Resources 28 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Vertebrate Projects

Vertebrate Project

Choose one of the following activities to turn in at the conclusion of the unit study of vertebrates.

Watch and record a 60 minute program on a vertebrate group. Write a summary of the program, create a worksheet to be answered from the video, and supply a key for the worksheet answers.
Create a portfolio of pictures and descriptions of the most dangerous sharks in the world. Write a report on sharks to include with your portfolio and tell what can be done to avoid shark attack and what should be done if an attack occurs.
Research the migration pattern of one of the following — gray whale, caribou, Arctic wolf, or a species of bats. Include a map of the animal’s migration route, season when the migration occurs, and a description of the animal’s feeding and mating habits.
Construct, on poster board, a phylogenetic tree for a vertebrate group (fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, or mammal). Include pictures of the organisms on your tree and write a short paper describe the evolution of this group.
Construct a scrapbook of 20 pictures of one mammal order. Pictures may not be Xeroxed or computer generated! Include the name and a brief description with each picture.
Make a three-dimensional collage of one group of marine vertebrates. The shape of the collage must illustrate something from the marine environment or a marine organism. Include a brief description of the marine environment and organisms you chose for your collage.
Make a photographic album of pictures of birds. (Pictures will not be returned!) Include the common and scientific name & a brief description of each bird.
Read the book, Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson and write a book report.
Build a model of the digestive tract of an herbivore such as a cow. Be sure to include the dentition and an explanation of how this animal’s digestive tract is adapted to its diet.
Construct a display of the hearts of these 3 vertebrate groups — fish, amphibian, bird or mammal. Use modeling clay to make cross-sections of the hearts showing chambers and valves. Identify all parts of the hearts on your display.

Virus Model Instructions

Virus Models

Use viral pictures from your textbook or from a website to construct a 3-dimensional model of a virus. Your model must meet the following criteria:

Must be 3-dimensional
Must show the two main parts of the virus — nucleic acid core & protein coat or capsid
Model must have string attached & be ready to hang
Must include a label with your the name of the virus, your name, & class period

The following rules for constructing you model must also be followed:

Must be light enough & small enough to hang and not “bump” other students heads
Must be sturdy (use plenty of glue & securely attach your string)
Can’t be made out of food products
May not have sharp points (no toothpicks)
May not be made of anything flammable (no matches)
Should be made of inexpensive materials

Types of viruses that make good models:

Bacteriophage
Retrovirus
HIV
Rabies
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Adenovirus

Models will be graded based on the following:

Level of difficulty (will receive the most weight in grading)
Accuracy
Colorfulness
Creativity of building materials

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Virus PPT Questions

Viruses, Viroids, & Prions
ppt Questions

Living or Nonliving?

1. Why might some people consider viruses alive?

2. Can viruses be “killed”?

3. Can a virus maintain homeostasis like cells?

4. Are viruses cellular or noncellular?

5. Define virus.

6. Name the 2 main things that make up a virus.

Viral History

7. Who coined the term virus and what does it mean?

8. Explain how viruses were first discovered.

9. What discovery did Wendell Stanley make about viruses? What type of virus was he studying?

10. __________ is an example of a viral disease.

11. Who found the vaccine against this viral disease? What milder virus was used to make the vaccine?

12. What is meant by a virulent virus?

13. Smallpox has been ________________ in the world today. What does this mean?

14. How does the size of a virus compare with that of a cell?

15. What metric units are used to measure the size of viruses?

16. What technology had to be developed before viruses can be seen?

17. Give the size of these viruses.

a. bacteriophage

b. polio virus

c. adenovirus

d. Ebola virus

Viral Structure

18. Are viruses made of cells? Are they living?

19. What covers the outside of a virus and what is it called?

20. What is in the core of a virus?

21. When & how can a virus reproduce?

22. What protective covering is around the capsid of some viruses?

23. What is the purpose of spikes and do all viruses have them?

24. Viruses only attack ___________ host cells.

25. Sketch and label the parts of a virus.

26. Describe the capsid of viruses.

27. What are capsomeres?

28. Are all viruses the same shape?

29. Outside of a host cell, viruses are ______________.

30. Do viruses have ribosomes like cells?

31. Do viruses have enzymes like cells?

32. Viruses use the _________ __________ and ____________ of its host cell to be able to ________________.

33. Does the HIV virus have spikes for attachment?

34. Besides smallpox and AIDS, name 6 other viral diseases.

35. Name a type of cancer thought to be caused by viruses.

36. What is the shape of each of these viruses:

a. ebola?

b. influenza?

37. Label the parts of these viruses.

Taxonomy of Viruses

38. Family names for viruses end in what suffix?

39. Genus names for viruses end in ___________.

40.What is meant by a viral species?

41. ____________ names are used for different species of viruses.

42. How is the subspecies for a virus designated?

43. Give the family, genus, and species for the HIV and Herpes viruses.

44. What virus causes blisters that may appear around the mouth?

45. What virus is responsible for the common cold?

46. What virus causes warts?

47. Name 4 things used to identify viruses.

Bacteriophages

48. What is a bacteriophage?

49. Give 3 characteristics of T-phages.

50. What are the most commonly studied T-phages?

51. T-phages often attack what bacterial cell? Where is the host cell found?

52. How does a bacteriophage attach to its host cell?

53. What is the only part of the virus that actually enters the host cell?

54. What is the shape of the bacterial host cell that bacteriophages attack?

55. How many sides does the head or capsid of a bacteriophage have?

56. T-bacteriophages have what nucleic acid at their core?

57. What are the head and tail fibers made of?

Retroviruses

58. What nucleic acid do retroviruses contain?

59. What enzyme do retroviruses contain that let them make DNA from RNA?

60. What 2 things do retroviruses inject into their host cells when they attack them?

61. Give an example of a retrovirus.

Viroids and Prions

62. What is a viroid?

64. What is the host for viroids?

65. Viroids are responsible for causing what major problem in Europe?

66. Viroids resemble ____________ pieces of DNA that are cut out because they do not code for any proteins.

67. Prions are infectious pieces of _____________.

68. Describe how prions occur.

69. Do prions have a nucleic acid core?

70. What protein is responsible for most mammalian prion diseases?

71. What happens when prions get into the brain?

72. What does BSE stand for and what is the common name for this prion disease?

73. Explain the prion disease caused kuru.

Viral Replication

74. Viruses are host specific. What does this mean?

75. Do the viruses that attack most animals also attack most humans?

76. What is the envelope of viruses often made from? What is the function of an envelope?

77. List the 5 steps of the Lytic cycle in viruses.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

78. What structures help a virus attach to a host cell?

79. What does the virus inject into its host?

80. What viral parts are made inside a cell? where do the raw materials come from?

81. What is meant by cell lyses?

82. Place these steps of the lytic cycle in order: maturation, penetration, release, biosynthesis, and attachment.

83. Label the stages of the lytic cycle. Also label the capsid, host cell, and DNA.

84. What are latent viruses?

85. How long can a latent virus remain inactive?

86. what activates latent viruses?

87. Give 2 examples of latent viruses.

88. During the lysogenic cycle of a virus, what happens to the viral nucleic acid after it is injected into the host cell?

89. What is a prophage?

90. What causes the phage or viral DNA to start replicating?

91. Does the prophage start replicating right after it is injected into the host cell? Explain.

92. Viral DNA along with the host cell DNA is replicated during each ___________ ___________.

93. After a long period of time, __________ cells form that contain ________________.

94. Once a prophage cell is activated, what happens?

95. Once a prophage is active, the host cell is ______________ making the virus deadly or _______________.

96. Label the viral DNA, host DNA, prophage, bacteriophage, host cell, lytic cycle, and lysogenic cycle.

97. Give an example of a virus that remains dormant in the nervous system tissues for many years.

98. This virus may reappear later in life as a disease called ___________. Describe the disease.

99. ___________ infections also remain dormant in the nervous system.

100. How long does a herpes infection last?

101. Genital herpes is called Herpes ______________, while cold sores or fever blisters are known as Herpes ______________.

102. Viruses make us sick because they ___________ healthy host cells.

Treatment for Viral Disease

103. What is an attenuated virus?

104. How are viruses attenuated?

105. How are some viral vaccines made?

106. How does an attenuated virus help protect us from disease?

107. What proteins do our cells make to help protect us from viruses?

108. What is AZT?

109. How do protease inhibitors work to stop viruses?

Volume of Irregular Object Lab

Volume of an Irregular-shaped Object

Introduction

The word mass is used to tell how much matter there is in something. Matter is anything you can touch physically. An electronic scale or triple beam balance can be used to tell the mass of an object. Volume is a measure of how much space an object occupies. When measuring the volume of a liquid, a graduated cylinder can be used. Measurement is the collection of quantitative data (numbers). Measurements are not only numbers. They must always contain a unit of measurement. In the Metric System, the gram (g) is the basic unit of measurement for mass. The basic unit of measurement for the volume of liquids is the milliliter (ml). The density of an object can be determined by dividing the mass by the volume (D = M/V). From a density calculation, we may tell whether a substance will float or sink in another liquid. A less dense substance will float on one that is denser. An example is oil floating on water. Oil is less dense than the water.

For solids that have an irregular shape, the displacement method must be used to determine their volume. When using the displacement method, you must first measure the starting volume of the liquid. Then add the object and record the change in volume. This gives the volume of the irregularly-shaped object.

Hypothesis

The density of objects can be determined by a method known as water displacement.

Materials

Triple beam or electronic balance
100 ml graduated cylinder
3 irregularly shaped objects
calculator
pencil

Methods

Obtain 3 irregularly shaped objects that will sink in water.
Estimate the mass & volume of each object. Record this on table 1.
Use a triple beam balance or electronic scale to determine the mass in grams of each object. Record this on table 1.
Fill a graduated cylinder halfway with tap water.
Measure & record the volume of the water in the graduated cylinder. READ THE MENISCUS!
Place one of the objects into the graduated cylinder, and measure and record the new volume.
Subtract the initial volume from the final volume. The difference is the volume of the object.
Record the difference in data table 1.
Repeat steps 4 – 8 for the other three objects.
To determine the density of each object, divide the actual mass of each object by its volume (determined by water displacement).
Record the densities in data table 1.

Results & Data

Data Table 1

Object	Estimated Mass (g)	Estimated Volume (ml)	Actual Mass (g)	Volume of H2O in graduated cylinder (ml)	Volume of H2O and object in graduated cylinder (ml)	Object’s Volume (Subtract Column 5 from Column 6) (ml)	Density D=m/V (Divide Column 4 by Column 7) (g/ml)

Questions

How did you determine the object’s:

a. mass?

b. Volume?

c. density?

Objects will sink if they are denser than water. Explain why ships made of steel float instead of sinking since steel is denser than water.

Word Document

What is Ecology PPT Questions

What is Ecology?

By Susan Lundy

1. Definition:

2.      It ________________ how living organism affect each other and the world they live in.
3.      ____________________ is the place a plant or animal lives in.
4.      ____________________ is an organism’s total way of life (its job)
5.      ____________________ factors are the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment.
6.      4 Examples of abiotic factors are:

7. _____________________ factors are all the living organisms that inhabit an environment.

8. Some things that organism’s rely on each other are _________________, ______________________, __________________ or _________________

9. What are the levels of simple organization from simplest to most complex?

10. _________________________ have organized the interactions an organism takes part in to different levels according to ________________

11. Level 1 Organism:

12. Level 2 Population:

13. Level 3 Biological Community:

14. Level 4 Ecosystem:

15. Level 5 Biosphere:

16. Where can you find life?