Category: 1st Semester

Natural Selection Within a Species

 

Introduction:

Natural selection is the evolutionary process by which the most adaptable individuals survive. An adaptation is an inherited variation that helps an organism to survive. When the organism survives, its chances of reproduction are increased as well as its ability to pass on its inherited traits.  All members of a species are different from one another.  In this activity, you will investigate two variations among peanut plants — length of shell and number of seeds per shell.   Most shells contain a certain number of seeds which is an adaptation to its survival.  

Objective:

Students will investigate natural selection in peanuts.

Materials:

50 peanuts in shells, metric ruler, pencil, graph paper

Procedure:

1. Count out 50 peanuts in their shells.
2. Use a metric ruler to measure the length of each shell in millimeters.  Put a check mark in Table 1 in the space indicating the length of the shell.
3. Open the shell and count the number of seeds inside.  Put a check mark in Table 2 in the space next to the number of seeds that you counted. 
4. Repeat steps 1 – 3 for the other 49 peanuts.
5. Set up two bar graphs using the headings from each table as the axes for each graph.
6. Plot a bar graph from the data in each table.

Data:

Table 1

Table 2

Title: ________________________________________________________

Title: ________________________________________________________

Questions:

1. What is the most common length of the shells you measured?
2. What was the most common number of seeds in the peanut shells that you opened?
3. What might happen if each shell contained fewer than normal seeds and why?
4. What might happen if each shell contained more than the normal number of seeds and why?
5. Was there a relationship between the most common length of shells and the number of seeds they contained? Explain your answer.
6. Write 1-2 paragraphs explaining how shell length and seed number in peanuts illustrates natural selection within this species.

Origin Of Life
ppt Questions

Early Thoughts on Life

1. What was Aristotle’s idea about how life arose called?

2. What is another name for spontaneous generation?

3. Explain spontaneous generation of life.

4. How long did the idea of abiogenesis or spontaneous generation last?

5. The idea of abiogenesis lasted so long because, instead of testing their ideas, people based their beliefs on what?

6. Were their observations tested?

7. Did they use the scientific method for their observations?

Examples of Spontaneous Generation

8. What observation about new life did Egyptians make when the Nile River flooded each year?

9. What observation about new life did Medieval farmers make when they stored their grain each year?

10. The English people centuries ago, threw their garbage and sewage out on the streets. What observation about new life did these people make?

11. This practice led to a plague that killed many Europeans. What was this plague called and what carried the disease organism?

12.Before refrigerators, large slabs of meat were hung after being purchased. What observation about new life was made from this practice?

13. People believed so strongly in abiogenesis that they had recipes for making living things. Name two organisms that had accepted recipes.

Disproving Spontaneous Generation

14. Francesco ____________ was an early scientists who conducted experiments to try and disprove spontaneous generation.

15. What was Redi’s hypothesis?

16. Explain how Redi tried to prove this.

17. What were the results Redi found in the closed jars & why?

18. What were the results in the open jars?

19. How did maggots appear in the open jars?

20. Complete this table summarizing Redi’s experiment:

21. Redi’s experiment disproved spontaneous generation for _____________ organisms.

Use of the Scientific Method

22. Did Francesco Redi use the scientific method in his experiment?

23. What served as the control in Redi’s experiment?

24. What jars served as the experimental groups?

25. What was Redi’s conclusion?

Disproving Spontaneous Generation of Microbes

26. Anton Van _______________ made one of the first simple microscopes.

27. Leeuwenhoek called the living things he saw in pond water ______________.

28. By the end of the 19th century, these organisms were known as ______________.

29. John _____________ did experiments with microorganisms growing in broths.

30. Needham believed there was a __________ __________ present in nonliving substances like air.

31. Why were bacteria able to grow in Needham’s soups?

32. What could have been done to the broths to kill the bacteria already present?

33. What scientists repeated this experiment but with boiled broth?

34. After boiling, what did Spallanzani do to the tops of the bottles? how did this help?

35. Critics of Spallanzani’s experiment said there was not enough _______ for the bacteria to survive and that boiling had destroyed the _________ __________.

The Theory Changes

36. What did the Paris Academy of Science do in 1860 to solve the problem?

37.Who won the prize? 

38. What was Pasteur’s experimental hypothesis?

39. What was the shape of Pasteur’s flasks? Include a sketch.

40. What was the special S-shaped neck intended to do?

41. Did Pasteur boil the broth in his flasks? Why?

42. The flasks were left at ___________ locations.

43. Did the broth change cloudy because microbes were growing in it?

44. What was visible in the neck of the flask after collecting there?

45. Once the S-shaped stem was broken off the top of the flasks, what happened to the broth and why?

46. Pasteur’s S-shaped flasks kept ___________ out but let ______ inside.

47. Pasteur’s experiment proved that living things only come from other _________ ___________.

48. What is the name of Pasteur’s theory?

Review

49. Where did the maggots come from in Redi’s experiment?

50. What was the purpose of the sealed jars?

51. Redi was trying to disprove – spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

52. Where did the microbes come from in Needham’s broth?

53. Needham & Spallanzani were trying to disprove – spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

54.Who proved biogenesis?

Recreation of Pasteur’s Experiment

Introduction:

Today, we take many things in science for granted. Many experiments have been performed and much knowledge has been accumulated that people didn’t always know. For centuries, people based their beliefs on their interpretations of what they saw going on in the world around them without testing their ideas to determine the validity of these theories — in other words, they didn’t use the scientific method to arrive at answers to their questions. Rather, their conclusions were based on untested observations.

Among these ideas, for centuries, since at least the time of Aristotle (4th Century BC), people (including scientists) believed that simple living organisms could come into being by spontaneous generation. This was the idea that non-living objects can give rise to living organisms. It was common “knowledge” that simple organisms like worms, beetles, frogs, and salamanders could come from dust, mud, etc., and food left out, quickly “swarmed” with life. For example:

Observation: Every year in the spring, the Nile River flooded areas of Egypt along the river, leaving behind nutrient-rich mud that enabled the people to grow that year’s crop of food. However, along with the muddy soil, large numbers of frogs appeared that weren’t around in drier times. Conclusion: It was perfectly obvious to people back then that muddy soil gave rise to the frogs.

Objective:

In this experiment, you will conduct an experiment similar to the one done by Pasteur whenever he disproved spontaneous generation.

Materials Needed:

• Low-salt broth (chicken or beef, home-made or purchased)
• 2  250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks
• 2  1-hole rubber stoppers with bent glass tubing inserted (see diagram)
• Glycerine
• Hot plate & pot holders
• 50-ml Graduated Cylinder
• Marker

Procedure:

1. Students should work in teams of 2 to 3 people. Each team should perform the following steps.
2. Use glycerine and a twisting motion to insert glass tubing into the stoppers. be sure to rinse off excess glycerine with water.
3. Mark Erlenmeyer flasks accordingly:
   1. Flask 1 with stopper and glass tube going straight up
   2. Flask 2 with stopper and glass tube bent in S-curve
4. Using a graduated cylinder, place about 50-mL of broth in each Erlenmeyer flask.
5. Place appropriate lids on flasks.
6. Use a hot plate to boil broth in flasks with appropriate lids on them for 30 min., then let cool.
7. For the next ten days, observe the flasks and record any changes in color, turbidity, smell, etc. (Be careful to NOT remove the stoppers from the flasks.)

Data:

Conclusion:

1. What was the appearance on the broth in each flask on Day 1?
2. Was their an observed appearance change in flask 1 over the 10 days? Describe the change, if any.
3. Was their an observed appearance change in flask 2 over the 10 days? Describe the change, if any.
4. Explain why there was or was not a change in the appearance of the broth in each flask.
5. Why do you think the idea of spontaneous generation was believed to be true for so long (1000+ years)?
6. Did your experiment support spontaneous generation of organisms? Explain why or why not?