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Study Guide Cellular Respiration

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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 1.
When cells break down food molecules, energy
a.
 is released all at once.
b.
 is released entirely as body heat into the environment.
c.
 is temporarily stored in ATP molecules.
d.
 causes excitation of electrons in chlorophyll molecules.
 2.
ATP
a.
 contains five phosphate groups.
b.
 is essential for a cell to perform all the tasks necessary for life.
c.
 is found only in bacteria.
d.
 All of the above
 3.
A substance produced during photosynthesis that is used for completion of cellular respiration is
a.
 water.
c.
 NADPH.
b.
 ATP.
d.
 oxygen.
 4.
The process of cellular respiration
a.
 is performed only by organisms that are incapable of photosynthesis.
b.
 breaks down food molecules to release stored energy.
c.
 occurs before plants are able to carry out photosynthesis.
d.
 occurs only in animals.
 5.
cellular respiration : organic compounds ::
a.
 light bulb : glass
c.
 automobile : gasoline
b.
 trunk : clothing
d.
 country : nation
 6.
When glycolysis occurs,
a.
 a molecule of glucose is split.
b.
 two molecules of pyruvic acid are made.
c.
 some ATP is produced.
d.
 All of the above
 7.
The name of the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of oxygen is
a.
 respiration.
c.
 fermentation.
b.
 oxidation.
d.
 All of the above
 8.
When muscles are exercised extensively in the absence of sufficient oxygen,
a.
 a large amount of ATP is formed.
b.
 NADH molecules split.
c.
 lactic acid is produced.
d.
 cellular respiration ceases.
 9.
You have been growing some animal cells in culture. The cells grow well for several weeks, and then their growth slows down. You conduct some tests and determine that there is a lot of lactic acid in the culture fluid. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the poor growth of the cells?
a.
 There is too much glucose in the culture fluid.
b.
 There is not enough glucose in the culture fluid.
c.
 There is too much oxygen in the culture fluid.
d.
 There is not enough oxygen in the culture fluid.
 10.
If the formation of a standard amount of ATP under certain conditions requires 12 kcal of energy and the complete oxidation of glucose yields 686 kcal of energy, how efficient is glycolysis at extracting energy from glucose?
a.
 1.7%
c.
 7.0%
b.
 3.5%
d.
 35%
 11.
Cellular respiration takes place in two stages:
a.
 glycolysis and fermentation.
b.
 Stage 1 and Stage 2 of photosynthesis.
c.
 glycolysis, then aerobic respiration.
d.
 aerobic respiration, then glycolysis.
 12.
In cellular respiration, a two-carbon molecule combines with a four-carbon molecule to form citric acid as part of
a.
 glycolysis.
b.
 carbon fixation.
c.
 the Krebs cycle.
d.
 the electron transport chain.
 13.
Acetyl coenzyme A
a.
 is formed from the breakdown of pyruvic acid.
b.
 enters the Krebs cycle.
c.
 can be used in synthesis of needed molecules.
d.
 All of the above
 14.
Glycolysis and aerobic respiration are different in that
a.
 glycolysis occurs on the cell membrane, while aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria.
b.
 glycolysis occurs only in photosynthesis, while aerobic respiration is part of cellular respiration.
c.
 glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen, while aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
d.
 There is no difference; these terms are different names for the same process.
 15.
Which of the following is not formed during the Krebs cycle?
a.
 CO2
c.
 NADH
b.
 FADH2
d.
 NADPH
 16.
Which of the following is not part of cellular respiration?
a.
 electron transport
c.
 the Krebs cycle
b.
 glycolysis
d.
 the Calvin cycle
 17.
With oxygen present, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain
a.
 provide organisms an alternative to glycolysis.
b.
 produce most of the ATP needed for life.
c.
 break down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
d.
 All of the above
 18.
Water is an end product in
a.
 lactic acid formation.
c.
 the Krebs cycle.
b.
 fermentation.
d.
 the electron transport chain.
 19.
Krebs cycle : CO2 ::
a.
 glycolysis : glucose
b.
 acetyl CoA formation : O2
c.
 cellular respiration : O2
d.
 electron transport chain : ATP
 20.
ATP molecules produced during aerobic respiration
a.
 remain in the mitochondria in which they are formed.
b.
 are stored in chloroplasts of the same cell in which they are formed.
c.
 enter the cell’s cytoplasm through the membranes of the mitochondria in which they are formed.
d.
 are distributed by the bloodstream to all cells in the body.
 21.
At the end of the electron transport chain,
a.
 the electrons combine with oxygen and protons to form water.
b.
 the electrons are used in the formation of ethyl alcohol.
c.
 the electrons build up inside the mitochondria and diffuse back to a thylakoid.
d.
 None of the above
C6 H12O6 + 6O2 + ADP + P ® 6CO2 + 6 H2O + MOLECULE A
 22.
The process shown in the equation above begins in the cytoplasm of a cell and ends in the
a.
 cytoplasm.
c.
 endoplasmic reticulum.
b.
 mitochondria.
d.
 lysosome.
 23.
The equation above summarizes the process known as
a.
 photosynthesis.
c.
 cellular respiration.
b.
 fermentation.
d.
 protein breakdown.
 24.
The molecule referred to as “molecule A” in the equation above is
a.
 NADPH.
c.
 NADH.
b.
 ATP.
d.
 ADP.
 25.
When living cells break down molecules, energy is
a.
 stored as ADP.
c.
 released as heat.
b.
 stored as ATP.
d.
 Both b and c
 26.
Which of the following is the best explanation for the presence of both chloroplasts and mitochondria in plant cells?
a.
 In the light, plants are photosynthetic autotrophs. In the dark, they are heterotrophs.
b.
 If plants cannot produce enough ATP in the process of photosynthesis to meet their energy needs, they can produce it in aerobic respiration.
c.
 Sugars are produced in chloroplasts. These sugars can be stored in the plant for later use, converted to other chemicals, or broken down in aerobic respiration to yield ATP for the plant to use to meet its energy needs.
d.
 The leaves and sometimes the stems of plants contain chloroplasts, which produce ATP to meet the energy needs of these plant parts. The roots of plants contain mitochondria, which produce ATP to meet the energy needs of these plant parts.
 27.
In cellular respiration, the most energy is transferred during
a.
 glycolysis.
b.
 lactic acid fermentation.
c.
 the Krebs cycle.
d.
 the electron transport chain
 28.
Electrons are donated to the electron transport chain by
a.
 ATP and NADH.
c.
 ATP and NAD+.
b.
 FADH2 and NADH.
d.
 NAD+ and ATP.
 29.
If the formation of 38 molecules of ATP requires 266 kcal of energy and the complete oxidation of glucose yields 686 kcal of energy, how efficient is cellular respiration at extracting energy from glucose?
a.
 20%
c.
 25%
b.
 39%
d.
 100%
 

Completion
Complete each statement.
 30.
During fermentation, either ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide or ____________________ is formed.
 31.
Of the maximum possible yield of 38 ATP molecules produced by the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule, ____________________ molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis.
 32.
The Krebs cycle takes place in the _________________________.
 

Essay
 33.
The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is usually described as a cycle. Briefly explain. Write your answer in the space below.

 
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Transcription and Translation Tool

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Transcription and Translation Tool Converts DNA to RNA to protein.

DNA sequence:
RNA sequence:
 Protein sequence:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

  • a permanent copy of genetic information.
  • uses “T” instead of “U”
  • no 2′ OH group
  • more stable than RNA
  • lower error frequency during replication than RNA
RNA (ribonucleic acid)

  • messenger RNA (mRNA) is a temporary copy of the gene sequence in which protein is encoded.
Protein

  • consists of amino acids linked by aminoester (“peptide”) bonds.
  • most enzymes and many structural components of cells are made of proteins.

Genetics Practice Test

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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 1.
Mendel prevented self-pollination of his plants by
a.
 growing only one kind of plant.
b.
 preventing crossing-over.
c.
 removing the anthers of the plants.
d.
 removing the stigmas of the plants.
 2.
The “father” of genetics was
a.
 T. A. Knight.
c.
 Gregor Mendel.
b.
 Hans Krebs.
d.
 None of the above
 3.
Mendel obtained his P generation by allowing the plants to
a.
 self-pollinate.
c.
 assort independently.
b.
 cross-pollinate.
d.
 segregate.
 4.
What is the probability that the offspring of a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual will exhibit the dominant phenotype?
a.
 0.25
c.
 0.66
b.
 0.5
d.
 1.0
 5.
True-breeding pea plants always
a.
 are pollinated by hand.
b.
 produce offspring each of which can have multiple forms of a trait.
c.
 produce offspring each of which can have only one form of a trait.
d.
 are heterozygous.
 6.
The first filial (F1) generation is the result of
a.
 cross-pollination among parents and the next generation.
b.
 crosses between individuals of the parental generation.
c.
 crosses between the offspring of a parental cross.
d.
 self-fertilization between parental stock.
 7.
Which of the following is the designation for Mendel’s original pure strains of plants?
a.
 P
c.
 F1
b.
 P1
d.
 F2
 8.
F2 : F1 ::
a.
 P : F1
c.
 F1 : P
b.
 F1 : F2
d.
 dominant trait : recessive trait
 9.
The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called
a.
 genetics.
c.
 development.
b.
 heredity.
d.
 maturation.
 10.
A genetic trait that appears in every generation of offspring is called
a.
 dominant.
c.
 recessive.
b.
 phenotypic.
d.
 superior.
 11.
homozygous : heterozygous ::
a.
 heterozygous : Bb
c.
 BB : Bb
b.
 probability : predicting chances
d.
 homozygous : BB
 12.
Mendel’s finding that the inheritance of one trait had no effect on the inheritance of another became known as the
a.
 law of dominance.
b.
 law of universal inheritance.
c.
 law of separate convenience.
d.
 law of independent assortment.
 13.
To describe how traits can disappear and reappear in a certain pattern from generation to generation, Mendel proposed
a.
 the law of independent assortment.
b.
 the law of segregation.
c.
 the law of genotypes.
d.
 that the F2 generation will produce only purple flowers.
 14.
The law of segregation explains that
a.
 alleles of a gene separate from each other during meiosis.
b.
 different alleles of a gene can never be found in the same organism.
c.
 each gene of an organism ends up in a different gamete.
d.
 each gene is found on a different molecule of DNA.
 15.
When Mendel crossed pea plants that differed in two characteristics, such as flower color and plant height,
a.
 these experiments led to his law of segregation.
b.
 he found that the inheritance of one trait did not influence the inheritance of the other trait.
c.
 he found that the inheritance of one trait influenced the inheritance of the other trait.
d.
 these experiments were considered failures because the importance of his work was not recognized.
 16.
The phenotype of an organism
a.
 represents its genetic composition.
b.
 reflects all the traits that are actually expressed.
c.
 occurs only in dominant pure organisms.
d.
 cannot be seen.
 17.
If an individual has two recessive alleles for the same trait, the individual is said to be
a.
 homozygous for the trait.
b.
 haploid for the trait.
c.
 heterozygous for the trait.
d.
 mutated.
 18.
An individual heterozygous for a trait and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait are crossed and produce many offspring. These offspring are likely to be
a.
 all the same genotype.
b.
 of two different phenotypes.
c.
 of three different phenotypes.
d.
 all the same phenotype.
 19.
Tallness (T) is dominant over shortness (t) in pea plants. Which of the following represents the genotype of a pea plant that is heterozygous for tallness?
a.
 T
c.
 Tt
b.
 TT
d.
 tt

In humans, having freckles (F) is dominant over not having freckles (f). The inheritance of these traits can be studied using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below.

nar001-1.jpg
 20.
Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented in box 1 in the Punnett square would
a.
 be homozygous for freckles.
b.
 have an extra freckles chromosome.
c.
 be heterozygous for freckles.
d.
 have freckles chromosomes.
 21.
Refer to the illustration above. The genotype in box 3 of the Punnett square is
a.
 FF.
c.
 ff.
b.
 Ff.
d.
 None of the above
 22.
A trait that occurs in 450 individuals out of a total of 1,800 individuals occurs with a probability of
a.
 0.04.
c.
 0.50.
b.
 0.25.
d.
 0.75.
 23.
How many different phenotypes can be produced by a pair of codominant alleles?
a.
 1
c.
 3
b.
 2
d.
 4
nar002-1.jpg
 24.
Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype represented by box 1 is
a.
 green, inflated.
c.
 yellow, inflated.
b.
 green, constricted.
d.
 yellow, constricted.
 25.
Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented by box 2 is
a.
 GgIi.
c.
 GI.
b.
 GGIi.
d.
 Gi.
 26.
2,000 yellow seeds : 8,000 total seeds ::
a.
 1 : 6
c.
 1 : 3
b.
 1 : 8
d.
 1 : 4

In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). Consider the following cross between two rabbits.

nar003-1.jpg
 27.
Refer to the illustration above. The device shown, which is used to determine the probable outcome of genetic crosses, is called a
a.
 Mendelian box.
c.
 genetic graph.
b.
 Punnett square.
d.
 phenotypic paradox.
 28.
Refer to the illustration above. Both of the parents in the cross are
a.
 black.
b.
 brown.
c.
 homozygous dominant.
d.
 homozygous recessive.
 29.
Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype of the offspring indicated by box 3 would be
a.
 brown.
b.
 black.
c.
 a mixture of brown and black.
d.
 The phenotype cannot be determined.
 30.
Refer to the illustration above. The genotypic ratio of the F1 generation would be
a.
 1:1.
c.
 1:3.
b.
 3:1.
d.
 1:2:1.
 31.
What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant ´ heterozygous monohybrid cross?
a.
 1:0
c.
 1:2:1
b.
 1:1
d.
 1:3:1
 32.
What fraction of the offspring resulting from a heterozygous ´ heterozygous dihybrid cross are homozygous recessive for both traits?
a.
 9/16
c.
 3/16
b.
 1/4
d.
 1/16
 33.
What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a heterozygous ´ heterozygous monohybrid cross?
a.
 1:2:1
c.
 1:2
b.
 1:3:1
d.
 1:0
 34.
What is the expected phenotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant ´ heterozygous monohybrid cross?
a.
 1:3:1
c.
 2:1
b.
 1:2:1
d.
 1:0
nar004-1.jpg
 35.
Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype represented by box 1 is
a.
 round, yellow.
c.
 wrinkled, yellow.
b.
 round, green.
d.
 wrinkled, green.
 36.
Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented by box 2 is
a.
 RRYY.
c.
 RrYy.
b.
 RrYY.
d.
 rrYy.
 37.
Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following boxes represents the same phenotype as box 7?
a.
 3
c.
 5
b.
 4
d.
 6
 38.
An organism that has inherited two of the same alleles of a gene from its parents is called
a.
 hereditary.
c.
 homozygous.
b.
 heterozygous.
d.
 a mutation.
 39.
In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant over green seeds. What would be the expected genotype ratio in a cross between a plant with green seeds and a plant that is heterozygous for seed color?
a.
 1:3
c.
 4:1
b.
 1:2:1
d.
 1:1
 40.
codominance : both traits are displayed ::
a.
 probability : crosses
b.
 heterozygous : alleles are the same
c.
 homozygous : alleles are the same
d.
 Punnett square : chromosomes combine
 41.
The difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross is that
a.
 monohybrid crosses involve traits for which only one allele exists, while dihybrid traits involve two alleles.
b.
 monohybrid crosses involve self-pollination, while dihybrid crosses involve cross-pollination.
c.
 monohybrid crosses involve one trait; dihybrid crosses involve two traits.
d.
 dihybrid crosses require two Punnett squares; monohybrid crosses need only one.
 42.
What fraction of the offspring resulting from a heterozygous ´ heterozygous dihybrid cross are heterozygous for both traits?
a.
 9/16
c.
 3/16
b.
 1/4
d.
 1/16
 43.
A cross of two individuals for a single contrasting trait is called
a.
 monohybrid.
c.
 dominant.
b.
 dihybrid.
d.
 codominant.
 

Completion
Complete each statement.
 44.
The transferring of pollen between plants is called ____________________.
 45.
Mendel produced true-breeding strains of pea plants through the process of ____________________.
 46.
When two members of the F1 generation are allowed to breed with each other, the offspring are referred to as the ____________________ generation.
 47.
In heterozygous individuals, only the ____________________ allele achieves expression.
 48.
The statement that the members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed is known as the _________________________.
 49.
Different forms of a particular gene, which Mendel called factors, are now called ____________________.
 50.
The cellular process that results in the segregation of Mendel’s factors is ____________________.
 51.
The portion of a DNA molecule containing the coded instructions that result in a particular characteristic of an organism is called a(n) ____________________.
 52.
An organism’s ____________________ refers to the set of alleles it has inherited.
 53.
The likelihood that a specific event will occur is called ____________________.
 54.

co054-1.jpg

Refer to the illustration above. The box labeled “X” represents the phenotype ____________________.
 55.
A fractional probability of 1/2 is the same as a decimal probability of ____________________.

In pea plants, tallness (T) is dominant over shortness (t). Crosses between plants with these traits can be analyzed using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below.

nar005-1.jpg
 56.
Refer to the illustration above. The parents shown in the Punnett square are likely to have offspring with a genotype ratio of ____________________.
 57.
Refer to the illustration above. Box 2 and box ____________________ in the Punnett square represent plants that would be heterozygous for tallness.
 58.
Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype of the plant that would be represented in box 4 of the Punnett square would be ____________________.
 59.
Refer to the illustration above. The genotype of both parents shown in the Punnett square above is ____________________.
 60.
A situation in which both alleles for a trait are expressed in a heterozygous offspring is called ____________________.
 61.
A pattern of heredity in which a heterozygous individual has a phenotype that is intermediate between the phenotypes of its two homozygous parents is called _________________________.
 62.
A table used to determine and diagram the results of a genetic cross is called a ____________________.
 63.
In genetics, lowercase letters are usually used to indicate ____________________.
 

Problem
 64.
In tomato plants, tallness is dominant over dwarfness and hairy stems are dominant over hairless stems. True-breeding (homozygous) plants that are tall and have hairy stems are available. True-breeding (homozygous) plants that are dwarf and have hairless stems are also available. Design an experiment to determine whether the genes for height and hairiness of stem are on the same or different chromosomes. Explain how you will be able to determine from the results whether the genes are on the same chromosome or different chromosomes, and whether they are close to each other or far apart if they are on the same chromosome. Write your answer in the space below.
 65.

A scientist crossed true-breeding tall and hairy-stemmed tomato plants with true-breeding dwarf and hairless-stemmed tomato plants. He found that all of the F1 plants produced as a result of this cross were tall and hairy-stemmed. He then allowed the F1 plants to pollinate each other and obtained 1000 F2 plants. Of these 1000 F2 plants, he observed the following numbers of four different phenotypes:

557 tall and hairy-stemmed plants 192 dwarf and hairy-stemmed plants
180 tall and hairless-stemmed plants 71 dwarf and hairless-stemmed plants

Write your answers to the following in the space below or on a separate sheet of paper.

a.      Which height characteristic is dominant, tallness or dwarfness?
b.      Which stem characteristic is dominant, hairiness or hairlessness?
c.      What are the genotypes of the original, true-breeding parents? (Be sure to indicate what the symbols you use stand for.)
d.      What are the genotypes of the F1 hybrid plants? (Be sure to indicate what the symbols you use stand for.)
e.      What are the genotypes of the four types of plants found in the F2 generation? (Be sure to indicate what the symbols you use stand for.)
f.      What were the expected numbers of plants of each type in the F2 generation? (Round off to the nearest whole numbers.)
g.      Why did the observed numbers of plants of each type in the F2 generation differ from the expected?
h.      How could this experiment have been changed to obtain numbers of plants of each type in the F2 generation that were closer to the expected numbers?
 

Essay
 66.
How might you go about determining the genotype of a red-flowering plant where red is dominant over white? Write your answer in the space below.
 67.
Describe pollination in pea plants. Write your answer in the space below.
 68.
In what ways did Mendel’s methods help ensure his success in unraveling the mechanics of heredity? Write your answer in the space below.
 69.
What conclusions did Gregor Mendel reach based on his observations of pea plants? Write your answer in the space below.
 70.
Describe Mendel’s observation regarding independent assortment. Write your answer in the space below.
 71.
What are three ways to express the probability of an event that occurs 500 times out of 2,000 total trials? Write your answer in the space below.
 72.
Describe how genotype and phenotype are related, and give an example. Write your answer in the space below.
 73.
Explain what is meant by homozygous and heterozygous, and give an example of each. Write your answer in the space below.
 74.
All of the offspring resulting from a cross between a red snapdragon and a white snapdragon are pink. What is a possible explanation for this? Write your answer in the space below.

 
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Seed Plants

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True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
1.
Tracheids and sieve tubes make up a xylem vessel.
2.
The main function of ground tissue is to conduct water and minerals.
3.
Vascular tissue is found within ground tissue, which makes up the outside of the plant.
4.
The outer protective layer of tissue on a vascular plant is known as the meristem.
5.
Monocot stems cannot become large in diameter because they lack lateral meristems.
6.
The loss of water by transpiration at the leaves helps pull water into the plant at the roots.
7.
The blade of a compound leaf is divided into leaflets.
8.
Many gymnosperms, such as pine, spruce, and fir trees, produce their seeds in cones.
9.
The flowers of angiosperms are ornamental and have no reproductive function.
10.
Brightly colored petals, scents, and nectar are all adaptations of flowers that help ensure pollination.
11.
Plants with colorful flowers are pollinated most commonly by wind.
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
12.
The conducting cells of phloem are called
a.
tracheids.
c.
sieve plates.
b.
sieve tube members.
d.
vessel elements.
13.
Plants grow in regions of active cell division called
a.
meristems.
c.
phloem.
b.
xylem.
d.
dermal tissue.
14.
The lengthening of plant roots and shoots is called
a.
secondary growth.
c.
primary growth.
b.
germination.
d.
vascular growth.
seed_plants_files/i0170000.jpg
15.
Refer to the illustration above. The structure indicated at “f”
a.
supports the anther.
b.
produces pollen.
c.
has tiny structures that look like leaves.
d.
develops into a fruit.
16.
Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled “c”
a.
produces pollen.
c.
is sticky to the touch.
b.
contains sperm cells.
d.
contains meristematic tissue.
17.
The process of transferring pollen from a male cone to a female cone in gymnosperms is called
a.
fertilization.
c.
pollination.
b.
seed formation.
d.
asexual reproduction.
18.
If a plant’s flowers are very colorful and produce nectar, the plant is probably pollinated by
a.
water.
c.
insects.
b.
wind.
d.
self-pollination.
19.
Fertilization
a.
involves the union of the egg and sperm.
b.
may not follow pollination at all.
c.
may not occur until weeks or months after pollination has taken place.
d.
All of the above
20.
After an egg has been fertilized, a fruit develops from the
a.
style.
c.
ovule.
b.
ovary.
d.
sepal.

 
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Seed Plants Study Guide

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Seed Plants Quiz

 

 

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
 1.
A vascular plant’s body is formed from dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems. _________________________
 2.
The protective layer of cork on a woody stem is a part of the ground tissue system of plants. _________________________
 3.
Root hairs are extensions of the cortex cells that cover a root. _________________________
 4.
Xylem transports water and mineral nutrients in vascular plants. _________________________
 5.
The main function of ground tissue is to conduct water, minerals, and nutrients. _________________________
 6.
Vascular tissue surrounded by ground tissue, which makes up much of the outside of a vascular plant. _________________________
 7.
The main functions of the roots of plants are anchoring the plant and absorbing water and minerals. _________________________
 8.
Herbaceous plants have non-woody stems. _________________________
 9.
Sapwood contains xylem vessels that cannot conduct water. _________________________
 10.
Xylem in heartwood cannot conduct water. _________________________
 11.
A compound leaf has two or more leaflets. _________________________
 12.
A plant embryo’s root develops above the cotyledons. _________________________
 13.
A protective sheath covers the shoot of a sprouting bean seed. _________________________
 14.
The cotyledons of beans are visible above the soil after germination. _________________________
 15.
The cotyledons of a corn seed remain below the soil surface after germination. _________________________
 16.
Plants stop developing once they have matured. _________________________
 17.
Plants add new cells to the tips of their stems and roots, causing them to grow longer. _________________________
 18.
Cell division in meristems decreases the length and width of a plant. _________________________
 19.
Secondary tissues form as a result of cell division in a plant’s apical meristems. _________________________
 20.
Nitrogen is an essential mineral nutrient needed for plant growth and development. _________________________
 21.
Since calcium is a part of cell membranes, it plays a role in the support of a plant’s body. _________________________
 22.
If a plant becomes deficient in magnesium, it will not be able to perform cellular respiration. _________________________
 23.
The availability of light and nutrients affects the rate of plant growth. _________________________
 24.
The movement of water through a plant can be explained by the pressure-flow model. _________________________
 25.
The loss of water by translocation at the leaves helps pull water into the plant at the roots. _________________________
 26.
The rate of water absorption in roots is influenced by the amount of water lost through transpiration. _________________________
 27.
Osmosis between water molecules helps to pull water through a plant’s xylem. _________________________
 28.
The guard cells swell when they take in water, which closes the stomata and allows transpiration to proceed. _________________________
 29.
The movement of sugars into phloem cells requires the process of active transport. _________________________
 30.
The distribution of sugars within a plant is referred to as transpiration. _________________________
 31.
Sugars move in only two directions within the phloem of a plant. _________________________
 32.
Roots function in the storage of excess nutrients in many plants. Therefore, roots are an example of a sink only. _________________________
 33.
In plants, organic nutrients move through the xylem from where they are made to where they are needed. _________________________
 34.
The transport of organic molecules from a leaf to the rest of the plant is called transportation. _________________________
 35.
A hormone is any chemical messenger that is produced in one location and causes a response in another location. _________________________
 36.
Auxins were the first group of plant hormones to be described. _________________________
 37.
The shoots of oat seedlings bend toward light because of auxins produced in their root tips. _________________________
 38.
Cytokinins are hormones that slow the aging of some plant organs such as cut flowers. _________________________
 39.
Seedless fruits are often produced by applying ethylene to developing fruits. _________________________
 40.
Plant shoots grow upward due to a negative gravitropism. _________________________
 41.
Tropisms are the only way that plants respond to environmental stimuli. _________________________
 42.
Tropisms are distinguished from other plant responses to stimuli in that they depend on the direction from which the stimulus comes. _________________________
 43.
The response of a plant to the direction of a touch is called a thigmotropism. _________________________
 44.
The fact that a plant blooms and sets fruit at the same time each year is explained by a heliotropism. _________________________
 45.
The response of a Venus’ flytrap to an insect is an example of a tropism. _________________________
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 46.
Which of the following is not a tissue system of vascular plants?
a.
 vascular tissue
c.
 ground tissue
b.
 dermal tissue
d.
 cuticle tissue
 47.
cuticle : above-ground parts ::
a.
 vascular system : plant
c.
 guard cell : stoma
b.
 sperm : egg
d.
 wax : root system
 48.
The xylem in a plant
a.
 transports food from the leaves.
b.
 transports water and minerals.
c.
 exchanges carbon dioxide with the atmosphere.
d.
 exchanges sugars and starches with leaves.
 49.
The conducting cells of phloem are called
a.
 tracheids.
c.
 sieve plates.
b.
 sieve-tube members.
d.
 vessel-element cells.
The diagram below shows a portion of a plant’s vascular system.
nar001-1.jpg
 50.
Refer to the illustration above. Structure B is known as a
a.
 tracheid.
c.
 vessel element.
b.
 companion cell.
d.
 sieve-tube member.
 51.
Refer to the illustration above. Structure C is a
a.
 tracheid.
c.
 vessel cell.
b.
 companion cell.
d.
 sieve tube member.
 52.
Refer to the illustration above. Which structure allows the cytoplasm of a companion cell to connect to the cytoplasm of a sieve-tube member and allows substances to pass freely from cell to cell?
a.
 A
c.
 D
b.
 C
d.
 E
 53.
Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled D is
a.
 a companion cell.
c.
 the nucleus of a companion cell.
b.
 an epidermal cell.
d.
 the chloroplast of an epidermal cell.
 54.
The ground tissue in the center of roots and stems
a.
 turns into meristem.
c.
 provides support.
b.
 transports food.
d.
 germinates at least once a year.
 55.
The ground tissue that is made up of chloroplast-rich cells is located in the
a.
 root.
c.
 stem.
b.
 xylem.
d.
 leaves.
 56.
vascular tissue: transport of fluids ::
a.
 epidermis : support
c.
 dermal tissue : transport of fluids
b.
 dermal tissue : storage
d.
 ground tissue : photosynthesis
 57.
The large central root of a carrot is an example of which type of root system?
a.
 adventitious
c.
 taproot
b.
 aerial
d.
 fibrous
 58.
The root cap
a.
 protects a growing root tip.
c.
 absorbs water.
b.
 stores food in the form of starch.
d.
 contains vascular tissue.
 59.
dermal tissue : root hairs ::
a.
 cellular respiration : photosynthesis
c.
 cork cells : transport of fluids
b.
 vascular tissue : vascular bundle
d.
 internodes : nodes

The diagram below shows the stem of a coleus plant.

nar002-1.jpg
 60.
Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled A is called
a.
 meristem.
c.
 phloem.
b.
 xylem.
d.
 ground tissue.
 61.
Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled C is one of this herbaceous stem’s
a.
 petioles.
c.
 vascular bundles.
b.
 veins.
d.
 pith nodes.
 62.
Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled B, which conducts water and is made of elongated cells that connect end to end, is called
a.
 meristem.
c.
 phloem.
b.
 xylem.
d.
 ground tissue.
 63.
The outer layers of ground tissue in a stem are known as the
a.
 sapwood.
c.
 pith.
b.
 nodes.
d.
 cortex.
 64.
The bark on a woody stem is made up of
a.
 xylem and phloem.
c.
 phloem and cork.
b.
 sapwood.
d.
 mesophyll.
 65.
The vascular bundles of dicot stems are arranged
a.
 in rings surrounded by ground tissue.
b.
 scattered throughout ground tissue.
c.
 in pith scattered throughout ground tissue.
d.
 in cortex scattered throughout ground tissue.
 66.
The center region of ground tissue in a herbaceous stem is known as the
a.
 sapwood.
c.
 pith.
b.
 nodes.
d.
 cortex.
 67.
Leaves connect to the stems of plants at the
a.
 lateral buds.
c.
 nodes.
b.
 pith.
d.
 internodes.
 68.
Leaves with an undivided blade are called
a.
 tendrils.
c.
 compound.
b.
 spines.
d.
 simple.
 69.
leaves : carbon dioxide from the air ::
a.
 leaves : water from the air
c.
 roots : carbon dioxide from the air
b.
 roots : light from the air
d.
 roots : nutrients from the soil
 70.
Garden-pea tendrils are specialized leaves for
a.
 photosynthesis.
c.
 respiration.
b.
 climbing.
d.
 absorption.
 71.
The tissue of the leaf mesophyll that is located directly below the upper epidermis and consists of tightly packed column-shaped cells is the
a.
 palisade layer.
c.
 adventitious layer.
b.
 cortex.
d.
 pith.
Four Different Kinds of Leaves

nar003-1.jpg
 72.
Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is a compound leaf?
a.
 leaf a
c.
 leaf c
b.
 leaf b
d.
 leaf d
 73.
Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is most likely to be a leaf from a monocot?
a.
 leaf a
c.
 leaf c
b.
 leaf b
d.
 leaf d
The diagram below shows a leaf cross section.

nar004-1.jpg
 74.
Refer to the illustration above. The vein illustrated is made up of
a.
 only xylem vessels.
c.
 both xylem and phloem vessels.
b.
 only phloem vessels.
d.
 neither xylem nor phloem vessels.
 75.
Refer to the illustration above. The spongy layer is indicated by the letter
a.
 A.
c.
 C.
b.
 B.
d.
 D.
 76.
Refer to the illustration above. All of the following relate to structure A except that it
a.
 is the cuticle.
c.
 covers the epidermis.
b.
 protects the leaf.
d.
 conducts photosynthesis.
 77.
The first sign of germination is the emergence of the embryo’s
a.
 shoot.
c.
 stem.
b.
 root.
d.
 flowers.
 78.
Plants grow in regions of active cell division called
a.
 meristems.
c.
 phloem.
b.
 xylem.
d.
 dermal tissue.
 79.
Meristems are found
a.
 only at the tips of roots.
c.
 at the tips of roots and shoots.
b.
 only at the tips of shoots.
d.
 at the center of roots and shoots.
 80.
Plant development is similar to animal development because
a.
 a plant continues to develop throughout its life.
b.
 plants are more strongly influenced by the environment.
c.
 newly formed plant cells differentiate to form specialized tissues.
d.
 plant development can be reversed.
 81.
During periods of primary growth at apical meristems, stems and roots
a.
 become wider.
c.
 maintain a constant number of cells.
b.
 become longer.
d.
 undergo meiosis.
nar005-1.jpg
 82.
Refer to the illustration above. Outer bark is produced by
a.
 layer 2.
c.
 layer 5.
b.
 layer 4.
d.
 layer 7.
 83.
Refer to the illustration above. The cells that produce the secondary xylem are labeled as
a.
 layer 2.
c.
 layer 4.
b.
 layer 3.
d.
 layer 5.
 84.
Refer to the illustration above. Secondary xylem is indicated by the cells labeled as
a.
 layer 1.
c.
 layer 5.
b.
 layer 3.
d.
 layer 7.
 85.
Secondary xylem and phloem form from
a.
 cork cambium.
c.
 apical meristems.
b.
 vascular cambium.
d.
 bark.
 86.
In a woody stem, cork cambium
a.
 forms phloem.
c.
 produces the cells of the outer bark.
b.
 forms xylem.
d.
 becomes vascular cambium.
 87.
secondary growth : width ::
a.
 secondary growth : height
c.
 apical meristem : width
b.
 lateral meristem : length
d.
 primary growth : length
 88.
xylem : inner side of vascular cambium ::
a.
 vascular cambium : cork cambium
b.
 outer side of vascular cambium : cork
c.
 phloem : outer side of vascular cambium
d.
 phloem : cork cambium
 89.
Photosynthesis enables plants to produce most of the organic molecules that they need. This process requires the use of all of the following except
a.
 carbon dioxide.
c.
 light.
b.
 water.
d.
 glucose.
 90.
The movement of water through a plant is caused by
a.
 the attraction of water molecules to sugar molecules.
b.
 the force of osmosis drawing water into the roots.
c.
 transpiration from leaves and stems.
d.
 translocation of sugars in the stems.
 91.
The loss of water vapor through the leaves of a plant is called
a.
 translocation.
c.
 active transport.
b.
 osmosis.
d.
 transpiration.
 92.
The guard cells that surround a stoma
a.
 have no walls.
b.
 swell with water, causing the stoma to open.
c.
 shrink when opening the stoma.
d.
 are responsible for translocation.
 93.
The transport of food from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called
a.
 translocation.
c.
 active transport.
b.
 osmosis.
d.
 transpiration.
 94.
One model that explains the movement of sugar in a plant is known as the
a.
 transpiration model.
c.
 pressure-flow model.
b.
 translocation model.
d.
 source-sink model.

      The diagrams below illustrate an experiment that was performed to better understand how plants grow toward the light. Diagram A illustrates the cut tip of a seedling that was put on a block of agar.

nar007-1.jpg
 95.
Refer to the illustration above. The plant growth hormone that was discovered in this experiment is called
a.
 auxin.
c.
 ethylene.
b.
 gibberellin.
d.
 cytokinin.
 96.
Refer to the illustration above. A hormone caused the stem in diagram C to bend by
a.
 exerting a cohesive force on the stem.
b.
 causing cells to reproduce at a greater rate.
c.
 causing cells on one side to elongate.
d.
 translocation.
 97.
A plant hormone that is produced primarily in root tips is
a.
 auxin.
c.
 ethylene.
b.
 cytokinin.
d.
 gibberellin.
 98.
Which of the following hormones normally exists in a gaseous state?
a.
 auxin
c.
 ethylene
b.
 cytokinin
d.
 gibberellin
 99.
All of the following generally cause tropisms in plants except
a.
 light.
c.
 touch.
b.
 gravity.
d.
 heat.
 100.
When vines grow, they often wrap tendrils around objects for support. The tendrils wrap because of
a.
 thigmotropism.
c.
 phototropism.
b.
 gravitropism.
d.
 chance.
Newly Germinated Seedling
nar008-1.jpg
 101.
Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive phototropism?
a.
 A
c.
 C
b.
 B
d.
 D
 102.
Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive gravitropism?
a.
 A
c.
 C
b.
 B
d.
 D
 103.
shoots : negative gravitropism ::
a.
 light stimulations : gravitropism
c.
 shoots : negative phototropism
b.
 gravity movements : phototropism
d.
 roots : positive gravitropism
 104.
The response of plants to periods of light and dark is called
a.
 seasonal.
c.
 daily activity.
b.
 photoperiodism.
d.
 nocturnal variation.
 105.
Nastic movements in plants result when
a.
 some cells grow more than others.
b.
 the water content of certain cells changes.
c.
 the plant has been exposed to warm temperatures.
d.
 seasonal conditions change suddenly.
 

Completion
Complete each statement.
 106.
The ____________________ tissue forms the protective outer layer of a plant.
 107.
Dermal tissue functions in ____________________ as well as in protection and the absorption of mineral nutrients.
 108.
Vascular tissues are specialized cells that move ____________________, nutrients, and other materials through the plant body.
 109.
The tissues that transport water, minerals, and nutrients within a plant make up the ____________________ system.
 110.
Narrow, elongated, thick-walled cells that taper at each end and conduct water and mineral nutrients are called ____________________.
 111.
Certain conducting cells in the vascular system cannot perform their functions until they have lost most of their ____________________.
 112.
The ____________________ of plants absorb water and minerals necessary for growth.
 113.
The two main types of root systems are fibrous root systems and ____________________ systems.
 114.
Flexible, soft, and usually green stems are known as ____________________ stems.
 115.
The darker, non-conducting wood in the center of a tree trunk is called ____________________.
 116.
In ____________________ stems, the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring with ground tissue surrounding the ring.
 117.
The broad, flat portion of a typical leaf is called the ____________________.
 118.
In order for seeds to sprout, environmental conditions must be ____________________.
nar006-1.jpg
 119.
Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled A in the diagram above is called the ____________________.
 120.
Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled X is called the ____________________.
 121.
Resumption of growth by a plant embryo in a seed is called ____________________.
 122.
Seeds typically enter a period of dormancy before they ____________________.
 123.
The process by which cells become specialized in form and function is called ____________________.
 124.
Plants grow in regions of active cell division at the tips of roots and shoots called ____________________.
 125.
Growth that occurs from the formation of new cells at the tip of a plant is called ____________________.
 126.
Plant tissues that result from primary growth are called ____________________.
 127.
Cell division in the parts of plants called ____________________ add layers of new cells around the outside of a plant’s body.
 128.
Wood consists primarily of ____________________ cells.
 129.
The thickening of a plant body by the production of new xylem and phloem is called ____________________ growth.
 130.
A lateral meristem that produces secondary vascular tissue is called the ____________________.
 131.
A lateral meristem that produces the cork cells of the outer bark is called the ____________________.
 132.
The process that causes a plant to increase in width is called ____________________.
 133.
Raw materials required by plants are carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, and ____________________ nutrients.
 134.
Nitrogen is an important component of proteins, ____________________, chlorophylls, and coenzymes.
 135.
ATP contains the mineral nutrient ____________________.
 136.
As water evaporates from the surface of leaves, more water is ____________________ up the plant.
 137.
When the guard cells that surround a stoma lose water, the stoma ____________________.
 138.
Changes in ____________________ within the guard cells cause stoma to open and close.
 139.
Transpiration ____________________ when stomata close.
 140.
The transport of organic molecules from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called ____________________.
 141.
The leaves of plants are categorized as ____________________ because they are the primary photosynthetic organs.
 142.
Organic nutrients in plants move from a(n) ____________________ to a(n) ____________________.
 143.
A(n) ____________________ is a chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part of the organism, where it causes a response.
 144.
____________________ is a hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen.
 145.
The bending of a plant’s stem toward light is an example of a _________________________.
 146.
A growth response of plants in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction from which a stimulus comes is called a(n) ____________________.
 147.
Because of ____________________, the seeds and buds of many plants delay growth until they have been exposed to a certain number of hours of cold temperatures.
 148.
A long-day plant will flower when ____________________ are shorter than a specific number of hours.
 149.
Nastic movements are plant responses that are ____________________ of the direction from which the stimulus comes.
 150.
The rapid folding of the leaves of a sensitive plant are the result of a(n) ____________________.

 
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