Category: My Classroom Material

Vertebrate Traits

 

Vertebrate Class Adaptations

Traits  Osteichthyes (fish)
 Amphibia

 

 Reptilia

 Aves (birds)

 

 Mammalia
 

Circulation
(How many heart chambers do they have & draw them)

 
Respiration
(What organs work as gas exchange organs?)		  

 

 

 
 

Excretion
(What are the excretory structures & what nitrogenous waste is excreted: ammonia, urea, or uric acid?)

 

  

 

 

 
 

Fertilization
(Where and how does fertilization take place: Internal or External? Courtship behavior?)

 

  

 

 

 

 
 Reproduction (What kind of eggs do they lay? Are they egg or live birth?)  

 

 

 

 
Integument (covering)

 

  

 
 

Care of Young
(Give numbers of young had and then amount of care given.)

 
 

Limbs and Stance

(Draw from the front view how the fins or limbs come out of the animals and what angle they are to the ground.

 

 

 

 

 

Vertebrate Worksheet

 

Vertebrate Worksheet

 

1. In what phylum & kingdom are the vertebrates found?

2. List the classes of vertebrates.

 

3. Discuss the characteristics of chordates & vertebrates.

 

4. What were the 1st vertebrates & describe them?

 

5. Sketch a lamprey & describe the characteristics of this fish. Where are they found?

 

 

6.  Describe a hagfish.

 

7. In what group are lampreys & hagfish found & why?

 

8. Do agnathans have paired fins?

 

9. What were the 1st jawed fish & describe them.

 

10. What are the 2 classes of jawed fish?

11. What is in the class Chondrichthyes & what traits do they have in common.

 

12. Sketch & describe sharks.

 

 

13. Sketch a ray or skate & describe them.

 

 

14. Name the class for bony fish.

 

15. Name the 2 groups of bony fish.

 

16. Give several examples of ray-finned fish & describe them.

 

17. Name 2 lobe-finned fish & describe both of them.

 

18. What was the 1st group of vertebrates to move onto land? What is in this group?

 

19. Describe characteristics of amphibians.

 

20. Amphibians are ectotherms. What does this mean?

 

21. How are amphibians still linked to water?

 

22. What is in the class Reptilia?

 

23. Reptiles do not need water for reproduction. Explain why this is true.

  

24. Describe the amniote egg of reptiles. Include a labeled sketch of the egg.

 

 

25. What reptile group is thought to be the ancestors of mammals?

 

26. What were pterosaurs?

 

27. What 3 groups of retiles are still alive today?

 

28. Describe characteristics of the reptiles.

 

29. How can snakes swallow such large prey?

  

30. What is the purpose of the Jacobson’s organ in snakes?

 

31. What takes the place of teeth in turtles?

 

32. Describe crocodiles & alligators & tell some of their habits.

 

33. What class contains birds?

34. From what did birds probably evolve?

35. What are the distinguishing features of birds?

 

36. Sketch & label the parts of a feature.

 

37. Birds are endotherms. What does this mean?

 

38. Name some flightless birds.

 

39. Name some swimming birds.

 

40. What are the 3 main characteristics of all mammals?

 

41. What in female mammals produces milk?

42. What is mammalian hair made of & give its 4 functions.

 

43. What bones are modified in mammals to help them hear sounds?

44. Name a flying mammal.

45. Give examples of mammals that are herbivores.

46. Give examples of mammals that are carnivores.

47. What mammal is a thinker & toolmaker?

48.Name 7 adaptations of mammals.

 

49.Give examples of monotremes & tell their characteristics. Tell where they are found.

  

50. Give examples of marsupials & tell their characteristics. Tell where most of them are found.

 

51. Most mammals are placentals. What does this mean?

 

52. What is gestation? Do all mammals have the same gestation period?

 

53. What is the purpose of the chorion?

 

54.Name the 12 orders of placental mammals & give an example of an animal in each order.

 

 

 

Virus Model Instructions

Virus Models

Use viral pictures from your textbook or from a website to construct a 3-dimensional model of a virus. Your model must meet the following criteria:

  • Must be 3-dimensional
  • Must show the two main parts of the virus — nucleic acid core & protein coat or capsid
  • Model must have string attached & be ready to hang
  • Must include a label with your the name of the virus, your name, & class period

The following rules for constructing you model must also be followed:

  • Must be light enough & small enough to hang and not “bump” other students heads
  • Must be sturdy (use plenty of glue & securely attach your string)
  • Can’t be made out of food products
  • May not have sharp points (no toothpicks)
  • May not be made of anything flammable (no matches)
  • Should be made of inexpensive materials

Types of viruses that make good models:

 

Bacteriophage

 
Retrovirus

 
HIV Organisation of the HIV-1 Virion

 
Rabies

 
Tobacco Mosaic Virus

 
Adenovirus

 

 

Models will be graded based on the following:

  • Level of difficulty (will receive the most weight in grading)
  • Accuracy
  • Colorfulness
  • Creativity of building materials
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Virus

 

Viruses
All Materials © Cmassengale

Discovery of Viruses

  • Beijerinck (1897) coined the Latin name “virus”  meaning poison for  the substance infecting tobacco plants
  • Wendell Stanley (1935) crystallized sap from tobacco leaves infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) & found virus was made of nucleic acid & protein

 

Wendell Stanley Tobacco Leaf with Virus

 

  • Edward Jenner developed smallpox vaccine using milder cowpox viruses
  • Virology – study of viruses
  • Deadly viruses are said to be virulent
  • Viruses couldn’t be seen until electron microscope invented

Viral Characteristics

  • Not living organisms
  • Noncellular
  • Consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat called the capsid
  • Capsid made of protein subunits called capsomeres
  • Cannot grow or replicate on their own (inactive particles)

 

 

  • Can only reproduce inside of a living host cell using its raw materials & enzymes
  • Lack ribosomes & enzymes needed for protein synthesis or metabolism
  • Are extremely small particles ranging from 20 – 400 nanometers on average
  • Largest virus is 1000 nanometers in dimension
  • Some can cause disease (smallpox, measles, mononucleosis, influenza, colds, AIDS, Ebola

Ebola Picture
Ebola Virus

  • Some may also cause cancers such as leukemias
  • Virus free cells are rare
  • Highly host specific (only infect certain cells)
  • Referred to as phages
  • Viruses are classified into 2 main groups by their nucleic acid — DNA or RNA Viruses
  •  DNA & RNA viruses are subdivided by capsid shape & whether they do or don’t have an envelope

Viral Structure

  • DNA or RNA core surrounded by protein sheath called capsid
  • Nucleocapsid  includes the viral nucleic acid & its capsid
  • Some form lipid rich covering around capsid called the envelope
  • Envelope usually formed from host cell membrane
  • Envelope may have spikes to help chemically recognize & attach to the host cell
  • Shaped determined by the arrangement of proteins making up the capsid
  • TMV is rod shaped

  • Adenovirus & polio viruses are icosohedral (20 sided)

Virus Structure

  • Measles & rabies viruses are helical
  • T -phages have a head & tail

Bacteriophage Structure

Bacteriophages or T-Phages

  • Among the most complex viruses
  • Attack bacterial cells
  • Composed of a icosohedral head, tail, base plate, & tail fibers
  • Long DNA molecule is inside the head 
  • Tail helps inject the viral DNA into host cell
  • Tail fibers used to attach to host

Retroviruses

  • Contain RNA
  • Have an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which helps use the RNA to make DNA
  • Use the host cell’s ribosomes & raw materials to make viral proteins
  • Cause some cancers & AIDS


HIV Virus

Viroids

  • Smallest particle able to replicate
  • Made of a short, single strand of RNA with no capsid
  • Cause disease in plants


Viroid Attack on Potatoes

Prions

  • No nucleic acid or capsids
  • Made of protein particles that have folded incorrectly
  • Attacks the central nervous system
  • Cause animal diseases in cows (Mad Cow disease), sheep, & humans

Lytic Cycle

  • Viral replication that rapidly kills the host cell causing it to lyse or burst
  • Involves 5 steps —– Adsorption, Injection, Replication, Assembly, & Lysis
  • Adsorption — phage attaches to cell membrane of host
  • Injection — nucleic acid (DNA) of virus injected into host cell
  • Replication — viral DNA inactivates host cell’s DNA & uses host’s raw materials & ribosomes to make viral DNA, capsids, tails, etc.
  • Assembly — new viral parts are combined to make new phages
  • Lysis — enzymes weaken & destroy the cell membrane causing it to lyse releasing new viruses that infect other cells

 

Phases of the Lytic Cycle of a Virulent Virus:

  • Absorption:
    1. Virus attaches itself to the cell.
  • Entry:
    1. Enzymes weaken the cell wall and nucleic acid is injected into the cell, leaving the empty caspid outside the cell. Many viruses actually enter the host cell intact.
  • Replication:
    1. Viral DNA takes control of cell activity.
  • Assembly:
    1. All metabolic activity of the cell is directed to assemble new viruses.
  • Release:
    1. Enzymes disintegrate the cell in a process called

lysis

    , releasing the new

 

 


Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/virus-human.htm

Lysogenic Cycle

  • Replication in which the virus stays inactive inside of the host cell & doesn’t immediately kill it
  • Viruses are called temperate phages
  • Lysogenic steps include adsorption, injection, recombination, cell reproduction, activation, replication, assembly, & lysis
  • Recombination —Viral DNA joins with host cell DNA forming an inactive prophage
  • Host cell reproduces  normally until activated by an external stimuli 
  • External stimuli unknown, but could be ultraviolet radiation, carcinogens, etc.
  • Once activated, prophage forms new viruses & destroys host cell
  • HIV is an example of a temperate phage

 

The Lysogenic Cycle of a Temperate Virus:

  • The virus attaches itself and injects its DNA into the cell.
  • The viral DNA attaches itself to the host DNA, becoming a new set of cell genes called a prophage.
  • When the host cell divides, this new gene is replicated and passed to new cells. This causes no harm to the cell, but may alter its traits.
  • Now there are two possibilities:
    • The prophage survives as a permanent part of the DNA of the host organism.
    • Some external stimuli can cause the prophage to become active, using the cell to produce new viruses.

 

 

 


Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/virus-human.htm

Viral Control

  • Interferon are proteins made by cells to fight viruses
  • Two types of viral vaccines exist — inactivated & attenuated
  • Inactivated virus vaccines don’t replicate in the host’s system
  • Attenuated viral vaccines have been genetically altered so they can’t cause disease
  • Antiviral drugs (AZT, acyclovir, & azidothymidine) interfere with viral DNA synthesis
  • Protease Inhibitors interfere with viral capsid production
  • New viruses emerge as rain forests are cleared (Ebola virus)
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