Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. |
| 1. | Robert Hooke first observed cells by looking at a thin slice of cork under a microscope. _________________________
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| 2. | Mathias Schleiden concluded that cells make up every part of a plant. _________________________
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| 3. | Differences in the colors of cells enable different cells to perform different functions. _________________________
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| 4. | All cells have a cell wall that surrounds them. _________________________
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| 5. | All multicellular organisms are made up of prokaryotic cells. _________________________
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| 6. | The cells of animals are prokaryotic. _________________________
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| 7. | The cytoskeleton is a web of protein fibers in eukaryotic cells. _________________________
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| 8. | Substances made in the nucleus, such as RNA messages, move into the nucleolus by passing through nuclear pores. _________________________
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| 9. | Flattened, membrane-bound sacs that package and distribute proteins are called the Golgi apparatus. _________________________
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| 10. | Ribosomes attached to the smooth ER make proteins. _________________________
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| 11. | Lysosomes contain specific enzymes that break down large molecules, such as food particles. _________________________
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| 12. | Ribosomes are the sites of ATP production in animals. _________________________
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| 13. | Most of a cell’s ATP is produced in the cell’s mitochondria. _________________________
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| 14. | A typical animal cell contains one or more chloroplasts. _________________________
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| 15. | A chloroplast is an organelle that uses light energy to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water. _________________________
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| 16. | Prokaryotes are always multicellular organisms. _________________________
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| 17. | Many prokaryotes have flagella that allow them to attach to surfaces. _________________________
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| 18. | A tissue is a distinct group of cells that have similar structures and functions. _________________________
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| 19. | A leaf is made up of different tissues that work together. _________________________
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| 20. | In multicellular organisms, a single cell must carry out all of the organism’s activities. _________________________
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| 21. | A unicellular organism is composed of many individual, permanently associated cells that coordinate their activities. _________________________
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| 22. | Colonial organisms are unicellular organisms that can live as a connected group or survive when separated. _________________________
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| 23. | Some protists and most fungi have a multicellular body. _________________________
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| 24. | Most multicellular organisms begin as a single cell. _________________________
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Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. |
| 25. | Which of the following led to the discovery of cells? a. | electricity | c. | microscopes | b. | computers | d. | calculators |
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| 26. | Which of the following is part of the cell theory? a. | All living things are made of one cell. | b. | Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. | c. | Most cells arise from existing cells. | d. | Cells are nonliving units that make up organisms. |
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| 27. | When the volume of a cell increases, its surface area a. | increases at the same rate. | c. | increases at a faster rate. | b. | remains the same. | d. | increases at a slower rate. |
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| 28. | Surface area is an important factor in limiting cell growth because a. | the cell can burst if the membrane becomes too large. | b. | materials cannot enter the cell if it is too large. | c. | the cell may become too large to take in enough food and to remove enough wastes. | d. | waste products cannot leave the cell if it is too small. |
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| 29. | The size to which cells can grow is limited by their a. | location. | c. | function. | b. | structure. | d. | surface area-to-volume ratio. |
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| 30. | As cell size increases, the surface area-to-volume ratio a. | decreases. | c. | increases then decreases. | b. | increases. | d. | remains the same. |
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| 31. | To function most efficiently, a cell’s size must be a. | large. | c. | small. | b. | medium. | d. | any size. |
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| 32. | Which of the following shapes would allow a cell to have the greatest surface area-to-volume ratio? a. | sphere | c. | egg-shaped | b. | cube | d. | broad and flat |
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| 33. | A cube with a side length of 6 mm has a surface area-to-volume ratio of |
| 34. | One difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes do not have a. | DNA. | c. | cytoplasm. | b. | a cell membrane. | d. | a nucleus. |
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| 35. | Which cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA? a. | only animal cells | c. | only eukaryotic cells | b. | only prokaryotic cells | d. | all cells |
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| 36. | The genetic material that provides instructions for making proteins is a. | DNA. | c. | cytoplasm. | b. | cytosol. | d. | a ribosome. |
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| 37. | A structure within a eukaryotic cell that carries out specific activities inside the cell is called a(n) a. | organelle. | c. | nucleus. | b. | cytoplasm. | d. | membrane. |
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| 38. | Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is correct? a. | They have a nucleus. | b. | Their evolution preceded that of eukaryotes. | c. | The organelles in their cytoplasm are surrounded by membranes. | d. | They are multicellular organisms. |
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| 39. | Only eukaryotic cells have a. | DNA. | c. | ribosomes. | b. | membrane-bound organelles. | d. | cytoplasm. |
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| 40. | Refer to the illustration above. Which structure acts as a boundary between the outside environment and the inside of the cell? a. | structure 1 | c. | structure 3 | b. | structure 2 | d. | structure 4 |
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| 41. | Refer to the illustration above. Which structure immediately identifies this cell as a eukaryote? a. | structure 1 | c. | structure 3 | b. | structure 2 | d. | structure 4 |
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| 42. | Refer to the illustration above. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found in a. | structure 1. | c. | structure 3. | b. | structure 2. | d. | structure 5. |
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| 43. | Refer to the illustration above. Structure 2 is a. | rough endoplasmic reticulum. | c. | a mitochondrion. | b. | a Golgi apparatus. | d. | the nucleus. |
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| 44. | Refer to the illustration above. Which structure produces vesicles filled with proteins? a. | structure 1 | c. | structure 4 | b. | structure 2 | d. | structure 5 |
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| 45. | Refer to the illustration above. Structure 5 is a. | part of the endoplasmic reticulum. | c. | a mitochondrion. | b. | a Golgi apparatus. | d. | the nucleus. |
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| 46. | Refer to the illustration above. The cell uses structure 3 to a. | transport material from one part of the cell to another. | b. | package proteins so they can be stored by the cell. | c. | use light energy to make sugar. | d. | use energy from organic compounds to make ATP. |
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| 47. | Refer to the illustration above. The cell shown is probably an animal cell because it a. | has mitochondria. | c. | has a cell membrane. | b. | does not have a cell wall. | d. | does not have a nucleus. |
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| 48. | Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate fibers are three kinds of cytoskeleton a. | protein fibers. | c. | organelles. | b. | membranes. | d. | DNA. |
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| 49. | What kind of cytoskeleton fibers could help a cell change shape to fit into a space? a. | microfilaments | c. | intermediate fibers | b. | microtubules | d. | tubulin fibers |
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| 50. | Which of the following is true of both DNA and some proteins? a. | made in nucleus | b. | made in ribosomes | c. | must be kept separate from cytoplasm | d. | must be kept separate from nucleus |
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| 51. | cell : cell membrane :: a. | nucleus : DNA | c. | organelle : cell | b. | nucleus : nuclear envelope | d. | cell : DNA |
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| 52. | The double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called the a. | nucleolus. | c. | ribosome. | b. | nuclear wall. | d. | nuclear envelope. |
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| 53. | In a cell, proteins are made on the a. | mitochondria. | c. | nucleus. | b. | ribosomes. | d. | cell membrane. |
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| 54. | Where are bound ribosomes located? a. | suspended in the cytosol | b. | inside the nucleus | c. | attached to membranes of another organelle | d. | outside the cell membrane |
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| 55. | The organelle that moves proteins and other substances through the cell is the a. | endoplasmic reticulum. | c. | Golgi apparatus. | b. | mitochondrion. | d. | cytoplasm. |
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| 56. | The organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins is the a. | endoplasmic reticulum. | c. | lysosome. | b. | ribosome. | d. | Golgi apparatus. |
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| 57. | Refer to the illustration above. The structures labeled 4 are a. | vesicles. | c. | ribosomes. | b. | lysosomes. | d. | chloroplasts. |
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| 58. | Refer to the illustration above. Which structure packages proteins for distribution? a. | structure 1 | c. | structure 3 | b. | structure 2 | d. | structure 4 |
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| 59. | Refer to the illustration above. Structure 3 is a(n) a. | mitochondrion. | c. | ribosome. | b. | endoplasmic reticulum. | d. | vesicle. |
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| 60. | Plant cells have a large membrane-bound compartment in which water, waste products, and nutrients can be stored. This compartment is called the a. | mitochondrion. | c. | Golgi apparatus. | b. | chloroplast. | d. | central vacuole. |
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| 61. | A cell that requires a lot of energy might contain large numbers of a. | chromosomes. | c. | mitochondria. | b. | vacuoles. | d. | lysosomes. |
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| 62. | The organelles associated with plant photosynthesis are the a. | mitochondria. | c. | Golgi apparatus. | b. | chloroplasts. | d. | vacuoles. |
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| 63. | sunlight : chloroplasts :: a. | chloroplasts : lysosomes | c. | organic compounds : ribosomes | b. | organic compounds : mitochondria | d. | ATP : vesicles |
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| 64. | What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common? a. | absorption of light energy | c. | production of ATP | b. | presence in all cells | d. | digestion of cell wastes |
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| 65. | All the following are found in both plant and animal cells, except a. | a cell wall. | c. | mitochondria. | b. | a cell membrane. | d. | endoplasmic reticulum. |
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| 66. | Short, thick outgrowths that allow prokaryotes to attach to surfaces or each other are called a. | flagella. | c. | microfilaments. | b. | microtubules. | d. | pili. |
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| 67. | Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic cell? a. | chloroplast | c. | bacterium | b. | fungus | d. | muscle cell |
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| 68. | Which of the following pairs contains unrelated items? a. | eukaryote-plant | c. | cell wall-animal cell | b. | ribosome-protein | d. | mitochondria-ATP |
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| 69. | What level of organization is the small intestine? a. | cell | c. | organ | b. | tissue | d. | organ system |
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| 70. | Which of the following statements about colonial organisms is correct? a. | They are multicellular. | b. | Their cell activities are integrated. | c. | They are a collection of different kinds of cells. | d. | They can survive when separated. |
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Completion Complete each statement. |
| 71. | All cells arise from ____________________. |
| 72. | The basic unit of structure and function in an organism is the ____________________. |
| 73. | The statement that “cells arise only from existing cells” is part of the ____________________. |
| 74. | As a cell’s size decreases, its surface area-to-volume ratio ____________________. |
| 75. | The surface area-to-volume ratio limits a cell’s ____________________. |
| 76. | Eukaryotic cells contain specialized structures called ____________________. |
| 77. | A cell with a nucleus is a(n) ____________________ cell. |
| 78. | Scientists think that ____________________ cells evolved about 1.5 billion years ago. |
| 79. | All substances that enter or leave a cell must cross the cell ____________________. |
| 80. | The ____________________ houses a cell’s DNA, which contains genetic material. |
| 81. | The organelles where protein synthesis occurs in a cell are called ____________________. |
| 82. | Prokaryotic cells have a cell ____________________ that surrounds the cell membrane. |
| 83. | Some prokaryotic cells have a ____________________ that surrounds the cell wall. |
| 84. | ____________________ cells have a system of internal membranes that divides the cytoplasm into compartments. |
| 85. | The web of protein fibers that supports the shape of the cell is called the ____________________. |
| 86. | The cytoskeleton’s network of ____________________ fibers anchors cell organelles. |
| 87. | A ribosome is made of ____________________ and many proteins. |
| 88. | DNA instructions are copied as ____________________ messages. |
| 89. | Ribosomes use RNA messages to assemble ____________________. |
| 90. | The ____________________ is a structure that makes ribosome parts in the nucleus. |
| 91. | Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ____________________ attached to its surface. |
| 92. | ____________________ endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes. |
| 93. | Vesicles that contain newly made proteins move through the ____________________ from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. |
| 94. | Vesicles help maintain ____________________ by storing and releasing various substances as the cell needs them. |
| 95. | Lysosomes work by fusing with other ____________________. |
| 96. | Photosynthesis takes place in the ____________________ of plant cells. |
| 97. | Both plant cells and animal cells have cell membranes. In addition, plant cells are surrounded by a(n) ____________________. |
| 98. | In multicellular organisms, similar cells group together to make ____________________. |
| 99. | A group of identical cells that can survive alone if separated are called ____________________ organisms. |
Short Answer |
| 100. | Why did it take more than 150 years for scientists to appreciate the discoveries of Hook and Leeuwenhoek? |
| 101. | What are the three parts of the cell theory? |
| 102. | What happens to a cell’s surface area-to-volume ratio as the cell gets larger? |
| 103. | How can a large cell have a large surface area-to-volume ratio? |
| 104. | What is the difference in the location of DNA in a prokaryotic cell and in a eukaryotic cell? |
| 105. | What is the function of organelles in eukaryotic cells? |
| 106. | Describe the characteristics of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. |
| 107. | What are three kinds of cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells? |
| 108. | What are three functions of the cytoskeleton? |
| 109. | Where are ribosome parts made and assembled? |
| 110. | What kind of ribosomes makes proteins that remain inside the cell? |
| 111. | How does the appearance of the two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum differ? What causes the difference? |
| 112. | What happens to the vesicle membrane of a vesicle that migrates to the cell membrane and releases proteins to the outside of the cell? |
| 113. | What is the function of a contractile vacuole in a protist? |
| 114. | Describe what happens in a protist after the cell membrane surrounds food outside the cell. |
| 115. | What is the difference between the energy source of chloroplasts and mitochondria? What do the two organelles have in common? |
| 116. | Compare the functions of flagella and pili in prokaryotes. |
| 117. | What are three structures present in plant cells but not in animal cells? |
| 118. | What are the levels of organization of cells in a multicellular organism? |
| 119. | How does a multicellular organism develop from a single cell? |
Essay |
| 120. | Small cells function more efficiently than large cells do. Briefly explain why this is true, using the concept of surface area-to-volume ratio. |
| 121. | Describe the making of a ribosome. Include the difference between the two kinds of ribosomes. |
| 122. | Describe the movement of proteins through the internal membrane system of a cell. |