Introduction to Plants Study Guide

Name: 

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

Plants are multicellular prokaryotes. _________________________

The plant life cycle includes a diploid gamete and a haploid spore. _________________________

Mosses are most often found in dry environments. _________________________

Mosses and liverworts lack a vascular system for transporting water and nutrients. _________________________

Water must be present for fertilization to take place in mosses. _________________________

In mosses and liverworts, eggs are formed through mitosis in the antheridia. _________________________

Gametophytes of conifers are physically much larger than their sporophytes. _________________________

One important difference between mosses and ferns is that mosses have a vascular system. _________________________

Shoots, stems, and roots characterize the bodies of vascular plant sporophytes. _________________________

Ferns are characterized by fronds and fiddleheads. _________________________

Haploid fern spores are produced by gametophytes. _________________________

In ferns, a large sporophyte with leaves called fronds alternates with a heart-shaped gametophyte. _________________________

Ferns need water to reproduce because their sperm must swim to eggs. _________________________

Both mosses and ferns require a thin film of water for gametes to meet. _________________________

In both mosses and ferns, eggs are formed through mitosis in the antheridia. _________________________

Gymnosperm seeds are enclosed in a fruit. _________________________

Gametophytes of seed plants are large and easily viewed with the unaided eye. _________________________

Sexual reproduction in seed plants involves the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures of a plant to the female reproductive structures. _________________________

Seed plants cannot reproduce without a film of water for transferring of gametes. _________________________

A seed is a structure that contains a plant embryo. _________________________

A plant embryo is a new sporophyte. _________________________

In flowering plants, the embryos of monocots have two cotyledons. _________________________

Pollen is produced in the tip of the stamen, a structure called the sepal. _________________________

The lower portion of the pistil produces pollen. _________________________

Gametophytes develop within flowers. _________________________

Pollen tubes grow through the style toward the ovule. _________________________

Many seeds have appendages that aid in dispersal. _________________________

Asexual reproduction produces new plants that are genetically different from the parent plant. _________________________

Vegetative reproduction does require a plant to have flowers. _________________________

In vegetative reproduction, new plants may be generated from stems or roots. _________________________

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The ancestors of today’s land plants were probably

Among the challenges that faced early land plants were

The waxy protective covering of a land plant is called a

Some land plants developed an internal system of interconnected tubes and vessels called

sporophytes : spores ::

The diploid form in a plant’s life cycle is called the

The haploid form in a plant’s life cycle is called the

A haploid stage following a diploid stage in a plant’s life cycle is called

In plants, haploid gametes are produced as a result of

sporophytes : meiosis ::

Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts all possess

In nonvascular plants, structures in which spores are produced are known as

Which of the following statements about moss spores is not true?

The sporophyte generation in mosses produces spores by

The most noticeable form of a moss life cycle is the

In which of the following structures do seedless plants produce eggs?

antheridia : sperm ::

Both mosses and ferns produce

Fern sporophytes consist of rhizomes,

Unlike mosses, ferns possess

Fiddleheads are produced by

Both mosses and ferns produce gametes through

vascular plants : sporophytes ::

Refer to the diagram above. At which point in the life cycle does fertilization take place?

Refer to the diagram above. The structures produced at 3 are called

Which of the following were the first land plants to evolve seeds?

liverworts, hornworts, and mosses : nonvascular plants ::

gymnosperms : naked seeds ::

In seed plants, female gametophytes produce

A male gametophyte of a seed plant develops into a

The partially developed plant found in seeds is known as a(n)

A typical seed contains all of the following except a(n)

The tallest trees in the world are a species of

The process of transferring pollen from a male cone to a female cone in gymnosperms is called

In conifers, the diploid condition is resumed following

The seeds of monocots have

Flowering plants are classified as monocots or dicots according to the number of their

Monocots and dicots are subdivisions of

Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled f

Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled c

Removing a flower’s stigma would initially affect

Pollen is produced in a structure called the

In angiosperms, immediately following pollination,

During fertilization in flowering plants, one sperm fuses with an egg to form an embryo, and another fuses with two nuclei to form nutritive tissue. This event is called

fruit : mature ovary

If a plant’s flowers are very colorful and produce nectar, the plant is probably pollinated by

One way that flowers produced by angiosperms help ensure the transfer of gametes is by

What function do all fruits produced by angiosperms perform?

Which structure allows plants to reproduce asexually?

The production of offspring genetically identical to the parent plant is the result of

Completion
Complete each statement.

The surface of a vascular plant is covered by a waxy, waterproof layer called a(n) ____________________.

One of the first environmental challenges that early land plants had to overcome was developing a way to conserve ____________________.

The sporophyte generation produces spores by the process of ____________________.

The haploid form of a plant is known as the ____________________ generation.

Nonvascular plants transport materials within their bodies through the process of ____________________.

A green, hornlike sporophyte growing upward from the gametophyte is typical of plants known as ____________________.

In mosses and liverworts, the ____________________ generation is the dominant generation.

The very tiny liverwort ____________________ grow from the archegonia under the caps of female stalks.

The gametophytes of ____________________ plants are larger and more noticeable than the sporophytes.

The seedless plants produce sperm within the ____________________.

True roots, stems, and leaves are associated with ____________________ plants.

A fern is an example of a(n) ____________________ vascular plant.

Both mosses and ferns produce eggs within structures called ____________________.

Like the nonvascular plants, the seedless vascular plants can reproduce sexually only when a film of ____________________ covers the gametophyte.

Unlike mosses, ferns have sporophytes that are much ____________________ than their gametophytes.

Seed plants whose seeds do not develop within a sealed container (fruit) are called ____________________.

Fruit is a characteristic associated only with the flowering plants, or ____________________.

A male gametophyte of a seed plant develops into a(n) ____________________.

The ____________________ is the protective cover that surrounds a seed.

The seed coat prevents the embryo from drying out, from mechanical injury, and from ____________________.

A(n) ____________________ is a specialized structure that develops from an ovule and serves to protect a plant embryo from harsh conditions.

The four major groups of gymnosperms are gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, and ____________________.

A mature pine tree produces both male and female ____________________.

Gymnosperms are pollinated by ____________________, which makes sexual reproduction possible even during dry conditions.

The life cycle of a conifer is characterized by a large ____________________ generation.

In conifers, seeds form on the ____________________ of cones.

A plant that has flower parts that occur in fours or fives or multiples of four or five is a member of a subgroup called a(n) ____________________.

Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled f is called the ____________________.

Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled b is called the ____________________.

Refer to the diagram above. A flower like this one has all four basic flower parts and thus is an example of a(n) ____________________ flower.

The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma is known as ____________________.

In angiosperms, seeds develop from the ____________________ inside a(n) ____________________ after an egg has been fertilized.

The event in which one sperm fertilizes an egg and a second sperm fuses with two nuclei is called _________________________.

A flower is a(n) ____________________ structure that produces pollen and seeds.

Flowers are a source of ____________________ for pollinators.

The seeds of angiosperms are enclosed in ____________________.

Because flowering plants are rooted in the ground and cannot move from place to place, they must disperse their ____________________ so that their offspring can grow in new environments.

Many fruits are spread by ____________________ that are attracted to sweet, fleshy fruits, which they use for food.

Many of the structures by which plants reproduce vegetatively are modified ____________________.

Bulbs, stolons, and tubers are examples of modified stems that allow plants to reproduce ____________________.