| Sensing, Acting, and Brains |
| 1. | Differentiate between sensation and perception. |
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| Introduction to Sensory Reception |
| 2. | Explain the difference between exteroreceptors and interoreceptors. |
| 3. | Describe the four general functions of receptor cells as they convert energy stimuli into changes in membrane potentials and then transmit signals to the central nervous system. |
| 4. | Distinguish between sensory transduction and receptor potential. |
| 5. | Explain the importance of sensory adaptation. |
| 6. | List the five types of sensory receptors and explain the energy transduced by each type. |
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| Hearing and Equilibrium |
| 7. | Explain the role of mechanoreceptors in hearing and balance. |
| 8. | Describe the structure and function of invertebrate statocysts. |
| 9. | Explain how insects may detect sound. |
| 10. | Refer to a diagram of the human ear and give the function of each structure. |
| 11. | Explain how the mammalian ear functions as a hearing organ. |
| 12. | Explain how the mammalian ear functions to maintain body balance and equilibrium. |
| 13. | Describe the hearing and equilibrium systems of nonmammalian vertebrates. |
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| Chemoreception: Taste and Smell |
| 14. | Explain how the chemoreceptors involved with taste function in insects and humans. |
| 15. | Describe what happens after an odorant binds to an odorant receptor on the plasma membrane of the olfactory cilia. |
| 16. | Explain the basis of the sensory discrimination of human smell. |
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| Photoreceptors and Vision |
| 17. | Compare the structures of, and processing of light by, the eyecups of Planaria, the compound eye of insects, and the single-lens eyes of molluscs. |
| 18. | Refer to a diagram of the vertebrate eye to identify and give the function of each structure. |
| 19. | Describe the functions of the rod cells and cone cells of the vertebrate eye. |
| 20. | Explain and compare how the rods and cones of the retina transduce stimuli into action potentials. |
| 21. | Explain how the retina assists the cerebral cortex in the processing of visual information. |
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| Movement and Locomotion |
| 22. | Describe three functions of a skeleton. |
| 23. | Describe how hydrostatic skeletons function and explain why they are not found in large terrestrial organisms. |
| 24. | Distinguish between an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton. |
| 25. | Explain how the structure of the arthropod exoskeleton provides both strength and flexibility. |
| 26. | Explain how a skeleton combines with an antagonistic muscle arrangement to provide a mechanism for movement. |
| 27. | Explain how body proportions and posture impact physical support on land. |
| 28. | Using a diagram, identify the components of a skeletal muscle cell. |
| 29. | Explain the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction. |
| 30. | Explain how muscle contraction is controlled. |
| 31. | Explain how the nervous system produces graded contraction of whole muscles. |
| 32. | Explain the adaptive advantages of slow and fast muscle fibers. |
| 33. | Distinguish among skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. |
| 34. | List the advantages and disadvantages associated with moving through:
a. an aquatic environment
b. a terrestrial environment
c. air |
| 35. | Discuss the factors that affect the energy cost of locomotion. |
