Author: Biology Junction Team

Preap Cell Study Guide

 

Cell Structure & Function  Review   

 

1. The first Person to describe microscopic organisms and living cells was
________________________________.

2. The maximum size to which a cell may grow is limited mainly by the cell’s ___________________________  ____________________________.

3. Short, hair-like organelles that can move and may cover a unicellular organism or line the respiratory tract are called ______________________________________.

4. Some Ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm, while others line the membrane of the
_________________  __________________  __________________________.

5. Everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus, is the cell’s
____________________________________.

6. All cells, from all organisms, are surrounded by a _______________   _____________________.

7. Membranes are _______________________ and have the consistency of vegetable oil.

8. The organelle that stores DNA and synthesizes RNA _________________________.

9. The organelle that processes and packages substances produced by the cell ______________________  _________________________.

10. The ____________________________ is the control center of the cell.

11. The DNA in the form of a long strand is called ______________________________.

12. Cytoplasm consists of two main components:  ____________________________ and
______________________________.

13. The cell membrane functions like a ______________________, controlling what
__________________ and _______________________ the cell.

14. A lipid is a simple form of ________________________________.

15. There are many kinds of ______________________ in cell membranes; they help to move material into and out of the cell.

16. Scientist call the modern view of the cell membrane structure the
______________________________ ____________________ _________________.

17. The nucleus is surrounded by a double layer membrane called the
__________________________  _________________________________.

18. During cell division, _________________________ strands coil and condense into thick structures called _____________________________________.

19. The nucleoli make ___________________________. Which in turn build proteins.

20. Membranes are made mostly of ___________________  and  ______________________.

21. The _________________ is the smallest unit that can carry out all of the processes of life.  The basic unit of life.

22. The maximum size to which a cell may grow is limited mainly by the cell’s ___________________  ____________________.

23. The discovery of cells is linked most directly the development of the __________________________.

24. Organisms whose cells never contain a membrane bound nucleus are called _____________________________________.

24. Suspended in the cell’s cytosol are tiny ___________________________________.

25. Cell membranes consist of two phospholipid layers called a ___________________.

26. The chromosomes in the nucleus contain coded _____________________ that control all cellular activity.

27. When a cell prepares to reproduce the _______________________ disappears.

28. Cytosol is a jelylike mixture that consists mostly of _____________________.

29. The nucleus is one ______________________________.

30. In Eukaryotic cells, most organelles are surrounded by a _____________________.

31. Organisms whose cells always or usually contain a nucleus or nuclei are called
____________________________________.

32.  ________________________ are structures that carry out specific functions in the cell.

33. Most cells have a single ______________________; some cells have more than one.

34. Unicellular organisms such as bacteria and their relatives are ___________________________.

35. The Fluid Mosaic Model presents the modern view of a
__________________  ___________________________.

36. The “Blueprints” in a Cell that controls all its activity are the ___________________.

37. Where are poisons and waste detoxified in a cell? _________________________ _________________________________.

38. A cell synthesizes protein by using organelles called _______________________________.

39. The Mitochondria of a cell contain an inner membrane called _____________________________.

40. What are the membrane-bound sacs that package and secrete cell products?
___________________________ ___________________________.

41. Unlike animal cells, plant cells have ______________  ________________.

42. A Chloroplast can convert _________________, __________________________, and ____________________________ into ________________________.

43. What are Flagella? ___________________________________________________.

44. In animal cells, the Cytoskeleton maintains three-dimensional structure and helps the cell ___________________________.

45. The organelle that digest molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances in the cell   _______________________________________.

46. A pigment that absorbs energy in sunlight ________________________________.

47. The organelle that prepares proteins for export and synthesizes steroids is  ________________________  ________________________.

48. Ribosomes differ from most organelles because they have no ___________________________.

49. What type of cells would you expect to find large numbers of mitochondria?  _______________________  _________________.

50. The “Powerhouse” of the cell _______________________________.

51. Short, hairlike organelles that can move and may cover a unicellular organism or line the respiratory tract are called _______________________________.

52. The first cells on Earth were likely _______________________ that did __________ make their own _________________.

53. Microfilaments and microtubules function in cell _______________________ and ____________________________.

54. What is the correct order of structures in living things, from simplest to the most complex? ______________________, __________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________.

55. The is the organelle that transfers energy in ATP _______________________________.

56. What word means “Water Fearing”? ____________________________.

57.  What word means “Water Loving”? _____________________________.

58. What is cell specialization? Give an example.
59. Distinguish between the structure of rough ER and that of smooth ER.

60. Explain how ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus function together in protein synthesis.

61. Explain the difference between a tissue and an organ.

62.  Why is the cell membrane said to be selectively permeable?

63.  If a cell has a high energy requirement, would you expect it to have many or few mitochondria? Explain your answer.

64. Describe TWO differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

65. How can you determine whether a unicellular organism is a prokaryote or a eukaryote?

66. Plant cells have cell walls, but animal cells do not. Why do you think that is so?

67. What are the THREE Parts of the Cell Theory?

68. Describe three differences between plant and animal cells.

69. Name the TWO different kinds of animal cells, and describe how their shape is related to their function.

70. What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

71. What are the major roles of the nucleus, and what parts of the nucleus carry out these roles?

72. What is a colonial organism, and what does it have in common with multicellular organisms?

 

Preap Cell Division Study Guide

 

 

Cell Cycle & Cell Division Review  

1. Chromosomes are Rod Shaped structures made of _________ and ___________.

2. State the cell theory.

3. The phases in the life of a cell are called the ______________  _____________.

4. The cell cycle consists of ________, __________, __________, & division.

5. ________________ is a series of ______________ in cell division during which the _____________________ of a cell divides into __________  __________ with ____________   _____________ material.

6. _________________ only occurs  in _________________________  cells.

7. The period of cell growth prior to division is _________________________.

8.   Interphase consist of what three phases and describe each:
a.

b.

c.

9. The period during which DNA is copied ______________________.

10. DNA replication in a cell results in _________________  ____________________.

11. Replication is the process of copying _______________  ____________________.

12. Cell division is the process by which one _________ produces __________ new identical _________  ___________.

13.  Cell division involves 2 Steps called __________________  _____________  ________________________.

The steps are:
a.

b.

14. Step 1 of cell division is called ___________, and step 2 is called ______________.

15. During __________the cytoplasm of the cell divides into _______ new cells called ___________  ___________.

16. The steps or phases of Mitosis are ___________,  ____________,  ____________, and ________________.

17.   _________ is the process by which a nucleus gives rise to ___________ _________  _____________.

18. In anaphase, the sister Chromatids __________________________________.

19. The cell is pinched into two and cytokinesis begins during ____________________.

20. The assembling of microtubules that make up the spindle fibers occurs during _____________.

21. During prophase the _________ and  ________  ____________ disappear.

22. The center of the cell is called the ___________  _______________.

23.   ________________ condenses into chromosomes of two _________________  ____________________, joined together by the _____________________ during __________________________.

24.  The production of offspring from one parent is called ________________________  ________________________.

25.  During mitosis, centrioles are present only in _________________________ cells.

26.  Most organisms are capable of combining ______________________ from two parents to produce ______________________.

27. The phase of mitosis during which chromosomes move to opposite poles is called ____________________________________.

28. When chromosomes of two parents combined to produce offspring, the process is known as _____________________  _____________________.

29. The chromosomes that combine during sexual reproduction are contained in special reproductive cells called _________________________.

30. In most organisms,  ________________ can be either _____________  or _________________.

31. Eggs are _______________ than sperm, but are ______________________.

32. Sperm have ______________________ that help them swim to the ___________.

33. Gametes are formed by _______________________, a type of nuclear division in which _____________________ number is ______________________ and is followed by ________________  ______________________.

34. In humans, specialized reproductive cells with _________  chromosomes, called ____________________ cells, undergo ________________ and ___________ ________________ to give rise to egg or sperm that have only _______ chromosomes,  ___________________ cells.

35. Any cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes is called a _____________________  ______________.

36. A cell with only one complete set of chromosomes is called a ____________________ ______________.

37. When an egg and sperm join to produce a new individual, the process is called _________________________________.

38. The single cell that results from fertilization is called a ____________________.

39. Matching pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell are called ___________________ _________________.

40. During ______________________, the cytoplasm of a cell and its organelles separate into two New ______________________  _____________.

41. Cytokinesis proceeds differently in animal and plant cells.  In animal cells, the cytoplasm divides when a _______________ called the ________________ _________________ forms through the middle of the parent cell.  In a plant cell, the material form a  ______________  ____________ and __________________ gather and fuse along the equator or middle of the cell.

42. The term cleavage furrow refers to _______________________________________
________________________________________________.

43. The exchange of genes between pairs of homologous chromosomes is called _____________________ – ___________________________ and Only occurs during __________________________________ of meiosis.

44. What equally divides chromatids between offspring cells _________________  ____________________.

45. The time between cell division is called ________________________________.

46. The division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells is called _______________________  ____________________________.

47. What equally divides an animal cell into two offspring cells (daughter cells) ________________________  _______________________.

48. Each protein in an organisms DNA is coded for an individual __________________.

49. If an organism has 12 chromosomes in each body cell, how many chromosomes would you expect to find in the organism’s gametes? _________________

50. During which phase of meiosis do tetrads form? ___________________________

51. The division of the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is called _________________________________.

52. What event occurs during synapsis? ______________________  __________  ___________________________  _______________________.

53. During mitosis and meiosis, kinetochore fibers are thought to move __________________________________.

54. Histones are proteins that _______________ in the _______________ of __________________ in eukaryotic cells.

55. Spermatogenesis results in _______________  _______________ cells.

56. Each offspring cell produced by binary fission contains an ____________________  __________________ of the original cell’s  __________________________.

57. Crossing-over results in genetic recombination by permitting the ________________________ of genetic material between ____________________ and _______________________ chromosomes.

58. Two of the 46 human chromosomes are called _______________  _________________________, all others (44) are called _________________________.

59. The production of eggs is called ____________________________.

60. What structure not found in animal cells forms along the midline of a dividing plant cell? _________________________  ____________________________.

Answer the Following questions in paragraph form:

1. What is Cytokinesis?  How is it different in plant and animal cells?

2. Explain the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?

3. What is the Difference (Contrast) between Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes?

4. List 2 ways that meiosis differs from mitosis.

5. Compare the structure of a prokaryotic chromosome with that of eukaryotic chromosomes.

6. What are homologous chromosomes?

7. Explain the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell?

8. What is your diploid and haploid Number?

9. What is DNA? What are histones?

10. What is independent assortment, and how does it affect the genetic makeup of offspring cells?

11. What are chromatids and what holds two chromatids together?

12. Describe how you could determine if a dividing cell is a prokaryote or an eukaryote. What structures would you look for?

13. Compare the products of mitosis with those of meiosis II.

14.  Describe the events of binary fission and what kind of organisms would use this.

15. What is the cell cycle?

16. How do the products of spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ?

17.  What is interphase?  What makes up and occurs during each part of interphase?

18.  What is mitosis and in order, What are the four phases of mitosis?

19.  What are kinetochore fibers and polar fibers? What are their functions?

20. Explain crossing-over, What is it? When does it occur? Why is it Important?

21. In what type of cell, Eukaryote, Prokaryote, or Both, does mitosis occur?
__________________________________________.  EXPLAIN WHY?

22. Explain the difference between Mitosis and Cytokinesis.

23. What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?  Which has evolutionary value?  Why?

Preap Biology Study Guides

 

PreAP Biology Chapter Reviews
All Materials © Cmassengale

 

Preap Bacteria Notes

 

Bacteria Review  

 

1. The most numerous organisms on Earth are ____________________________________.

2. Type of bacteria that peptidoglycan is absent in cell walls _____________________________________________.

3. Type of bacteria that obtain energy from inorganic substances are __________________________________  _________________________________.

4. Type of bacteria that obtain nutrients from dead organisms ____________________________  ______________________________________.

5. Organisms that lack a cell nucleus are called ______________________________.

6.  Most prokaryotes are __________________________________organisms.

7.  Almost all prokaryotes are ____________________ than the smallest Eukaryotes.

8. Prokaryotes have _____________________________ that are different from those of Eukaryotes.

9. The bacteria can be divided into two Kingdoms: ______________________________ and
____________________________________________.

10. The ______________________________________ are a group of bacteria that live in Harsh Environments.

11. The prefix “ARCHEA” means ___________________________________.

12. Archaebacteria can be divided into Three Groups.  LIST AND DESCRIBE EACH GROUP:

A. _____________________  ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

B. _____________________  ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

C. _____________________  ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

13. The Archaebacteria that produce methane are called _______________________________.

14. Archaebacteria that thrive in very salty conditions, such as the Dead Sea, are called
________________________________  ______________________________.

15. Archaebacteria that can live in extremely hot or acidic water are called ______________________________________________________.

16. The prefix “EU” means _________________________.

17. What is the important tool used for classifying Eubacteria  called ________________________  ____________________________.

18. During Gram Staining, depending on structure of their __________  ____________, the
bacteria’s cell walls absorbs either the _______________ or ________________dye.

19.Those bacteria that take on the purple color are called _________________
_________________________  ___________________________

20. Gram-positive Bacteria used to make antibiotics are called __________________________________.

21. Gram-positive bacteria cause many diseases in humans by producing _________________________
which are poisons to our bodies.

22. Bacteria that appear Pink after staining are called  _______________
________________________  ___________________________.

23. Gram-negative bacteria have an extra layer of ________________ on the outside
of the ____________  ____________ and appear ___________ after the Gram staining.

24. The lipid layer _______________ the purple stain from entering the cell wall.

25. Gram-negative bacteria do absorb the ____________ stain during the Gram-staining.

26. The extra layer of lipids also stops many ________________________ from entering the bacteria.

27.  Scientist think that gram-negative bacteria may have evolved from a
____________________________  _____________________________.

28.   ______________________ grow in the root nodules of such plants as soybean, clover, and alfalfa.

29. Rhizobacteria fix ______________________ from the atmosphere into a form that plants
and animals can use (this greatly helps both plants and animals).  They convert the gaseous
nitrogen into compounds such as __________________________  (NH3).

30.  Gram-negative bacteria are distinguished by an extra layer of _________________.

31.   _______________________ are Gram-negative bacteria that perform plant-like
____________________________ and release oxygen as a by-product.
32.   _____________________________ are much _________________ than many other
prokaryotes.

33. Organisms that obtain energy from oxidizing inorganic compound instead of sunlight are called _________________________________.

34. Whiplike structures used by bacteria for movements are called ______________________.

35.   Photoautotrophs are bacteria that use ______________________ as an energy source.

36.   Bacteria can be one of three different shapes:

A. _____________________________________________(Rod)

B. _____________________________________________(Sphere)

C. _____________________________________________(Spiral)

37.  Bacteria usually gain part of their ____________________ from their shape.

38. Two major differences between groups of bacteria are their source of ____________________
and weather or not they use ________________ for cellular respiration.

39.   Most bacteria are _______________________; they get their energy by consuming (eating) organic molecules.

40.   Some are __________________ that make their own food from ________________.

41.   ____________________________ obtain their food from inorganic compound instead of sunlight.

42.  _________________________ use sunlight for energy.

43.   Organisms that use oxygen during cellular respiration are called ________________ Organisms
that do not use oxygen are called __________________________.  Typically they get their energy through _________________________________.

44. Bacteria called ______________  __________________ cannot live without oxygen.

45.   Bacteria called ____________  _______________ cannot live in the presence of oxygen.

46.   Bacteria called ________________  __________________ can use oxygen when it is available,
but do not depend on it.

47. Most bacteria reproduce by a process called _________________ __________________.

48. Binary fission is a process in which the __________________________ replicate,
after which the ________________ divides.

49. Binary fission is a type of _____________________ reproduction.

50. Some bacteria contain smaller pieces of circular DNA called  ________________________.

51. Bacteria can exchange genes by one of three special means: _________________________, __________________________, or _____________________________.

52. The process of exchanging genetic material through cell to cell contact is called
___________________________________.

53. Hair like structures on the surface of bacteria are called ______________________.

54. The process by which bacteria cells pick up and incorporate DNA from dead bacteria cells is called _________________________________.

55. Using a virus to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another is called _____________________________.

56. When living conditions become _____________________, some bacteria from special
dehydrated cells called ___________________________________.

57. Bacteria that form ___________________ have an advantage for ____________________.

58. Bacteria the feed on and that break down dead organic material are called ______________________________.

59. Type of bacteria that produces many antibiotics__________________________.

60. Type of bacteria that produces endotoxins ___________________________  ___________________________.

61. Bacteria that can only survive in the absence of oxygen are called _______________________  ____________________________.

62. Gram-negative bacteria appear ________________ when they undergo the Gram-stain procedure.

63. Type of  bacteria that performs nitrogen fixation is _________________________.

64. Type of bacteria that peptidoglycan is present in cell walls _________________________________.

65. What bacteria are thought to be responsible for establishing the Earth’s oxygen-rich atmosphere? ____________________________________

66. Bacteria cells typically lack ____________________________________.

67. Bacterial disease of the intestines are usually transmitted by contaminated __________________________  or __________________________.

68. What are the Three Mechanism of action of an antibiotic?

DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without appropriate discussion is inadequate.

1. Describe the capsule of a bacterium and its function.

2. Identify the most common shapes of Eubacteria and Describe each.

3. Compare and Contrast Archaebacteria with Eubacteria.

4. Identify Three Ways that bacteria are used to produce substances for human use.

5. Describe the significance of cyanobacteria in the formation of the Earth’s atmosphere.

6. List the various structures of the bacterial cell, and Describe their function.

7. Explain the laboratory technique Gram stain and Explain what it is used for.

8. Define the term genetic recombination as it applies to bacteria, and Describe Three ways that genetic
recombination occurs in bacteria.

9. Explain how chemoautotrophs differ from photosynthetic autotrophs.

10. Explain how the terms bacteria, Eubacteria, and Archaebacteria, relate to one another.

11. Describe Three Types of movement among bacteria.

12. List the characteristics that are used to classify bacteria.

13.  Explain how chemoautotrophs harvest energy from the environment.

14.  Describe Two Ways bacteria cause disease.

15.  Explain why antibiotic resistance among bacteria is increasing.

16. List one distinguishing characteristic of each of the three main groups of Archaebacteria.

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