Biology Junction Team - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Chapter 10 Questions PPT

DNA & Replication
ppt Questions

History of DNA

1. Early scientists believed that _________ was the genetic material of the cell. Explain why.

2. Proteins are made of 20 different ________________.

3. Long chains of amino acids make up _________________.

4. Fred Griffith worked with what type of bacteria?

5. What did he find to be true after his experiments with the S and R strains of bacteria?

6. This process of picking up DNA from the environment is called ____________________.

7. Did Griffith’s experiment prove DNA was the genetic material?

8. What 2 main things make up chromosomes?

9. What did Hershey and Chase use in their experiments to prove DNA was the cell’s genetic material?

10. Hershey and Chase radioactively tagged the viral DNA with _______________ and the protein capsid with ______________.

11. Which radioactive substance was injected into and took over the host cell’s DNA?

12. What scientists showed the amount of the 4 nitrogen bases present in DNA?

13. Name the bases and their amounts found in somatic or body cells of humans.

14. What bases are complementary (pair with each other) on DNA?

15. What type of bonds join base pairs on DNA?

16. Are these strong or weak bonds?

17. What was Rosalind Franklin’s contribution to finding DNA’s structure?

18. Who built the first model of DNA and what did they use to help get the correct measurements for the molecule?

DNA Structure

19. DNA is two coiled strands known as a ___________________.

20. What makes up the sides of a DNA molecule?

21. What bonds the deoxyribose sugars to the phosphate groups?

22. Where are the nitrogen bases found on DNA & how are they bonded?

23. Most DNA has a ______________ twist with ________ base pairs in a complete turn.

24. DNA stands for ___________________________.

25. ______________ are the subunits making up DNA.

26. Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide.

27. Why is deoxyribose called a pentose sugar?

28. Sketch a pentose sugar and include the carbons correctly numbered.

29. The sugars on one DNA strand of DNA are from 5′ to _________, while the sugars on the other strand are antiparallel running from _________ to ___________.

30. Double ring nitrogen bases are called ____________, while single ring nitrogen bases are called ________________.

31. Name the purines.

32. Name the pyrimidines.

33. Purines will only pair with ________________.

34. __________ hydrogen bonds are required to join guanine to cytosine, while only ________ bonds join adenine to thymine.

35. If there is 30% adenine, how much cytosine is present?

DNA Replication

36. Cells must copy their DNA before they do what? Explain why.

37. During what part of the cell cycle is DNA copied?

38. In eukaryotes, where are the copies of DNA made?

39. The process of copying DNA is known as DNA ________________.

40. Replication of DNA begins at points called __________________________.

41. The two DNA strands ______________ at origins of replication forming Y-shaped areas called _______________________.

42. New DNA strands grow at the _____________.

43. As the two strands open at the origins of replication, replication _____________ form.

44. Prokaryotic chromosomes have a ___________ replication bubble, while eukaryotic cells have ___________ bubbles.

45. What enzyme uncoils DNA so it can be replicated or copied?

46. What other job does this enzyme perform?

47. What is the job of single-strand binding proteins?

48. What enzyme relieves stress on the DNA strands at the replication forks?

49. An RNA __________ must be present to start the addition of new nucleotides.

50. What enzyme makes the RNA primer?

51. DNA ______________ is the enzyme that adds new complementary base pairs.

52. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to what end of the DNA molecule?

53. Which DNA strand is synthesized continuously as a single strand?

54. The leading strand is made from the ______________ toward the _________________ as it opens.

55. The ____________ strand is synthesized ____________ the overall direction of replication.

56. The lagging strand is made in __________ short segments from the _____________ fork toward the _____________ of replication.

57. The short segments of the lagging strand are called ______________ fragments.

58. What enzyme joins Okazaki fragments together into one strand?

59. Sketch half of a replication bubble. Label the point of origin and the replication fork. Draw two arrows showing the leading strand and the lagging strand.

60. DNA polymerase initially makes how many errors?

61. Proofreading enzymes correct mistakes in DNA to a one in ______________ base pairing errors?

62. Explain the semiconservative model for DNA replication.

63. Who developed this idea about replication?

64. Chemicals and _____________ radiation can damage DNA in our body cells so it must be ________________ repaired.

65. What is excision repair?

66. What 2 enzymes replace damaged sections of DNA and rebind the molecule?

67. What is the complementary DNA strand for: 5′ -CGTATG -3′ ?

Chapter 13 Biotechnology PPT Questions

DNA Technology
ppt Questions

DNA Extraction

1. When cells are treated with certain chemicals, it causes the plasma membrane to __________ or lyse.

2. DNA can be pulled out of cells because it is ________________ and can be ______________.

3. Describe the appearance of DNA spooled from cells.

4. What may be used to cut DNA into smaller pieces?

5. Do all restriction enzymes cut DNA at the same place?

6. What 2 properties can be used to separate DNA fragments?

7. Why does DNA have a negative charge?

8. To separate DNA fragments, it is placed in a ____________ with a current of _____________ running through it.

9. This process is called ____________________.

10. What determines the direction DNA will move in a gel?

11. Which fragments move further and faster?

12. DNA fragments are loaded into depression on the gel called _____________.

13. The DNA gel floats in a chamber covered with a ____________ solution.

14. DNA fragments closest to the wells are ___________ in size, while the __________ DNA fragments are further from the wells.

Steps in DNA Sequencing

15. Many copies of a ______________ of DNA are placed in a test tube and ________________ is added to begin the process.

16. What else must be added?

17. How are the different nucleotide bases marked or tagged?

18. Dyed and _____________ nucleotides are added, but the large __________ molecules stop the chain from growing producing DNA fragments of _______________ sizes.

19. The fragments make banding patterns on an electrophoresis gel of different _____________ that can be identified.

20. The separated fragments are then read by _____________ from the ________ of the gel to the top.

Copying DNA

21. Define PCR and tell what it stands for.

22. To make many copies of DNA, DNA polymerase is added that can work at very high _______________.

23. DNA is _____________ to separate the two strands.

24. What is added next to the test tube of DNA and DNA polymerase?

25. What are primers?

26. When the tube is cooled, DNA polymerase adds new ___________ to the separated DNA strands.

27. Even though a small amount of DNA is used to start PCR, ___________ amounts of DNA can be copied.

Cloning

28. What is a clone?

29. Clones may be produced by _____________ reproduction.

30. What two types of cells are combined in order to clone an organism?

31. Once a body cell fuses to an egg cell, the cell divides like a normal _____________.

32. What was the first successfully cloned organism?

Human Genome Project

33. When was the project started?

34. What is the goal of the project?

35. How many nucleotides approximately make up the human genome? How many chromosomes?

36. Who is mapping the genes on the human chromosomes?

37. From working on the Human Genome project, scientists have discovered that only about ________ actually codes for proteins; these genes are called _____________.

38. What is the other 98% or non-coding genes of DNA known as?

39. How many genes have been found on DNA? Is this more or less than the expected number?

40. What are SNP’s that the scientists found?

41. Define proteome.

42. Human Genome researchers discovered transposons. What are these structures?

43. The Human Genome Project was produced an area of science known as bioinformatics. how is this helpful in sequencing DNA?

44. Define biotechnology.

45. Give an example of an agricultural crop grown in this area that has been improved by genetic engineering.

46. What product was 1st made in 1982 by genetic engineering to help diabetics?

47. Explain how biotechnology has improved each of these fruits or vegetables:

a. bananas

b. rice

c. garlic

d. potatoes

48. Give 4 ways biotechnology has helped the environment.

Chapter 1 Questions PPT

Introduction to Biology

Science of Life

1. Approximately how long ago did life arise on earth?

2. Describe the first organisms.

3. Organisms change or __________ over long periods of time.

4. Today, millions of _________ of organisms exist on earth.

5. The ________ is the basis unit of life and makes up all _____________.

6. _____________ organisms are made of a single cell and are genetically ___________ to their parent cell.

7. Many-celled organisms are known are called _______________ and they may be made of ___________ types of cells.

8. What is true about the size of most cells?

9. Are cells organized?

10. Specialized structures in cells are called _____________.

11. What surrounds all cells?

12. All cells must contain a set of ______________ instructions or DNA.

13. Organisms maintain stable internal conditions called ______________.

14. Name 4 things that organisms must keep stable or balanced.

15. For a species to continue, some of its members must be able to _____________ and pass on their traits to their ______________.

16. What does DNA stand for?

17. DNA’s instructions are called __________ and code for the complex ____________ necessary for life.

18. ___________ cells or body cells each have a full set of _________ or hereditary material.

19. ____________ reproductions combines hereditary information from _____ parents.

20. When an sperm and egg join, a fertilized egg or __________ forms and contains DNA from ________ parents.

21. In ___________ reproduction, only a single parent cell reproduces and the new cells are genetically _____________ to each other and the original cell.

22. _____________, not individual organisms, change or evolve over many generations.

23. ____________ ___________ is the driving force for evolution.

24. According to natural selection, which individuals in a population are more likely to survive and be able to reproduce?

25. A change in population due to the survival & reproduction of organisms with favorable traits is known as what?

26. Define ecology.

27. Name 3 things that organisms need from their environment.

Matter, Energy, & Organization

28. Organisms require a constant supply of ____________.

29. The _________ directly or indirectly supplies the energy for living things.

30. ______________ is the process of capturing sunlight and changing it into stored ____________ energy for organisms.

31. __________ are organisms that can make their own food.

32. _____________ use _________ for photosynthesis converting _________ and _______ into sugar and __________.

33. ______________ use chemicals to get energy.

34. Organisms that can’t make their own food are known as _____________ and may be __________ eating autotrophs, ______________ eating other heterotrophs, or ______________eating both autotrophs and heterotrophs to get energy.

World of Biology

35. the size of an organisms depends on the ___________ of cells that make it up and not the _______ of the cells.

36. Organelles are cell structures that carry out different ___________ for the cell.

37. The sum of all the chemical processes in an organisms is called _____________.

38. _________ is needed for all metabolic processes including growth and reproduction.

39. Homeostasis is when a n organism maintains ____________ internal conditions such as body temperature.

40. Name 2 processes that result in the growth of an organism.

41. All new cells develop from ______________ cells.

42. new cells ___________ as they mature.

43. The process of an organism become an adult is called ______________ and involves numerous cell ____________ and cell _______________.

44. Do all members of a species have to be able to reproduce for the species to continue?

45. Organisms respond to ____________ from their environment such as light, __________, heat, and touch.

Scientific Method

46. The scientific method begins with _____________ that involves using your senses to perceive objects or events in the natural world.

47. Based on their observations and questioning, scientists make a ________________ that can tested through experimentation.

48. Hypothesis may have to be ___________ after an experiment is done if it is NOT supported by the data.

49. Testing a hypothesis must be done in a ______________ experiment that includes a control group that can be compared to an ______________ group.

50. How many factors may be different between the control group & experimental group?

51. What is this one factor called?

52. The ___________ variable is measured in both groups.

53. Information collected in an experiment is called ___________.

54. When numerical data is collected, it is called _____________ data.

55. _____________ may be used when the population size is too large for the experiment.

56. Collected data must be organized into ___________, ____________, or graphs.

57. A ___________ may be formed from many related hypotheses that have been tested & support the evidence.

58. When scientists complete their experiments they must _________ their work with other scientists.

59. Scientific work may be printed in scientific ____________ or presented as papers as scientific ______________.

Microscopes

60. Microscopes produce an enlarged ____________ of an object due to ____________ of the microscope lenses.

61. The clearness of a microscope image is known as ____________.

62. Arrange these things in order from smallest to largest – fly, animal cell, atom, virus, organelle, bacterial cell.

63. Label the parts of this microscope.

64. Where is the specimen placed in order to view it through a microscope?

65. What lens do you look through at the top of a microscope and what is its magnification?

66. What are the lenses called on the revolving nosepiece?

67. How do you determine the total magnification for a microscope?

68. Which knob should be turned to focus on low power?

69. Which knob should be turned to focus on high power?

70. How should a microscope be carried?

71. What should be done when you are finished using a microscope?

72. The best light microscopes can magnify images up to how many times?

73. What type of microscope can used to view inside of cells that have been thinly sliced?

74. What is total magnification for the TEM?

75. What type of microscope produces a 3-D image of the surface of an object?

76. Can electron microscopes be used to view living specimens?

Measurements

77. Scientists use the _____________ system or _______.

78. The SI system is based on units of _______.

79.The basic metric unit of measure is __________ for mass, _________ for volume, __________ for temperature, _____________ for length, and __________ for time.

80. What are the most common prefixes used for biology and what do they stand for?

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Chapter 2 – Chemistry Outline

Student Name
Date
Period

	Chapter 2 Chemistry Outline

	I. Composition of Matter
	A. Matter
	* 1.1 1. Makes up everything
	2. Occupies space & has mass
	3. Mass – quantity of matter making up an object
	4. Pull of gravity produces weight
	5. Chemical changes in matter necessary for life processes

	B. Elements and Atoms
	1. Pure substances that can’t be chemically broken down
	2. about 30 elements important to organisms
	3. Most common elements are C, H, O, N
	4. Symbols (1-2 letters) stand for elements
	5. May use Latin or Greek e.g. Na – sodium (natrium)
	*1.2 6. Simplest part of an element with the same properties

	C. Nucleus
	1. Most of the mass
	2. Central part of an atom
	3.

Chemistry Powerpoint Worksheet

Chemistry PowerPoint Notes

1. What makes up everything in the universe?

2. Name 2 properties of all matter.

3. Define mass.

4. How does weight differ from mass?

5.What are elements?

6. Name the 4 elements that make up most of a living thing.

7. What is used to represent an element?

8. Name the smallest part of an element.

9. What are the 2 main regions of an atom?

10. Where is the nucleus of an atom found and what does it contain?

11. What is the charge on a proton? A neutron?

12. All atoms of the same element have the ________ number of protons.

13. The number of protons in an atom determines the _________________________.

14. What is the charge on an electron?

15. If you know the number of protons in an atom, how can you determine the number of electrons?

16. Do all the atoms of the same element have the same number of neutrons?

17. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called ___________.

18. The mass of an atom is centered in the ___________.

19. The number of protons PLUS neutrons in an atom determines its ___________________.

20. What atomic particle has a negative charge?

21. Why isn’t the mass of an electron used to determine the atomic mass of an element?

22. Where are electrons found?

23. Which electrons in an atom have the most energy?

24. How many energy levels are there & name them?

25. How many electrons will each energy level hold?

26. Elements are arranged on a __________________ by their atomic _____________.

27. What are Periods & what do they tell you about elements?

28.What are Families & what do they tell you about elements?

29. Two or more elements combined together make a _____________.

30. Chemical ______________ represent compounds.

31. _____________ are the smallest part of a compound.

32. ______________ in chemical formulas tell the number of atoms of each element.

33. _____________ in a formula tell the number of molecules.

34. Compounds have ____________ properties than its elements.

35. The outermost _______________ in elements determine if they will combine.

36. Elements with ___________ outer energy levels are stable & won’t react.

37. Why do elements tend to react with other elements?

38. Chemical _____________ represent chemical reactions.

39. ______________ appear on the right of the equation, while ___________ are on the left.

40. Chemical bonds store ____________.

41. How do covalent bonds form?

42. How do ions form?

43. Positive ions _________ electrons, while negative ions ___________ electrons.

44. Define energy.

43. Give some examples of different forms of energy.

44. Atoms are in constant ________________, which determines the atom’s ____________.

45. List the 3 main states of matter.

46. _______________ energy must be added or removed to change the state of matter.

47. In reactions the amount of product must ____________ the amount of reactants.

48. Most of an organism’s energy comes from _____________ in foods.

49. _______________ reactions release energy.

50. Give an example of an exergonic reaction in cells.

51. _________________ reactions store energy.

52. Give an example of an endergonic reaction in cells.

53. Most reactions in cells are _________________.

54. _________________ energy is the energy needed to start a reaction.

55. Catalysts _____________ the amount of activation energy needed.

56. Catalysts in organisms are called ______________ and are usually ______________.

57. Enzymes act on ____________ which join at the _______________ site.

58. Can enzymes be reused?

59. Redox reactions stands for _________________________ reactions.

60. The oxidized substance _____________ electrons & becomes _____________ charged.

61. The reduced substance _____________ electrons & becomes _____________ charged.

62. Define solution.

63. The _____________ is dissolved in the ____________ in a solution.

64. _______________ is the universal solvent.

65. A solution becomes _____________ when no more solute will dissolve.

66. ______________ solutions have water as the solvent & are important to ______________.

67. What is the dissociation of water?

68. Write the equation for this.

69. OH is the ______________ ion, while H+ is the ______________ ion.

70. Acids produce _____________ ions, while bases have an excess of ________ ions.

71. The _______ scale measures the concentration of H+ ions and goes from ____________.

72. From 0 to 7 are ___________, a pH of 7 is __________, & above 7 to 14 are _________.

73. _____________ are used in the body to control pH and keep it near a pH of ______ or neutral.