Gingkoes are not native to North America (they are found growing wild only in China)
- Deciduous tree (loses leaves in fall) with plum-shaped, fleshy seeds with a foul odor
Division Coniferophyta:
- Largest group of gymnosperms
- Called conifers
- Found in abundance in temperate zones
- Include cedars, pines, spruce, fir, juniper, & bald cypress trees
- Their leaves are characteristically needle-like, but may be scale-like
- Usually trees or shrubs
- Evergreens (don’t lose their leaves in the fall)
- Almost all conifers are monoecious, producing both male and female cones on the same tree
- Female cones are larger than male cones with woody scales containing the seeds
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| Pollen Cone | Seed Cone |
- Conifers are dependent on the wind for pollination
- Pollen grain has air bladders to help it stay aloft in the wind
- Important source of wood, paper, turpentine, ornamental plants, Christmas trees
- Redwoods and Giant Sequoia trees are the largest living organism on earth
- Bristlecone pines are the oldest living organism on earth
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| Redwood Tree | Bristlecone pine Tree |
Division Gnetophyta:
- The phylum Gnetophyta consists of 3 genera that are not very closely related
- Ephedra is the largest genus and consists of plants that resemble horsetails & grow in deserts
- Welwitshcia is found only in the desert area of south western Africa and has 2 single, long leaves
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| Welwitshcia | Ephedra |
Division Anthophyta (Angiosperms):
- Flowering plants are the most successful group of plants today
- They live in almost all possible habitats
- All flowering plants produce both flowers & fruit
- Fruit is a ripened ovary with its seeds (acorns, apples, dandelion seeds, etc)
- Flowering plants co-evolved with their insect pollinators
- May be herbaceous (grasses & snapdragons or woody (oaks & grape vines)
- Rafflesia, the stinking corpse lily, is the world’s largest flower
- Flowering plants have diverse lifestyles (Sundew is carnivorous on insects; Spanish moss is an epiphyte living on another host plant; some orchids are saprophytes living on soil fungi)
- Subdivided into 2 classes based on the number of seed leaves or cotyledons in the plant embryo — Monocotyledons & Dicotyledons
- Monocots have a single seed leaf, leaves with parallel venation, vascular tissue scattered in bundles throughout the stem, and flower parts in 3’s or multiples of 3
- Dicots have a 2 seed leaf, leaves with net-veined venation, vascular tissue in rings in the stem, and flower parts in 4’s or 5’s multiples of 4 or 5
- Monocots are usually herbaceous, while dicots often produce wood
Preap Cell Division Study Guide
| Cell Cycle & Cell Division Review |  |
1. Chromosomes are Rod Shaped structures made of _________ and ___________.
2. State the cell theory.
3. The phases in the life of a cell are called the ______________ _____________.
4. The cell cycle consists of ________, __________, __________, & division.
5. ________________ is a series of ______________ in cell division during which the _____________________ of a cell divides into __________ __________ with ____________ _____________ material.
6. _________________ only occurs in _________________________ cells.
7. The period of cell growth prior to division is _________________________.
8. Interphase consist of what three phases and describe each:
a.
b.
c.
9. The period during which DNA is copied ______________________.
10. DNA replication in a cell results in _________________ ____________________.
11. Replication is the process of copying _______________ ____________________.
12. Cell division is the process by which one _________ produces __________ new identical _________ ___________.
13. Cell division involves 2 Steps called __________________ _____________ ________________________.
The steps are:
a.
b.
14. Step 1 of cell division is called ___________, and step 2 is called ______________.
15. During __________the cytoplasm of the cell divides into _______ new cells called ___________ ___________.
16. The steps or phases of Mitosis are ___________, ____________, ____________, and ________________.
17. _________ is the process by which a nucleus gives rise to ___________ _________ _____________.
18. In anaphase, the sister Chromatids __________________________________.
19. The cell is pinched into two and cytokinesis begins during ____________________.
20. The assembling of microtubules that make up the spindle fibers occurs during _____________.
21. During prophase the _________ and ________ ____________ disappear.
22. The center of the cell is called the ___________ _______________.
23. ________________ condenses into chromosomes of two _________________ ____________________, joined together by the _____________________ during __________________________.
24. The production of offspring from one parent is called ________________________ ________________________.
25. During mitosis, centrioles are present only in _________________________ cells.
26. Most organisms are capable of combining ______________________ from two parents to produce ______________________.
27. The phase of mitosis during which chromosomes move to opposite poles is called ____________________________________.
28. When chromosomes of two parents combined to produce offspring, the process is known as _____________________ _____________________.
29. The chromosomes that combine during sexual reproduction are contained in special reproductive cells called _________________________.
30. In most organisms, ________________ can be either _____________ or _________________.
31. Eggs are _______________ than sperm, but are ______________________.
32. Sperm have ______________________ that help them swim to the ___________.
33. Gametes are formed by _______________________, a type of nuclear division in which _____________________ number is ______________________ and is followed by ________________ ______________________.
34. In humans, specialized reproductive cells with _________ chromosomes, called ____________________ cells, undergo ________________ and ___________ ________________ to give rise to egg or sperm that have only _______ chromosomes, ___________________ cells.
35. Any cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes is called a _____________________ ______________.
36. A cell with only one complete set of chromosomes is called a ____________________ ______________.
37. When an egg and sperm join to produce a new individual, the process is called _________________________________.
38. The single cell that results from fertilization is called a ____________________.
39. Matching pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell are called ___________________ _________________.
40. During ______________________, the cytoplasm of a cell and its organelles separate into two New ______________________ _____________.
41. Cytokinesis proceeds differently in animal and plant cells. In animal cells, the cytoplasm divides when a _______________ called the ________________ _________________ forms through the middle of the parent cell. In a plant cell, the material form a ______________ ____________ and __________________ gather and fuse along the equator or middle of the cell.
42. The term cleavage furrow refers to _______________________________________
________________________________________________.
43. The exchange of genes between pairs of homologous chromosomes is called _____________________ – ___________________________ and Only occurs during __________________________________ of meiosis.
44. What equally divides chromatids between offspring cells _________________ ____________________.
45. The time between cell division is called ________________________________.
46. The division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells is called _______________________ ____________________________.
47. What equally divides an animal cell into two offspring cells (daughter cells) ________________________ _______________________.
48. Each protein in an organisms DNA is coded for an individual __________________.
49. If an organism has 12 chromosomes in each body cell, how many chromosomes would you expect to find in the organism’s gametes? _________________
50. During which phase of meiosis do tetrads form? ___________________________
51. The division of the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is called _________________________________.
52. What event occurs during synapsis? ______________________ __________ ___________________________ _______________________.
53. During mitosis and meiosis, kinetochore fibers are thought to move __________________________________.
54. Histones are proteins that _______________ in the _______________ of __________________ in eukaryotic cells.
55. Spermatogenesis results in _______________ _______________ cells.
56. Each offspring cell produced by binary fission contains an ____________________ __________________ of the original cell’s __________________________.
57. Crossing-over results in genetic recombination by permitting the ________________________ of genetic material between ____________________ and _______________________ chromosomes.
58. Two of the 46 human chromosomes are called _______________ _________________________, all others (44) are called _________________________.
59. The production of eggs is called ____________________________.
60. What structure not found in animal cells forms along the midline of a dividing plant cell? _________________________ ____________________________.
Answer the Following questions in paragraph form:
1. What is Cytokinesis? How is it different in plant and animal cells?
2. Explain the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?
3. What is the Difference (Contrast) between Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes?
4. List 2 ways that meiosis differs from mitosis.
5. Compare the structure of a prokaryotic chromosome with that of eukaryotic chromosomes.
6. What are homologous chromosomes?
7. Explain the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell?
8. What is your diploid and haploid Number?
9. What is DNA? What are histones?
10. What is independent assortment, and how does it affect the genetic makeup of offspring cells?
11. What are chromatids and what holds two chromatids together?
12. Describe how you could determine if a dividing cell is a prokaryote or an eukaryote. What structures would you look for?
13. Compare the products of mitosis with those of meiosis II.
14. Describe the events of binary fission and what kind of organisms would use this.
15. What is the cell cycle?
16. How do the products of spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ?
17. What is interphase? What makes up and occurs during each part of interphase?
18. What is mitosis and in order, What are the four phases of mitosis?
19. What are kinetochore fibers and polar fibers? What are their functions?
20. Explain crossing-over, What is it? When does it occur? Why is it Important?
21. In what type of cell, Eukaryote, Prokaryote, or Both, does mitosis occur?
__________________________________________. EXPLAIN WHY?
22. Explain the difference between Mitosis and Cytokinesis.
23. What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? Which has evolutionary value? Why?
