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Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
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1. |
Robert Hooke first observed cells by looking at a thin slice of cork under a microscope. _________________________
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2. |
Mathias Schleiden concluded that cells make up every part of a plant. _________________________
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3. |
Differences in the colors of cells enable different cells to perform different functions. _________________________
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4. |
All cells have a cell wall that surrounds them. _________________________
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5. |
All multicellular organisms are made up of prokaryotic cells. _________________________
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6. |
The cells of animals are prokaryotic. _________________________
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7. |
The cytoskeleton is a web of protein fibers in eukaryotic cells. _________________________
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8. |
Substances made in the nucleus, such as RNA messages, move into the nucleolus by passing through nuclear pores. _________________________
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9. |
Flattened, membrane-bound sacs that package and distribute proteins are called the Golgi apparatus. _________________________
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10. |
Ribosomes attached to the smooth ER make proteins. _________________________
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11. |
Lysosomes contain specific enzymes that break down large molecules, such as food particles. _________________________
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12. |
Ribosomes are the sites of ATP production in animals. _________________________
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13. |
Most of a cell’s ATP is produced in the cell’s mitochondria. _________________________
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14. |
A typical animal cell contains one or more chloroplasts. _________________________
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15. |
A chloroplast is an organelle that uses light energy to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water. _________________________
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16. |
Prokaryotes are always multicellular organisms. _________________________
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17. |
Many prokaryotes have flagella that allow them to attach to surfaces. _________________________
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18. |
A tissue is a distinct group of cells that have similar structures and functions. _________________________
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19. |
A leaf is made up of different tissues that work together. _________________________
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20. |
In multicellular organisms, a single cell must carry out all of the organism’s activities. _________________________
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21. |
A unicellular organism is composed of many individual, permanently associated cells that coordinate their activities. _________________________
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22. |
Colonial organisms are unicellular organisms that can live as a connected group or survive when separated. _________________________
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23. |
Some protists and most fungi have a multicellular body. _________________________
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24. |
Most multicellular organisms begin as a single cell. _________________________
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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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25. |
Which of the following led to the discovery of cells?
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a.
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electricity |
c.
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microscopes |
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b.
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computers |
d.
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calculators |
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26. |
Which of the following is part of the cell theory?
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a.
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All living things are made of one cell. |
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b.
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Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. |
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c.
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Most cells arise from existing cells. |
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d.
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Cells are nonliving units that make up organisms. |
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27. |
When the volume of a cell increases, its surface area
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a.
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increases at the same rate. |
c.
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increases at a faster rate. |
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b.
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remains the same. |
d.
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increases at a slower rate. |
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28. |
Surface area is an important factor in limiting cell growth because
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a.
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the cell can burst if the membrane becomes too large. |
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b.
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materials cannot enter the cell if it is too large. |
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c.
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the cell may become too large to take in enough food and to remove enough wastes. |
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d.
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waste products cannot leave the cell if it is too small. |
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29. |
The size to which cells can grow is limited by their
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a.
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location. |
c.
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function. |
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b.
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structure. |
d.
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surface area-to-volume ratio. |
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30. |
As cell size increases, the surface area-to-volume ratio
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a.
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decreases. |
c.
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increases then decreases. |
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b.
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increases. |
d.
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remains the same. |
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31. |
To function most efficiently, a cell’s size must be
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a.
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large. |
c.
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small. |
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b.
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medium. |
d.
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any size. |
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32. |
Which of the following shapes would allow a cell to have the greatest surface area-to-volume ratio?
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a.
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sphere |
c.
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egg-shaped |
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b.
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cube |
d.
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broad and flat |
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33. |
A cube with a side length of 6 mm has a surface area-to-volume ratio of
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a.
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1:1. |
c.
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3:1. |
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b.
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2:1. |
d.
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6:1. |
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34. |
One difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes do not have
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a.
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DNA. |
c.
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cytoplasm. |
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b.
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a cell membrane. |
d.
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a nucleus. |
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35. |
Which cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA?
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a.
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only animal cells |
c.
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only eukaryotic cells |
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b.
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only prokaryotic cells |
d.
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all cells |
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36. |
The genetic material that provides instructions for making proteins is
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a.
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DNA. |
c.
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cytoplasm. |
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b.
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cytosol. |
d.
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a ribosome. |
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37. |
A structure within a eukaryotic cell that carries out specific activities inside the cell is called a(n)
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a.
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organelle. |
c.
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nucleus. |
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b.
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cytoplasm. |
d.
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membrane. |
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38. |
Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is correct?
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a.
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They have a nucleus. |
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b.
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Their evolution preceded that of eukaryotes. |
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c.
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The organelles in their cytoplasm are surrounded by membranes. |
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d.
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They are multicellular organisms. |
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39. |
Only eukaryotic cells have
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a.
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DNA. |
c.
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ribosomes. |
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b.
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membrane-bound organelles. |
d.
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cytoplasm. |
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40. |
Refer to the illustration above. Which structure acts as a boundary between the outside environment and the inside of the cell?
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a.
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structure 1 |
c.
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structure 3 |
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b.
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structure 2 |
d.
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structure 4 |
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41. |
Refer to the illustration above. Which structure immediately identifies this cell as a eukaryote?
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a.
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structure 1 |
c.
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structure 3 |
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b.
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structure 2 |
d.
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structure 4 |
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42. |
Refer to the illustration above. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found in
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a.
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structure 1. |
c.
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structure 3. |
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b.
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structure 2. |
d.
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structure 5. |
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43. |
Refer to the illustration above. Structure 2 is
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a.
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rough endoplasmic reticulum. |
c.
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a mitochondrion. |
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b.
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a Golgi apparatus. |
d.
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the nucleus. |
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44. |
Refer to the illustration above. Which structure produces vesicles filled with proteins?
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a.
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structure 1 |
c.
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structure 4 |
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b.
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structure 2 |
d.
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structure 5 |
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45. |
Refer to the illustration above. Structure 5 is
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a.
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part of the endoplasmic reticulum. |
c.
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a mitochondrion. |
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b.
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a Golgi apparatus. |
d.
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the nucleus. |
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46. |
Refer to the illustration above. The cell uses structure 3 to
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a.
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transport material from one part of the cell to another. |
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b.
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package proteins so they can be stored by the cell. |
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c.
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use light energy to make sugar. |
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d.
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use energy from organic compounds to make ATP. |
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47. |
Refer to the illustration above. The cell shown is probably an animal cell because it
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a.
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has mitochondria. |
c.
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has a cell membrane. |
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b.
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does not have a cell wall. |
d.
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does not have a nucleus. |
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48. |
Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate fibers are three kinds of cytoskeleton
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a.
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protein fibers. |
c.
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organelles. |
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b.
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membranes. |
d.
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DNA. |
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49. |
What kind of cytoskeleton fibers could help a cell change shape to fit into a space?
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a.
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microfilaments |
c.
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intermediate fibers |
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b.
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microtubules |
d.
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tubulin fibers |
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50. |
Which of the following is true of both DNA and some proteins?
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a.
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made in nucleus |
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b.
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made in ribosomes |
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c.
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must be kept separate from cytoplasm |
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d.
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must be kept separate from nucleus |
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51. |
cell : cell membrane ::
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a.
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nucleus : DNA |
c.
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organelle : cell |
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b.
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nucleus : nuclear envelope |
d.
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cell : DNA |
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52. |
The double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called the
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a.
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nucleolus. |
c.
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ribosome. |
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b.
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nuclear wall. |
d.
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nuclear envelope. |
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53. |
In a cell, proteins are made on the
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a.
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mitochondria. |
c.
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nucleus. |
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b.
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ribosomes. |
d.
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cell membrane. |
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54. |
Where are bound ribosomes located?
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a.
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suspended in the cytosol |
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b.
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inside the nucleus |
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c.
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attached to membranes of another organelle |
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d.
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outside the cell membrane |
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55. |
The organelle that moves proteins and other substances through the cell is the
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a.
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endoplasmic reticulum. |
c.
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Golgi apparatus. |
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b.
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mitochondrion. |
d.
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cytoplasm. |
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56. |
The organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins is the
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a.
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endoplasmic reticulum. |
c.
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lysosome. |
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b.
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ribosome. |
d.
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Golgi apparatus. |
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57. |
Refer to the illustration above. The structures labeled 4 are
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a.
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vesicles. |
c.
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ribosomes. |
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b.
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lysosomes. |
d.
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chloroplasts. |
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58. |
Refer to the illustration above. Which structure packages proteins for distribution?
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a.
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structure 1 |
c.
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structure 3 |
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b.
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structure 2 |
d.
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structure 4 |
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59. |
Refer to the illustration above. Structure 3 is a(n)
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a.
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mitochondrion. |
c.
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ribosome. |
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b.
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endoplasmic reticulum. |
d.
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vesicle. |
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60. |
Plant cells have a large membrane-bound compartment in which water, waste products, and nutrients can be stored. This compartment is called the
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a.
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mitochondrion. |
c.
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Golgi apparatus. |
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b.
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chloroplast. |
d.
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central vacuole. |
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61. |
A cell that requires a lot of energy might contain large numbers of
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a.
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chromosomes. |
c.
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mitochondria. |
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b.
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vacuoles. |
d.
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lysosomes. |
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62. |
The organelles associated with plant photosynthesis are the
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a.
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mitochondria. |
c.
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Golgi apparatus. |
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b.
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chloroplasts. |
d.
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vacuoles. |
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63. |
sunlight : chloroplasts ::
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a.
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chloroplasts : lysosomes |
c.
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organic compounds : ribosomes |
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b.
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organic compounds : mitochondria |
d.
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ATP : vesicles |
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64. |
What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common?
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a.
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absorption of light energy |
c.
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production of ATP |
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b.
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presence in all cells |
d.
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digestion of cell wastes |
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65. |
All the following are found in both plant and animal cells, except
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a.
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a cell wall. |
c.
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mitochondria. |
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b.
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a cell membrane. |
d.
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endoplasmic reticulum. |
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66. |
Short, thick outgrowths that allow prokaryotes to attach to surfaces or each other are called
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a.
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flagella. |
c.
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microfilaments. |
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b.
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microtubules. |
d.
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pili. |
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67. |
Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic cell?
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a.
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chloroplast |
c.
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bacterium |
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b.
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fungus |
d.
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muscle cell |
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68. |
Which of the following pairs contains unrelated items?
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a.
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eukaryote-plant |
c.
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cell wall-animal cell |
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b.
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ribosome-protein |
d.
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mitochondria-ATP |
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69. |
What level of organization is the small intestine?
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a.
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cell |
c.
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organ |
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b.
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tissue |
d.
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organ system |
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70. |
Which of the following statements about colonial organisms is correct?
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a.
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They are multicellular. |
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b.
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Their cell activities are integrated. |
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c.
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They are a collection of different kinds of cells. |
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d.
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They can survive when separated. |
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Completion
Complete each statement.
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71. |
All cells arise from ____________________.
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72. |
The basic unit of structure and function in an organism is the ____________________.
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73. |
The statement that “cells arise only from existing cells” is part of the ____________________.
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74. |
As a cell’s size decreases, its surface area-to-volume ratio ____________________.
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75. |
The surface area-to-volume ratio limits a cell’s ____________________.
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76. |
Eukaryotic cells contain specialized structures called ____________________.
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77. |
A cell with a nucleus is a(n) ____________________ cell.
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78. |
Scientists think that ____________________ cells evolved about 1.5 billion years ago.
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79. |
All substances that enter or leave a cell must cross the cell ____________________.
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80. |
The ____________________ houses a cell’s DNA, which contains genetic material.
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81. |
The organelles where protein synthesis occurs in a cell are called ____________________.
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82. |
Prokaryotic cells have a cell ____________________ that surrounds the cell membrane.
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83. |
Some prokaryotic cells have a ____________________ that surrounds the cell wall.
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84. |
____________________ cells have a system of internal membranes that divides the cytoplasm into compartments.
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85. |
The web of protein fibers that supports the shape of the cell is called the ____________________.
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86. |
The cytoskeleton’s network of ____________________ fibers anchors cell organelles.
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87. |
A ribosome is made of ____________________ and many proteins.
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88. |
DNA instructions are copied as ____________________ messages.
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89. |
Ribosomes use RNA messages to assemble ____________________.
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90. |
The ____________________ is a structure that makes ribosome parts in the nucleus.
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91. |
Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ____________________ attached to its surface.
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92. |
____________________ endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes.
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93. |
Vesicles that contain newly made proteins move through the ____________________ from the ER to the Golgi apparatus.
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94. |
Vesicles help maintain ____________________ by storing and releasing various substances as the cell needs them.
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95. |
Lysosomes work by fusing with other ____________________.
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96. |
Photosynthesis takes place in the ____________________ of plant cells.
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97. |
Both plant cells and animal cells have cell membranes. In addition, plant cells are surrounded by a(n) ____________________.
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98. |
In multicellular organisms, similar cells group together to make ____________________.
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99. |
A group of identical cells that can survive alone if separated are called ____________________ organisms.
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Short Answer
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100. |
Why did it take more than 150 years for scientists to appreciate the discoveries of Hook and Leeuwenhoek?
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101. |
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
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102. |
What happens to a cell’s surface area-to-volume ratio as the cell gets larger?
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103. |
How can a large cell have a large surface area-to-volume ratio?
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104. |
What is the difference in the location of DNA in a prokaryotic cell and in a eukaryotic cell?
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105. |
What is the function of organelles in eukaryotic cells?
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106. |
Describe the characteristics of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
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107. |
What are three kinds of cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?
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108. |
What are three functions of the cytoskeleton?
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109. |
Where are ribosome parts made and assembled?
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110. |
What kind of ribosomes makes proteins that remain inside the cell?
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111. |
How does the appearance of the two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum differ? What causes the difference?
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112. |
What happens to the vesicle membrane of a vesicle that migrates to the cell membrane and releases proteins to the outside of the cell?
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113. |
What is the function of a contractile vacuole in a protist?
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114. |
Describe what happens in a protist after the cell membrane surrounds food outside the cell.
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115. |
What is the difference between the energy source of chloroplasts and mitochondria? What do the two organelles have in common?
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116. |
Compare the functions of flagella and pili in prokaryotes.
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117. |
What are three structures present in plant cells but not in animal cells?
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118. |
What are the levels of organization of cells in a multicellular organism?
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119. |
How does a multicellular organism develop from a single cell?
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Essay
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120. |
Small cells function more efficiently than large cells do. Briefly explain why this is true, using the concept of surface area-to-volume ratio.
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121. |
Describe the making of a ribosome. Include the difference between the two kinds of ribosomes.
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122. |
Describe the movement of proteins through the internal membrane system of a cell.
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