| Sensing, Acting, and Brains |
| 1. |
Differentiate between sensation and perception. |
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Introduction to Sensory Reception |
| 2. |
Explain the difference between exteroreceptors and interoreceptors. |
| 3. |
Describe the four general functions of receptor cells as they convert energy stimuli into changes in membrane potentials and then transmit signals to the central nervous system. |
| 4. |
Distinguish between sensory transduction and receptor potential. |
| 5. |
Explain the importance of sensory adaptation. |
| 6. |
List the five types of sensory receptors and explain the energy transduced by each type. |
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Hearing and Equilibrium |
| 7. |
Explain the role of mechanoreceptors in hearing and balance. |
| 8. |
Describe the structure and function of invertebrate statocysts. |
| 9. |
Explain how insects may detect sound. |
| 10. |
Refer to a diagram of the human ear and give the function of each structure. |
| 11. |
Explain how the mammalian ear functions as a hearing organ. |
| 12. |
Explain how the mammalian ear functions to maintain body balance and equilibrium. |
| 13. |
Describe the hearing and equilibrium systems of nonmammalian vertebrates. |
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Chemoreception: Taste and Smell |
| 14. |
Explain how the chemoreceptors involved with taste function in insects and humans. |
| 15. |
Describe what happens after an odorant binds to an odorant receptor on the plasma membrane of the olfactory cilia. |
| 16. |
Explain the basis of the sensory discrimination of human smell. |
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Photoreceptors and Vision |
| 17. |
Compare the structures of, and processing of light by, the eyecups of Planaria, the compound eye of insects, and the single-lens eyes of molluscs. |
| 18. |
Refer to a diagram of the vertebrate eye to identify and give the function of each structure. |
| 19. |
Describe the functions of the rod cells and cone cells of the vertebrate eye. |
| 20. |
Explain and compare how the rods and cones of the retina transduce stimuli into action potentials. |
| 21. |
Explain how the retina assists the cerebral cortex in the processing of visual information. |
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Movement and Locomotion |
| 22. |
Describe three functions of a skeleton. |
| 23. |
Describe how hydrostatic skeletons function and explain why they are not found in large terrestrial organisms. |
| 24. |
Distinguish between an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton. |
| 25. |
Explain how the structure of the arthropod exoskeleton provides both strength and flexibility. |
| 26. |
Explain how a skeleton combines with an antagonistic muscle arrangement to provide a mechanism for movement. |
| 27. |
Explain how body proportions and posture impact physical support on land. |
| 28. |
Using a diagram, identify the components of a skeletal muscle cell. |
| 29. |
Explain the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction. |
| 30. |
Explain how muscle contraction is controlled. |
| 31. |
Explain how the nervous system produces graded contraction of whole muscles. |
| 32. |
Explain the adaptive advantages of slow and fast muscle fibers. |
| 33. |
Distinguish among skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. |
| 34. |
List the advantages and disadvantages associated with moving through:
a. an aquatic environment
b. a terrestrial environment
c. air |
| 35. |
Discuss the factors that affect the energy cost of locomotion. |
