TONICITY
What is the tonicity of this solution?
What happens to the cell?
What is this called?
What is the tonicity of this solution?
What happens to the cell?
What is this called?
What is the tonicity of this solution?
What happens to the cell?
What is this called?
Animations by Terry Brown – http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/Osmosis.htm
Scientific Method – “I’m All Thumbs”
Introduction:
What makes a “Class Champion” thumb wrestler? Does thumb diameter, length, or wrist diameter have an effect on the overall chances of winning a thumb wrestling match? If you want to find out the answers to these questions then you have to do some scientific study. Scientific study is not only about plants and animals; it is also about how we function. You will have to use the scientific method to answer thesis questions. Scientific method is the principles and empirical processes of discovery and demonstration considered characteristic of or necessary for scientific investigation, generally involving the observation of phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis concerning the phenomena, experimentation to demonstrate the truth or falseness of the hypothesis, and a conclusion that validates or modifies the hypothesis.
Hypothesis:
The person with the longest thumb will win the thumb war.
Materials:
The materials that were used for this lab was a metric ruler, metric tape measure, scissors, string, and a calculator.
Methods:
First you should choose a partner. Then measure the circumference of your thumb in centimeters at its widest point. Next you measure the length of your thumb, from the tip to the end of its second joint. Then measure the circumference of the wrist over the ulnar knob. Then you copy all of your information on the board onto the table in the results section of the lab.
Results:
| Thumb Circumference | Thumb Circumference (cm) | Thumb Length (cm) | Wrist Circumference (cm) | Number of Wins |
| Cason, Drew | 8.4 | 9 | 21.5 | 4 |
| Dittrich, Chad | 9 | 10 | 24 | 19 |
| Holt, Brad | 8 | 9.5 | 21 | 2 |
| Hooker, Chris | 7.1 | 9.3 | 21 | 2 |
| Jones, Jett | 8.5 | 9.8 | 21 | 6 |
| Lambert, Scott | 9.5 | 8 | 23 | 0 |
| Lewis, Cody | 8 | 9.5 | 20.5 | 1 |
| Lockwood, Blake | 8.3 | 8.5 | 21 | 0 |
| Lorince, Alan | 9.4 | 9.5 | 24 | 1 |
| Moore, Clark | 8.5 | 10 | 20 | 1 |
| Phillips, Jaylon | 9.3 | 10 | 24 | 1 |
| Simpson, Jonathan | 8 | 8.3 | 20 | 0 |
| Smith, Zack | 8.3 | 8.4 | 22.1 | 0 |
| Williams, Paul | 8.4 | 8 | 21 | 0 |
| Yancey, Jey | 9 | 10 | 22.5 | 0 |
Questions:
1. Restate your hypothesis: The person with the longest thumb will win the thumb war.
2. Which student won? Male: Chad Dittrich Female: Ashley Kersieck
3. What were their measurements: Male: thumb circumference-9cm, thumb length -10cm, and wrist circumference-24 cm.
Female Thumb circumference 7.0, thumb length 8.5, and wrist circumference 20.5
4. What was the mean thumb circumference of the class? 21.0
5. What was the mean wrist circumference of the class? 8.1
6. Did all those with larger measurements win their matches? No
7. Was your hypothesis correct? Yes
8. If not, explain what was different. It was right
9. What is the independent variable? Total of each contestant’s wrist and thumb measurements
10. What is the dependent variable? The number of
11. List the controlled variables in this experiment. Compete only in same sex, and follow all rules.
12. Would this be considered a controlled experiment? No
13. Explain your answer. Their were too many variables
Error Analysis:
The people wrestling might not have followed the rules by picking their arm up when they were wrestling or people just not trying would affect the outcome. Also people might have written their measurements in someone else’s place, which would affect the outcome as well.
Discussion and Conclusion:
The male who won the most thumb wrestling matches, nineteen wins, also had one of the longest thumb lengths, 9.0 centimeters. However, three other males with longer thumb lengths, 10.0 centimeters had fewer wins. Therefore the original hypothesis that the person(s) with the longest thumb length would also have the most wins was incorrect. If the measurements for each person were totaled or averaged together, then the persons with the greatest total measurement or highest average would have had the most wins. The current data would support this hypothesis.
Natural Selection in Teddy Grahams
Introduction
You are a bear-eating monster. There are two kinds of bears that you like to eat: happy bears and sad bears. You can tell the difference between them by the way they hold their hands. Happy bears hold their hands high in the air, and sad bears hold their hands down low. Happy bears taste sweet and are easy to catch. Sad bears taste bitter, are devious and hard to catch. Because of this you only eat happy bears. The happy trait in bears is caused by the expression of a recessive allele. The homozygous recessive condition is being happy. The sad trait is caused by a dominant allele. New bears are born every year (when they are hibernating in their den, the cardboard box), and the birth rate is one new bear for every old bear left from last year.
Materials:
Teddy Bear Grahams, lab worksheet, pencil
Procedure:
1. Obtain a population of 10 bears and record he number of happy and sad bears and the total population number. Using the equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the frequencies of both the dominant and recessive alleles and the genotypes that are represented in the population. Example: If 5 of the 10 bears are happy, then 10 out of 20 alleles would be happy alleles. Therefore the q2 number would be 0.5. You must then determine the q number by taking the square of 0.5.
2. Now, go hunting! Eat 3 happy bears. (If you do not have 3 happy bears then eat the difference in sad bears.)
3. Once you have consumed the bears obtain a new generation from your den (the box). You should only remove seven additional bears from the den for a total of 14 bears.
4. Repeat the procedures again. Be sure to record the number of each type of bear and the total population.
Table:
| Generations | P2 (sad) | 2pq (sad) | q2 (happy) | P | q |
| 1. Initial | |||||
| 2. | |||||
| 3. | |||||
| 4. |
Questions:
1. Describe what is happening to the genotype and allele frequencies in the population of Teddy Grahams?
2. What would you expect to happen if you continued the selection process for additional generations?
3. How would the frequencies change if you were to now select for the sad bears?
4. Why doesn’t the recessive allele disappear from the population? How is it protected?
Taxonomy
ppt Questions
Classification
1. How many known species are there?
2. What percent of all organisms that have ever lived is this?
3. Are all organisms on Earth today identified?
4. Define classification.
5. What is another term for classification?
6. What do you call scientists that study classification?
7. Classifying organisms makes naming organisms more _____________ and _____________.
8. Classifying prevents ____________ or inaccurate naming.
9. Give two examples of misnomers and explain why they aren’t correct.
10. What language is used for scientific naming?
11. Sometimes, scientific names may be ___________ instead of Latin.
12. Why don’t scientists around the world just use more simple, common names for organisms?
13.What language is universally used by scientists for naming?
14. Who was the first taxonomist and what two groups did he place organism in?
15. How did Aristotle subdivide his two groups?
16. Who was first to use Latin for scientific naming?
17. What was the problem with Ray’s names?
18. What 18th century taxonomist developed the naming system still used today?
19. How did Linnaeus group his organisms?
20. Who is the “father of taxonomy”?
Binomial Nomenclature
21. What is Linnaeus’s naming system called?
22. Explain binomial nomenclature.
23. Besides Latin, what other language is sometimes used for scientific names?
24. How do scientific names appear in print?
25. What must be done to a scientific name when you are writing it?
26. Give an example of a common and scientific name for an animal.
27. Where can you find the rules for naming organisms?
28. All scientific names must be approved by ________________ ___________ ______________.
29. Why do naming congresses have to approve names?
Taxonomic Groups
30. What is a taxon?
31. What is plural for taxon?
32.There is a ______________ of groups that goes from the broadest grouping to the most _____________ grouping.
33. Name the 8 taxon in order from broadest to most specific.
34. What is the NEWEST and BROADEST taxon?
35. Instead of the taxon phylum, what other taxon is used for plants at this level?
36. What is the most specific taxon?
37. Write the sentence used to help remember the 8 most important taxonomic levels.
38. Complete the following taxonomic table:
| Classification for Humans | |
| Taxonomic Level | Taxon |
| Domain | |
| Kingdom | |
| Phylum | |
| Class | |
| Order | |
| Family | |
| Genus | |
| Species | |
Domains of Organisms
39. How many domains are there?
40. Name the 3 Domains.
41. What are the main characteristics of Archaea and Eubacteria?
42. What are the main characteristics of the Domain Eukarya?
43. What Domain of organisms probably evolved first?
44. Where do Archaea live? Give some examples.
45.Name an Archaean.
46. Where are eubacteria found?
47. Some bacteria cause ______________ but many act as decomposers & are important to the ______________.
48. Some members of eubacteria live in the __________ of animals.
Kingdoms
49. The Domain Eukarya is divided into how many kingdoms?
50. List the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya and tell what organisms are in each group.
51. Which 2 kingdoms contain all multicellular members?
52. List the main characteristics of the Kingdom Protista.
53. Microscopic organisms found in pond water are most likely in the kingdom _______________.
54. All members of the Kingdom Fungi are _____________ except for unicellular ____________.
55. What type of heterotrophic organism are fungi?
56. Explain what it means to be an absorptive heterotrophic.
57. The cell walls of fungi are made of ______________.
58. Members of the kingdom Plantae are all ________________ and _____________.
59. What do plants use as their energy to make food?
60. Name the food making process of plants.
61. Plant cell walls are made of _______________.
62. Members of the Kingdom Animalia contain all of the multicellular _____________ on Earth.
63. Animals are ______________ heterotrophs that feed on __________ or other __________.
64. Define ingestive heterotroph.
65. Complete the following table for characteristics of each kingdom:
| Kingdom | Organization | Type of Nutrition | Examples |
| Protista | |||
| Fungi | |||
| Plantae | |||
| Animalia |
66. A Genera may contain a number of different ___________.
67. What Genera is an exception to this?
68. Which Kingdom has the largest number of different kinds of organisms?
69. What two groups are in the plant kingdom?
Basis for Modern Taxonomy
70. List three examples of things used as a basis for modern taxonomy.
a.
b.
c.
71. What are homologous structures?
72. What is an embryo?
73. At the molecular level, similarities in ___________, __________, or the __________ __________ sequence of proteins can be a basis for grouping organisms together.
74. Give an example of homologous structures show similarities among organisms in the same taxon.
75. Name 5 organisms that have similar embryonic development. To what taxon do these organisms belong?
76. What is a cladogram?
77. Using the following cladogram, name the organisms that share 4 of the 5 characteristics.
78. What characteristic(s) do the grouper and lamprey share?
79. What characteristic is found in all the animals EXCEPT the lancelet?
80. What is a dichotomous key?
81. When using a dichotomous key, you should make sure you ___________ both characteristics and either ____________ the organism OR go to ____________ set of characteristics.
82. Use the following dichotomous key to identify the picture of each organism.
|
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 6
2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
2b More than 8 tentacles – 3
3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4
3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
4b Body NOT balloon-shaped – 5
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