Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. |
| 1. | A vascular plant’s body is formed from dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems. _________________________
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| 2. | The protective layer of cork on a woody stem is a part of the ground tissue system of plants. _________________________
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| 3. | Root hairs are extensions of the cortex cells that cover a root. _________________________
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| 4. | Xylem transports water and mineral nutrients in vascular plants. _________________________
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| 5. | The main function of ground tissue is to conduct water, minerals, and nutrients. _________________________
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| 6. | Vascular tissue surrounded by ground tissue, which makes up much of the outside of a vascular plant. _________________________
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| 7. | The main functions of the roots of plants are anchoring the plant and absorbing water and minerals. _________________________
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| 8. | Herbaceous plants have non-woody stems. _________________________
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| 9. | Sapwood contains xylem vessels that cannot conduct water. _________________________
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| 10. | Xylem in heartwood cannot conduct water. _________________________
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| 11. | A compound leaf has two or more leaflets. _________________________
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| 12. | A plant embryo’s root develops above the cotyledons. _________________________
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| 13. | A protective sheath covers the shoot of a sprouting bean seed. _________________________
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| 14. | The cotyledons of beans are visible above the soil after germination. _________________________
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| 15. | The cotyledons of a corn seed remain below the soil surface after germination. _________________________
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| 16. | Plants stop developing once they have matured. _________________________
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| 17. | Plants add new cells to the tips of their stems and roots, causing them to grow longer. _________________________
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| 18. | Cell division in meristems decreases the length and width of a plant. _________________________
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| 19. | Secondary tissues form as a result of cell division in a plant’s apical meristems. _________________________
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| 20. | Nitrogen is an essential mineral nutrient needed for plant growth and development. _________________________
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| 21. | Since calcium is a part of cell membranes, it plays a role in the support of a plant’s body. _________________________
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| 22. | If a plant becomes deficient in magnesium, it will not be able to perform cellular respiration. _________________________
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| 23. | The availability of light and nutrients affects the rate of plant growth. _________________________
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| 24. | The movement of water through a plant can be explained by the pressure-flow model. _________________________
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| 25. | The loss of water by translocation at the leaves helps pull water into the plant at the roots. _________________________
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| 26. | The rate of water absorption in roots is influenced by the amount of water lost through transpiration. _________________________
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| 27. | Osmosis between water molecules helps to pull water through a plant’s xylem. _________________________
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| 28. | The guard cells swell when they take in water, which closes the stomata and allows transpiration to proceed. _________________________
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| 29. | The movement of sugars into phloem cells requires the process of active transport. _________________________
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| 30. | The distribution of sugars within a plant is referred to as transpiration. _________________________
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| 31. | Sugars move in only two directions within the phloem of a plant. _________________________
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| 32. | Roots function in the storage of excess nutrients in many plants. Therefore, roots are an example of a sink only. _________________________
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| 33. | In plants, organic nutrients move through the xylem from where they are made to where they are needed. _________________________
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| 34. | The transport of organic molecules from a leaf to the rest of the plant is called transportation. _________________________
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| 35. | A hormone is any chemical messenger that is produced in one location and causes a response in another location. _________________________
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| 36. | Auxins were the first group of plant hormones to be described. _________________________
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| 37. | The shoots of oat seedlings bend toward light because of auxins produced in their root tips. _________________________
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| 38. | Cytokinins are hormones that slow the aging of some plant organs such as cut flowers. _________________________
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| 39. | Seedless fruits are often produced by applying ethylene to developing fruits. _________________________
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| 40. | Plant shoots grow upward due to a negative gravitropism. _________________________
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| 41. | Tropisms are the only way that plants respond to environmental stimuli. _________________________
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| 42. | Tropisms are distinguished from other plant responses to stimuli in that they depend on the direction from which the stimulus comes. _________________________
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| 43. | The response of a plant to the direction of a touch is called a thigmotropism. _________________________
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| 44. | The fact that a plant blooms and sets fruit at the same time each year is explained by a heliotropism. _________________________
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| 45. | The response of a Venus’ flytrap to an insect is an example of a tropism. _________________________
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Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. |
| 46. | Which of the following is not a tissue system of vascular plants? a. | vascular tissue | c. | ground tissue | b. | dermal tissue | d. | cuticle tissue |
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| 47. | cuticle : above-ground parts :: a. | vascular system : plant | c. | guard cell : stoma | b. | sperm : egg | d. | wax : root system |
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| 48. | The xylem in a plant a. | transports food from the leaves. | b. | transports water and minerals. | c. | exchanges carbon dioxide with the atmosphere. | d. | exchanges sugars and starches with leaves. |
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| 49. | The conducting cells of phloem are called a. | tracheids. | c. | sieve plates. | b. | sieve-tube members. | d. | vessel-element cells. |
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| | The diagram below shows a portion of a plant’s vascular system.  |
| 50. | Refer to the illustration above. Structure B is known as a a. | tracheid. | c. | vessel element. | b. | companion cell. | d. | sieve-tube member. |
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| 51. | Refer to the illustration above. Structure C is a a. | tracheid. | c. | vessel cell. | b. | companion cell. | d. | sieve tube member. |
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| 52. | Refer to the illustration above. Which structure allows the cytoplasm of a companion cell to connect to the cytoplasm of a sieve-tube member and allows substances to pass freely from cell to cell? |
| 53. | Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled D is a. | a companion cell. | c. | the nucleus of a companion cell. | b. | an epidermal cell. | d. | the chloroplast of an epidermal cell. |
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| 54. | The ground tissue in the center of roots and stems a. | turns into meristem. | c. | provides support. | b. | transports food. | d. | germinates at least once a year. |
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| 55. | The ground tissue that is made up of chloroplast-rich cells is located in the a. | root. | c. | stem. | b. | xylem. | d. | leaves. |
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| 56. | vascular tissue: transport of fluids :: a. | epidermis : support | c. | dermal tissue : transport of fluids | b. | dermal tissue : storage | d. | ground tissue : photosynthesis |
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| 57. | The large central root of a carrot is an example of which type of root system? a. | adventitious | c. | taproot | b. | aerial | d. | fibrous |
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| 58. | The root cap a. | protects a growing root tip. | c. | absorbs water. | b. | stores food in the form of starch. | d. | contains vascular tissue. |
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| 59. | dermal tissue : root hairs :: a. | cellular respiration : photosynthesis | c. | cork cells : transport of fluids | b. | vascular tissue : vascular bundle | d. | internodes : nodes |
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| | The diagram below shows the stem of a coleus plant. 
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| 60. | Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled A is called a. | meristem. | c. | phloem. | b. | xylem. | d. | ground tissue. |
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| 61. | Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled C is one of this herbaceous stem’s a. | petioles. | c. | vascular bundles. | b. | veins. | d. | pith nodes. |
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| 62. | Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled B, which conducts water and is made of elongated cells that connect end to end, is called a. | meristem. | c. | phloem. | b. | xylem. | d. | ground tissue. |
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| 63. | The outer layers of ground tissue in a stem are known as the a. | sapwood. | c. | pith. | b. | nodes. | d. | cortex. |
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| 64. | The bark on a woody stem is made up of a. | xylem and phloem. | c. | phloem and cork. | b. | sapwood. | d. | mesophyll. |
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| 65. | The vascular bundles of dicot stems are arranged a. | in rings surrounded by ground tissue. | b. | scattered throughout ground tissue. | c. | in pith scattered throughout ground tissue. | d. | in cortex scattered throughout ground tissue. |
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| 66. | The center region of ground tissue in a herbaceous stem is known as the a. | sapwood. | c. | pith. | b. | nodes. | d. | cortex. |
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| 67. | Leaves connect to the stems of plants at the a. | lateral buds. | c. | nodes. | b. | pith. | d. | internodes. |
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| 68. | Leaves with an undivided blade are called a. | tendrils. | c. | compound. | b. | spines. | d. | simple. |
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| 69. | leaves : carbon dioxide from the air :: a. | leaves : water from the air | c. | roots : carbon dioxide from the air | b. | roots : light from the air | d. | roots : nutrients from the soil |
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| 70. | Garden-pea tendrils are specialized leaves for a. | photosynthesis. | c. | respiration. | b. | climbing. | d. | absorption. |
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| 71. | The tissue of the leaf mesophyll that is located directly below the upper epidermis and consists of tightly packed column-shaped cells is the a. | palisade layer. | c. | adventitious layer. | b. | cortex. | d. | pith. |
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| | Four Different Kinds of Leaves 
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| 72. | Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is a compound leaf? a. | leaf a | c. | leaf c | b. | leaf b | d. | leaf d |
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| 73. | Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is most likely to be a leaf from a monocot? a. | leaf a | c. | leaf c | b. | leaf b | d. | leaf d |
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| | The diagram below shows a leaf cross section. 
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| 74. | Refer to the illustration above. The vein illustrated is made up of a. | only xylem vessels. | c. | both xylem and phloem vessels. | b. | only phloem vessels. | d. | neither xylem nor phloem vessels. |
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| 75. | Refer to the illustration above. The spongy layer is indicated by the letter |
| 76. | Refer to the illustration above. All of the following relate to structure A except that it a. | is the cuticle. | c. | covers the epidermis. | b. | protects the leaf. | d. | conducts photosynthesis. |
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| 77. | The first sign of germination is the emergence of the embryo’s a. | shoot. | c. | stem. | b. | root. | d. | flowers. |
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| 78. | Plants grow in regions of active cell division called a. | meristems. | c. | phloem. | b. | xylem. | d. | dermal tissue. |
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| 79. | Meristems are found a. | only at the tips of roots. | c. | at the tips of roots and shoots. | b. | only at the tips of shoots. | d. | at the center of roots and shoots. |
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| 80. | Plant development is similar to animal development because a. | a plant continues to develop throughout its life. | b. | plants are more strongly influenced by the environment. | c. | newly formed plant cells differentiate to form specialized tissues. | d. | plant development can be reversed. |
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| 81. | During periods of primary growth at apical meristems, stems and roots a. | become wider. | c. | maintain a constant number of cells. | b. | become longer. | d. | undergo meiosis. |
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| 82. | Refer to the illustration above. Outer bark is produced by a. | layer 2. | c. | layer 5. | b. | layer 4. | d. | layer 7. |
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| 83. | Refer to the illustration above. The cells that produce the secondary xylem are labeled as a. | layer 2. | c. | layer 4. | b. | layer 3. | d. | layer 5. |
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| 84. | Refer to the illustration above. Secondary xylem is indicated by the cells labeled as a. | layer 1. | c. | layer 5. | b. | layer 3. | d. | layer 7. |
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| 85. | Secondary xylem and phloem form from a. | cork cambium. | c. | apical meristems. | b. | vascular cambium. | d. | bark. |
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| 86. | In a woody stem, cork cambium a. | forms phloem. | c. | produces the cells of the outer bark. | b. | forms xylem. | d. | becomes vascular cambium. |
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| 87. | secondary growth : width :: a. | secondary growth : height | c. | apical meristem : width | b. | lateral meristem : length | d. | primary growth : length |
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| 88. | xylem : inner side of vascular cambium :: a. | vascular cambium : cork cambium | b. | outer side of vascular cambium : cork | c. | phloem : outer side of vascular cambium | d. | phloem : cork cambium |
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| 89. | Photosynthesis enables plants to produce most of the organic molecules that they need. This process requires the use of all of the following except a. | carbon dioxide. | c. | light. | b. | water. | d. | glucose. |
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| 90. | The movement of water through a plant is caused by a. | the attraction of water molecules to sugar molecules. | b. | the force of osmosis drawing water into the roots. | c. | transpiration from leaves and stems. | d. | translocation of sugars in the stems. |
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| 91. | The loss of water vapor through the leaves of a plant is called a. | translocation. | c. | active transport. | b. | osmosis. | d. | transpiration. |
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| 92. | The guard cells that surround a stoma a. | have no walls. | b. | swell with water, causing the stoma to open. | c. | shrink when opening the stoma. | d. | are responsible for translocation. |
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| 93. | The transport of food from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called a. | translocation. | c. | active transport. | b. | osmosis. | d. | transpiration. |
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| 94. | One model that explains the movement of sugar in a plant is known as the a. | transpiration model. | c. | pressure-flow model. | b. | translocation model. | d. | source-sink model. |
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| | The diagrams below illustrate an experiment that was performed to better understand how plants grow toward the light. Diagram A illustrates the cut tip of a seedling that was put on a block of agar. 
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| 95. | Refer to the illustration above. The plant growth hormone that was discovered in this experiment is called a. | auxin. | c. | ethylene. | b. | gibberellin. | d. | cytokinin. |
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| 96. | Refer to the illustration above. A hormone caused the stem in diagram C to bend by a. | exerting a cohesive force on the stem. | b. | causing cells to reproduce at a greater rate. | c. | causing cells on one side to elongate. | d. | translocation. |
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| 97. | A plant hormone that is produced primarily in root tips is a. | auxin. | c. | ethylene. | b. | cytokinin. | d. | gibberellin. |
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| 98. | Which of the following hormones normally exists in a gaseous state? a. | auxin | c. | ethylene | b. | cytokinin | d. | gibberellin |
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| 99. | All of the following generally cause tropisms in plants except a. | light. | c. | touch. | b. | gravity. | d. | heat. |
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| 100. | When vines grow, they often wrap tendrils around objects for support. The tendrils wrap because of a. | thigmotropism. | c. | phototropism. | b. | gravitropism. | d. | chance. |
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| | Newly Germinated Seedling |  | |
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| 101. | Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive phototropism? |
| 102. | Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive gravitropism? |
| 103. | shoots : negative gravitropism :: a. | light stimulations : gravitropism | c. | shoots : negative phototropism | b. | gravity movements : phototropism | d. | roots : positive gravitropism |
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| 104. | The response of plants to periods of light and dark is called a. | seasonal. | c. | daily activity. | b. | photoperiodism. | d. | nocturnal variation. |
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| 105. | Nastic movements in plants result when a. | some cells grow more than others. | b. | the water content of certain cells changes. | c. | the plant has been exposed to warm temperatures. | d. | seasonal conditions change suddenly. |
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Completion Complete each statement. |
| 106. | The ____________________ tissue forms the protective outer layer of a plant. |
| 107. | Dermal tissue functions in ____________________ as well as in protection and the absorption of mineral nutrients. |
| 108. | Vascular tissues are specialized cells that move ____________________, nutrients, and other materials through the plant body. |
| 109. | The tissues that transport water, minerals, and nutrients within a plant make up the ____________________ system. |
| 110. | Narrow, elongated, thick-walled cells that taper at each end and conduct water and mineral nutrients are called ____________________. |
| 111. | Certain conducting cells in the vascular system cannot perform their functions until they have lost most of their ____________________. |
| 112. | The ____________________ of plants absorb water and minerals necessary for growth. |
| 113. | The two main types of root systems are fibrous root systems and ____________________ systems. |
| 114. | Flexible, soft, and usually green stems are known as ____________________ stems. |
| 115. | The darker, non-conducting wood in the center of a tree trunk is called ____________________. |
| 116. | In ____________________ stems, the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring with ground tissue surrounding the ring. |
| 117. | The broad, flat portion of a typical leaf is called the ____________________. |
| 118. | In order for seeds to sprout, environmental conditions must be ____________________. |
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| 119. | Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled A in the diagram above is called the ____________________. |
| 120. | Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled X is called the ____________________. |
| 121. | Resumption of growth by a plant embryo in a seed is called ____________________. |
| 122. | Seeds typically enter a period of dormancy before they ____________________. |
| 123. | The process by which cells become specialized in form and function is called ____________________. |
| 124. | Plants grow in regions of active cell division at the tips of roots and shoots called ____________________. |
| 125. | Growth that occurs from the formation of new cells at the tip of a plant is called ____________________. |
| 126. | Plant tissues that result from primary growth are called ____________________. |
| 127. | Cell division in the parts of plants called ____________________ add layers of new cells around the outside of a plant’s body. |
| 128. | Wood consists primarily of ____________________ cells. |
| 129. | The thickening of a plant body by the production of new xylem and phloem is called ____________________ growth. |
| 130. | A lateral meristem that produces secondary vascular tissue is called the ____________________. |
| 131. | A lateral meristem that produces the cork cells of the outer bark is called the ____________________. |
| 132. | The process that causes a plant to increase in width is called ____________________. |
| 133. | Raw materials required by plants are carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, and ____________________ nutrients. |
| 134. | Nitrogen is an important component of proteins, ____________________, chlorophylls, and coenzymes. |
| 135. | ATP contains the mineral nutrient ____________________. |
| 136. | As water evaporates from the surface of leaves, more water is ____________________ up the plant. |
| 137. | When the guard cells that surround a stoma lose water, the stoma ____________________. |
| 138. | Changes in ____________________ within the guard cells cause stoma to open and close. |
| 139. | Transpiration ____________________ when stomata close. |
| 140. | The transport of organic molecules from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called ____________________. |
| 141. | The leaves of plants are categorized as ____________________ because they are the primary photosynthetic organs. |
| 142. | Organic nutrients in plants move from a(n) ____________________ to a(n) ____________________. |
| 143. | A(n) ____________________ is a chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part of the organism, where it causes a response. |
| 144. | ____________________ is a hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen. |
| 145. | The bending of a plant’s stem toward light is an example of a _________________________. |
| 146. | A growth response of plants in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction from which a stimulus comes is called a(n) ____________________. |
| 147. | Because of ____________________, the seeds and buds of many plants delay growth until they have been exposed to a certain number of hours of cold temperatures. |
| 148. | A long-day plant will flower when ____________________ are shorter than a specific number of hours. |
| 149. | Nastic movements are plant responses that are ____________________ of the direction from which the stimulus comes. |
| 150. | The rapid folding of the leaves of a sensitive plant are the result of a(n) ____________________. |