Biology Junction Team - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Teddy Graham Natural Selection Lab

Natural Selection in Teddy Grahams

Introduction

You are a bear-eating monster. There are two kinds of bears that you like to eat: happy bears and sad bears. You can tell the difference between them by the way they hold their hands. Happy bears hold their hands high in the air, and sad bears hold their hands down low. Happy bears taste sweet and are easy to catch. Sad bears taste bitter, are devious and hard to catch. Because of this you only eat happy bears. The happy trait in bears is caused by the expression of a recessive allele. The homozygous recessive condition is being happy. The sad trait is caused by a dominant allele. New bears are born every year (when they are hibernating in their den, the cardboard box), and the birth rate is one new bear for every old bear left from last year.

Materials:

Teddy Bear Grahams, lab worksheet, pencil

Procedure:

1. Obtain a population of 10 bears and record he number of happy and sad bears and the total population number. Using the equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the frequencies of both the dominant and recessive alleles and the genotypes that are represented in the population. Example: If 5 of the 10 bears are happy, then 10 out of 20 alleles would be happy alleles. Therefore the q2 number would be 0.5. You must then determine the q number by taking the square of 0.5.

2. Now, go hunting! Eat 3 happy bears. (If you do not have 3 happy bears then eat the difference in sad bears.)

3. Once you have consumed the bears obtain a new generation from your den (the box). You should only remove seven additional bears from the den for a total of 14 bears.

4. Repeat the procedures again. Be sure to record the number of each type of bear and the total population.

Table:

Generations	P2 (sad)	2pq (sad)	q2 (happy)	P	q
1. Initial
2.
3.
4.

Questions:

1. Describe what is happening to the genotype and allele frequencies in the population of Teddy Grahams?

2. What would you expect to happen if you continued the selection process for additional generations?

3. How would the frequencies change if you were to now select for the sad bears?

4. Why doesn’t the recessive allele disappear from the population? How is it protected?

Taxonomy Study Guide B1

Taxonomy Study Guide

What is taxonomy?

Who was the first taxonomist & how did they group organisms?

What language is used today in scientific naming? Which taxonomist was first to use this language?

Who is responsible for our modern naming system for organisms?

The Linnaean classification system is based on what?

What is the Linnaean naming system known as? Describe this system.

What are the two words in a scientific name called & how should they appear in print & when you write them?

Correctly write the scientific name for man.

Why aren’t common names good to use?

What is the modern system of classification based on?

What are taxa?

Name the 7 taxonomic categories listing them from broadest to most specific.

How many kingdoms did Linnaeus divide organisms into?

Name the kingdoms of organisms today & tell the major characteristics of each kingdom.

Give an example of an organism found in each kingdom.

Write the classification hierarchy for one plant or animal.

What is another name for a family tree?

The organism found at the bottom of a phylogenetic tree would be the _______________ of all other organisms on the tree.

Where are the most modern organisms found on a phylogenetic tree?

Phylogenetic trees show possible ______________ relationships among organisms.

What are homologous structures & give an example?

What are analogous structures & give an example?

Which structures indicate a shared common ancestor — analogous or homologous?

Taxonomy based on shared derived characteristics is known as ____________ taxonomy.

Domain systems of taxonomy are based on comparing sequences of _______________.

Name the 3 domains and tell what is included in each group.

Be able to identify organisms using a taxonomic key

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Taxonomy PPT Questions

Taxonomy
ppt Questions

Classification

1. How many known species are there?

2. What percent of all organisms that have ever lived is this?

3. Are all organisms on Earth today identified?

4. Define classification.

5. What is another term for classification?

6. What do you call scientists that study classification?

7. Classifying organisms makes naming organisms more _____________ and _____________.

8. Classifying prevents ____________ or inaccurate naming.

9. Give two examples of misnomers and explain why they aren’t correct.

10. What language is used for scientific naming?

11. Sometimes, scientific names may be ___________ instead of Latin.

12. Why don’t scientists around the world just use more simple, common names for organisms?

13.What language is universally used by scientists for naming?

14. Who was the first taxonomist and what two groups did he place organism in?

15. How did Aristotle subdivide his two groups?

16. Who was first to use Latin for scientific naming?

17. What was the problem with Ray’s names?

18. What 18th century taxonomist developed the naming system still used today?

19. How did Linnaeus group his organisms?

20. Who is the “father of taxonomy”?

Binomial Nomenclature

21. What is Linnaeus’s naming system called?

22. Explain binomial nomenclature.

23. Besides Latin, what other language is sometimes used for scientific names?

24. How do scientific names appear in print?

25. What must be done to a scientific name when you are writing it?

26. Give an example of a common and scientific name for an animal.

27. Where can you find the rules for naming organisms?

28. All scientific names must be approved by ________________ ___________ ______________.

29. Why do naming congresses have to approve names?

Taxonomic Groups

30. What is a taxon?

31. What is plural for taxon?

32.There is a ______________ of groups that goes from the broadest grouping to the most _____________ grouping.

33. Name the 8 taxon in order from broadest to most specific.

34. What is the NEWEST and BROADEST taxon?

35. Instead of the taxon phylum, what other taxon is used for plants at this level?

36. What is the most specific taxon?

37. Write the sentence used to help remember the 8 most important taxonomic levels.

38. Complete the following taxonomic table:

Classification for Humans
Taxonomic Level	Taxon
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Domains of Organisms

39. How many domains are there?

40. Name the 3 Domains.

41. What are the main characteristics of Archaea and Eubacteria?

42. What are the main characteristics of the Domain Eukarya?

43. What Domain of organisms probably evolved first?

44. Where do Archaea live? Give some examples.

45.Name an Archaean.

46. Where are eubacteria found?

47. Some bacteria cause ______________ but many act as decomposers & are important to the ______________.

48. Some members of eubacteria live in the __________ of animals.

Kingdoms

49. The Domain Eukarya is divided into how many kingdoms?

50. List the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya and tell what organisms are in each group.

51. Which 2 kingdoms contain all multicellular members?

52. List the main characteristics of the Kingdom Protista.

53. Microscopic organisms found in pond water are most likely in the kingdom _______________.

54. All members of the Kingdom Fungi are _____________ except for unicellular ____________.

55. What type of heterotrophic organism are fungi?

56. Explain what it means to be an absorptive heterotrophic.

57. The cell walls of fungi are made of ______________.

58. Members of the kingdom Plantae are all ________________ and _____________.

59. What do plants use as their energy to make food?

60. Name the food making process of plants.

61. Plant cell walls are made of _______________.

62. Members of the Kingdom Animalia contain all of the multicellular _____________ on Earth.

63. Animals are ______________ heterotrophs that feed on __________ or other __________.

64. Define ingestive heterotroph.

65. Complete the following table for characteristics of each kingdom:

Kingdom	Organization	Type of Nutrition	Examples
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

66. A Genera may contain a number of different ___________.

67. What Genera is an exception to this?

68. Which Kingdom has the largest number of different kinds of organisms?

69. What two groups are in the plant kingdom?

Basis for Modern Taxonomy

70. List three examples of things used as a basis for modern taxonomy.

71. What are homologous structures?

72. What is an embryo?

73. At the molecular level, similarities in ___________, __________, or the __________ __________ sequence of proteins can be a basis for grouping organisms together.

74. Give an example of homologous structures show similarities among organisms in the same taxon.

75. Name 5 organisms that have similar embryonic development. To what taxon do these organisms belong?

76. What is a cladogram?

77. Using the following cladogram, name the organisms that share 4 of the 5 characteristics.

78. What characteristic(s) do the grouper and lamprey share?

79. What characteristic is found in all the animals EXCEPT the lancelet?

80. What is a dichotomous key?

81. When using a dichotomous key, you should make sure you ___________ both characteristics and either ____________ the organism OR go to ____________ set of characteristics.

82. Use the following dichotomous key to identify the picture of each organism.

1a Tentacles present – Go to 2

1b Tentacles absent – Go to 6

2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus

2b More than 8 tentacles – 3

3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4

3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone

4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish

4b Body NOT balloon-shaped – 5

Sucrose Hydolysis by Sucrase

Sucrose Hydrolysis Using Sucrase

INTRODUCTION:

In this lab, you will demonstrate the production of the enzyme sucrase (invertase) by yeast. The enzyme sucrase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the disaccharide sucrose to invert sugar. Invert sugar is a mixture of glucose and fructose, which are both monosaccharides. Yeast cannot directly metabolize (ferment) sucrose. For the yeast to utilize sucrose as an energy source, it must first convert it to the fermentable monosaccharides glucose and fructose.
Benedict’s solution is a test reagent that reacts positively with simple reducing sugars. All monosaccharides and most disaccharides are reducing sugars, possessing a free carbonyl group (=C=O). Sucrose is an exception in that it is not a reducing sugar. A positive Benedict’s test is observed as the formation of a brownish-red cuprous oxide precipitate. A weaker positive test will be yellow to orange. Both glucose and fructose test positive with benedict’s solution, sucrose does not.

MATERIALS NEEDED:

*Yeast filtrate solution
one 7 gram package active dry yeast per 80 mL distilled water
Ring stand and ring to hold funnel
Filtering funnel
Filter paper (fast speed)
**5% sucrose solution
5 grams sucrose per 95 mL distilled water
***5% glucose (dextrose) solution
5 grams dextrose per 95 mL distilled water
Benedict’s qualitative solution
Distilled water
Five 10-mL graduated cylinders (one for each solution)
7 test tubes 18 x 150 mm
Test tube holder
Test tube rack
2 400-mL beakers
Hot plate

PRE-LAB:

* To prepare a yeast filtrate solution, mix one package of active dry yeast with 80 mL of distilled water. Let stand for 20 minutes, stirring occasionally. Filter the resulting suspension and save the filtrate solution. This is your invertase extract. Refrigerate the extract if held overnight. Approximately enough for 8 labs.

**To prepare a 5% sucrose solution, dissolve 5 grams of sucrose in 95 mL of distilled water. This should be prepared shortly before use. Approximately enough for 4 labs.

***To prepare a 5% glucose solution, dissolve 5 grams of dextrose (this is the name used when dry) in 95 mL of distilled water. This should be prepared shortly before use. Approximately enough for 9 labs.

PROCEDURE:

1. Label 3 test tubes A1, A2, and A3, and place in the test tube rack. Place into the test tubes as follows:

10 mL

Into tube A2, place 10 mL of 5% sucrose solution and 4 mL of invertase extract.

Into tube A3, place 10 mL distilled water and 4 mL of invertase extract.

Thump the tubes to mix.

2. Put approximately 250 mL of 30 to 35 oC water into a 400-mL beaker. Incubate the three tubes in this warm water bath for 35 minutes.

3. Label 4 test tubes B1, B2, B3 and B4, and place in the test tube rack. Place 5 mL of Benedict’s qualitative solution into each tube. Now transfer to the B tubes as follows:

Into tube B2, transfer the contents of tube A2.

Into tube B3, transfer the contents of tube A3.

Into tube B4, place 10 mL of 5% glucose solution.

Thump the tubes to mix.

4. Place tubes B1, B2, B3, and B4 into a boiling water bath. CAUTION: do not let the bath boil hard. Keep it just at the boiling point. After 3 or 4 minutes, remove the tubes and note whither any change is evident.

QUESTIONS AND OBSERVATIONS:

1. Did tube B1 test positive or negative?

2. What does this show?

3. Did tube B2 test positive or negative?

4. What does this show?

5. Did tube B3 test positive or negative?

6. What does this show?

7. Did tube B4 test positive or negative?

8. What does this show?

Successful AP Biology Student

The Successful Biology Student:

Realizes this is a fast-paced course so they have excellent attendance.
Is never late.
Always has their textbook, notebook, lab book, pencil, … when they come to class.
Let’s the teacher know ahead of time when they will miss for a doctor’s appointment or school trip.
Makes certain that all assignments, labs, projects, and reports are completed on time.
Schedules tests & labs to be made up after school when they return from an absence.
Does not miss an excessive number of class periods for school trips.
Keeps track of their grade.
Always reads every lab before that lab day.
Reads and recopies lecture notes and keeps them in an organized notebook.
Reads all chapters before lecture.
Reviews all chapters and notes each day.
Asks questions in class.
Utilizes the computer tutorials that supplement each unit of study.
Pays attention in class.
Keeps neat & accurate lab data to be organized in lab reports.
Follows all instructions for projects & collections.

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