Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. |
| 1. | It has been discovered that the genetic material is protein. _________________________
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| 2. | Hershey and Chase were the first two scientists to prove that genetic material is composed of proteins. _________________________
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| 3. | The five-carbon sugar in DNA nucleotides is called ribose. _________________________
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| 4. | After years of research, the structure of the DNA molecule is now known to be a double helix. _________________________
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| 5. | Franklin’s X-ray diffraction images suggested that the DNA molecule resembled a tightly coiled spring, a shape called a helix. _________________________
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| 6. | In all living things, DNA replication must occur after cell division. _________________________
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| 7. | Before a DNA molecule can replicate itself, it must coil up. _________________________
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| 8. | Helicases unwind the double helix of DNA by breaking the nitrogen bonds that link the base pairs. _________________________
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| 9. | Errors in nucleotide sequence that occur during replication cannot be corrected. _________________________
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| 10. | RNA molecules contain the five-carbon sugar ribose. _________________________
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| 11. | During transcription, the information on a DNA molecule is “rewritten” into an mRNA molecule. _________________________
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| 12. | When a tRNA anticodon binds to an mRNA codon, the amino acid detaches from the tRNA molecule and bonds to the end of a growing protein chain. _________________________
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Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. |
| 13. | Griffith’s transformation experiments a. | changed proteins into DNA. | b. | caused harmless bacteria to become deadly. | c. | resulted in DNA molecules becoming proteins. | d. | were designed to show the effect of heat on bacteria. |
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| 14. | Griffith’s experiments showed that a. | dead bacteria could be brought back to life. | b. | harmful bacteria were hardier than harmless bacteria. | c. | heat caused the harmful and harmless varieties of bacteria to fuse. | d. | genetic material could be transferred between dead bacteria and living bacteria. |
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| 15. | Avery’s experiments showed that transformation a. | is prevented by protein-destroying enzymes. | b. | is prevented by DNA-destroying enzymes. | c. | causes protein to become DNA. | d. | is caused by a protein. |
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| 16. | Avery and his research team concluded that a. | RNA was the genetic material. | b. | protein bases were the genetic material. | c. | DNA and RNA were found in the human nucleus. | d. | DNA was responsible for transformation. |
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| 17. | Using radioactive tracers to determine the interactions of bacteriophages and their host bacteria, Hershey and Chase demonstrated without question that a. | genes are composed of protein molecules. | b. | DNA and proteins are actually the same molecules located in different parts of cells. | c. | bacteria inject their DNA into the cytoplasm of bacteriophages. | d. | DNA is the molecule that stores genetic information in cells. |
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| 18. | All of the following are true of the viruses Hershey and Chase used in their study except a. | they consisted of DNA surrounded by a protein coat. | b. | they injected their DNA into cells. | c. | they destroyed the DNA of the infected bacteria. | d. | they caused infected bacteria to make many new viruses. |
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| 19. | The scientist who worked with Martha Chase to prove that genetic material is composed of DNA was a. | Alfred Hershey. | c. | Francis Crick. | b. | Oswald Avery. | d. | Rosalind Franklin. |
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| 20. | Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of a. | amino acids. | c. | monosaccharides. | b. | fatty acids. | d. | nucleotides. |
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| 21. | Which of the following is not part of a molecule of DNA? a. | deoxyribose | c. | phosphate | b. | nitrogen base | d. | ribose |
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| 22. | A nucleotide consists of a. | a sugar, a protein, and adenine. | b. | a sugar, an amino acid, and starch. | c. | a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. | d. | a starch, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. |
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| 23. | The part of the molecule for which DNA is named is the a. | phosphate group. | c. | nitrogen base. | b. | sugar. | d. | hydrogen bonds. |
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| 24. | Purines and pyrimidines are a. | nitrogen bases found in amino acids. | b. | able to replace phosphate groups from defective DNA. | c. | names of specific types of DNA molecules. | d. | classification groups of nitrogen bases. |
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| 25. | Of the four nitrogen bases in DNA, which two are purines and which two are pyrimidines? a. | purines: adenine, thymine; pyrimidines: uracil, cytosine | b. | purines: adenine, thymine; pyrimidines: guanine, cytosine | c. | purines: adenine, guanine; pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine | d. | purines: uracil, thymine; pyrimidines: guanine, cytosine |
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| 26. | The amount of guanine in an organism always equals the amount of a. | protein. | c. | adenine. | b. | thymine. | d. | cytosine. |
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| 27. | adenine : thymine :: a. | protein : DNA | c. | guanine : cytosine | b. | Watson : Crick | d. | guanine : thymine |
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| 28. | Watson and Crick built models that demonstrated that a. | DNA and RNA have the same structure. | b. | DNA is made of two strands that twist into a double helix. | c. | guanine forms hydrogen bonds with adenine. | d. | thymine forms hydrogen bonds with cytosine. |
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| 29. | The scientists credited with establishing the structure of DNA are a. | Avery and Chargaff. | c. | Mendel and Griffith. | b. | Hershey and Chase. | d. | Watson and Crick. |
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| 30. | X-ray diffraction photographs by Wilkins and Franklin suggested that a. | DNA and RNA are the same molecules. | b. | DNA is composed of either purines or pyrimidines, but not both. | c. | DNA molecules are arranged as a tightly coiled helix. | d. | DNA and proteins have the same basic structure. |
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| 31. | During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made from each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, then the new strand will be a. | TTGCATG. | c. | CCTAGCT. | b. | AAGTATC. | d. | GGATCGA. |
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| 32. | Which of the following is not true about DNA replication? a. | It must occur before a cell can divide. | b. | Two complementary strands are duplicated. | c. | The double strand unwinds and unzips while it is being duplicated. | d. | The new DNA molecule has two newly-made strands. |
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| 33. | The attachment of nucleotides to form a complementary strand of DNA during replication a. | is accomplished by DNA polymerase. | b. | is accomplished only in the presence of tRNA. | c. | prevents separation of complementary strands of RNA. | d. | is the responsibility of the proofreading enzymes. |
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| 34. | The enzymes responsible for adding nucleotides to the exposed DNA bases during replication are a. | replicases. | c. | helicases. | b. | DNA polymerases. | d. | template enzymes. |
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| 35. | The enzymes that unwind DNA during replication are called a. | double helixes. | c. | forks. | b. | DNA helicases. | d. | phages. |
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| 36. | All of the following are true about DNA replication in prokaryotic cells except a. | replication begins at many sites along the DNA. | b. | replication begins at one site along the DNA loop. | c. | replication occurs in two opposite directions. | d. | there are two replication forks. |
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| 37. | Transcription, which is a stage of gene expression, is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n) a. | RNA molecule. | c. | uracil molecule. | b. | DNA molecule. | d. | tRNA molecule. |
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| 38. | RNA differs from DNA in that RNA a. | is double-stranded. | c. | contains the nitrogen base uracil. | b. | contains deoxyribose. | d. | does not contain adenine. |
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| 39. | RNA is chemically similar to DNA except that the sugar in RNA has an additional a. | oxygen atom. | c. | nitrogen base. | b. | phosphate group. | d. | carbon atom. |
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| 40. | In RNA molecules, adenine is complementary to a. | cytosine. | c. | thymine. | b. | guanine. | d. | uracil. |
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| 41. | Each of the following is a type of RNA except a. | carrier RNA. | c. | ribosomal RNA. | b. | messenger RNA. | d. | transfer RNA. |
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| 42. | During transcription, a. | proteins are synthesized. | c. | RNA is produced. | b. | DNA is replicated. | d. | translation occurs. |
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| 43. | During transcription, the genetic information for making a protein is “rewritten” as a molecule of a. | messenger RNA. | c. | transfer RNA. | b. | ribosomal RNA. | d. | translation RNA. |
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| 44. | Transcription begins when RNA polymerase a. | attaches to a ribosome. | b. | unwinds a strand of DNA. | c. | binds to a strand of RNA. | d. | attaches to the promoter sequence of a gene. |
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| | mRNA: CUCAAGUGCUUC  |
| 45. | Refer to the illustration above. What is the portion of the protein molecule coded for by a piece of mRNA with the sequence CUCAAGUGCUUC? a. | Ser—Tyr—Arg—Gly | c. | Leu—Lys—Cys—Phe | b. | Val—Asp—Pro—His | d. | Pro—Glu—Leu—Val |
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| 46. | Refer to the illustration above. The anticodons for the codons in the mRNA with the sequence CUCAAGUGCUUC are a. | GAG—UUC—ACG—AAG. | c. | CUC—GAA—CGU—CUU. | b. | GAG—TTC—ACG—AAG. | d. | CUU—CGU—GAA—CUC. |
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| 47. | Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following would represent the strand of DNA from which the mRNA strand CUCAAGUGCUUC was made? a. | CUCAAGUGCUUC | c. | GAGTTCACGAAG | b. | GAGUUCACGAAG | d. | AGACCTGTAGGA |
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| | mRNA codons | amino acid | UAU, UAC | tyrosine | CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG | proline | GAU, GAC | aspartic acid | AUU, AUC, AUA | isoleucine | UGU, UGC | cysteine | | |
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| 48. | Refer to the illustration above. Suppose that you are given a protein containing the following sequence of amino acids: tyrosine, proline, aspartic acid, isoleucine, and cysteine. Use the portion of the genetic code given to determine which of the following contains a DNA sequence that codes for this amino acid sequence. a. | AUGGGUCUAUAUACG | c. | GCAAACTCGCGCGTA | b. | ATGGGTCTATATACG | d. | ATAGGGCTTTAAACA |
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| 49. | The function of rRNA is to a. | synthesize DNA. | c. | form ribosomes. | b. | synthesize mRNA. | d. | transfer amino acids to ribosomes. |
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| 50. | At the very beginning of translation, the first tRNA molecule a. | binds to the mRNA’s anticodon. | b. | attaches directly to the DNA codon. | c. | connects an amino acid to its anticodon. | d. | binds to the mRNA’s start codon. |
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| 51. | Transfer RNA a. | carries an amino acid to its correct codon. | b. | synthesizes amino acids as they are needed. | c. | produces codons to match the correct anticodons. | d. | converts DNA into mRNA. |
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| 52. | Which of the following does not affect the final outcome of gene expression? a. | the environment of the cells | b. | the number of amino acids in the protein being produced | c. | the presence of other cells | d. | the timing of gene expression |
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Completion Complete each statement. |
| 53. | Griffith’s experiment showed that live bacteria without capsules acquired the ability to make capsules from dead bacteria with capsules in a process Griffith called ____________________. |
| 54. | Avery’s prevention of transformation using DNA-destroying enzymes provided evidence that ____________________ molecules function as the hereditary material. |
| 55. | A DNA subunit composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base is called a(n) ____________________. |
| 56. | The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is ____________________. |
| 57. | Due to the strict pairing of nitrogen bases in DNA molecules, the two strands are said to be ____________________ to each other. |
| 58. | Watson and Crick determined that DNA molecules have the shape of a(n) ____________________ ____________________. |
| 59. | Chargaff’s observations established the ____________________ rules, which describe the specific pairing between bases on DNA strands. |
| 60. | Watson and Crick used the X-ray diffraction photographs of ____________________ and ____________________ to build their model of DNA. |
| 61. | The process by which DNA copies itself is called ____________________. |
| 62. | Enzymes called ____________________ are responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold the complementary strands together. |
| 63. | Errors in nucleotide sequencing are corrected by enzymes called ____________________. |
| 64. | Transcription and translation are stages in the process of ____________________. |
| 65. | The second stage of gene expression is called ____________________. |
| 66. | The nitrogen-containing base that is found only in RNA is ____________________. |
| 67. | The enzyme responsible for making mRNA is called ____________________. |
| 68. | Messenger RNA is produced during the process of ____________________. |
| 69. | The sequence of three nucleotides that code for specific amino acids or stop signals in the synthesis of protein is called a(n) ____________________. |
| 70. | During translation, amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by molecules of ____________________. |
| 71. | Nucleotide sequences of tRNA that are complementary to codons on mRNA are called ____________________. |
| 72. | The information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA is used to make protein during the process of ____________________. |