AP Biology: CHAPTER 19
CONTROL OF EUKARYOTIC GENOME
1. Outline the levels of DNA packing within the eukaryote nucleus.
2. What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin? Which is transcribed?
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3. Which regions of the chromosome will typically be in the form of hererochromatin?
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4. How do the coding regions and genome sizes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes compare?
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5. Much of mammalian non-coding DNA is in the form of ______________________________
6. What is the cause of Fragile X?
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7. What is the cause of Huntington’s disease?
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8. Discuss an example of interspersed repetitive DNA?
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9. What is a multigene family?
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10. Multigene families are hypothesized to have evolved from…
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11. How is the globulin multigene family an adaptive to mammals?
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12. Explain how gene amplification can regulate gene expression.
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13. How can transposons alter gene expression?
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14. How do immunoglobulin genes code for a seemingly infinite variety of antibodies?
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15. Review the opportunities for gene regulation in eukaryotes in the diagram.
16. Where is the most important step in gene regulation?
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17. Describe the effect of each of the following control mechanisms.
a. DNA methylation ________________________________________________________
b. Histone acetylation _______________________________________________________
c. Transcription factors ______________________________________________________
d. Control elements ________________________________________________________
e. Enhancers _____________________________________________________________
f. Activators ______________________________________________________________
g. DNA-binding domain _____________________________________________________
18. How does alternative RNA splicing affect gene expression?
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19. How does RNA degradation affect gene expression?
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20. How does protein processing and degradation affect gene expression?
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21. Identify the opportunities to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.
22. Typically, what happens to cell function when cells become cancerous?
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23. What is a proto-oncogene? What happens to them when cancer occurs?
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24. List the three events that can turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes.
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25. Identify and describe mutations in specific proteins that can lead to cancer.
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26. What is p53?
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27. Why is it said that cancer formation is a multi-step process?
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