Category: 1st Semester

DNA Technology

 

DNA Technology

 

Section 13-1

1. What is genetic engineering?

2. Give 2 ways it can be used.

3. What is the technology used in genetic engineering called?

4. What are some ways we are using DNA technology?

5. What are restriction enzymes?

6. When restriction enzymes cut DNA _____________________ ends are created.

7. What is a cloning vector?

8. Define plasmid & tell how they’re used in genetic engineering.

9. The gene for the protein ________________________ is made using bacterial plasmids.

10. What is the first step in genetically engineering insulin from bacterial cells?

11. What is a genomic library?

12. What is recombinant DNA?

13. A plasmid containing recombinant DNA is inserted into a host ____________called a _________________ organism.

14. Transgenic bacterium are placed in a _________________ where they reproduce and make large amounts of _____________.

 

Section 13-2 DNA Technology Techniques

 

15. What is a DNA fingerprint & how can they be used?

16. What is the method called that is used to make a DNA fingerprint?

17. Briefly describe the RFLP analysis method.

18. What is gel electrophoresis?

19. What causes DNA segments to separate during gel electrophoresis?

20. How accurate are DNA fingerprints & why?

21. If only a tiny amount of DNA is available for analysis, what process must be used & why?

22. With the PCR method, the amount of DNA _________________ every 5 minutes.

23. Give 3 situations in which PCR is useful.

24. What is the Human Genome Project?

25. Define gene therapy and name several diseases it may be used to treat.

 

Section 13-3 Uses of DNA Technology

 

26. Name 3 medicines produced by DNA technology.

27. Genetically engineered _________________________ are being produced to treat viral diseases.

28. Name several crops or plants that have had their yields increased due to genetic engineering.

29. _______________________ are applied to crops so plants will get enough nitrogen.

30. How are genetic engineers working to solve the problem of expensive fertilizers for crops?

31. What are some concerns about genetically engineered foods?

BACK

 

DNA History

 

History of DNA WebQuest

 

1.     Friedrich (Fritz) Miescher

http://www.dnai.org/timeline/index.html

Find Miescher on the timeline and click on the bucket with the Red Cross to watch the animation.  In 1869, he extracted a substance from white blood cells that he called nuclein.  What do you think he was actually extracting?

 

 

2.     Frederick Griffith

  http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/Bio104/dna.htm

 

Frederick Griffith’s famous experiment was conducted in 1928.  In his experiment, ______________ smooth virulent bacteria plus live rough ______________ bacteria killed mice.  His experiment demonstrated that DNA was the _______________ material.

 

Griffith’s Famous Experiment: Transformation

 

 

 

3.     Oswald Avery

http://library.thinkquest.org/20465/avery.html

In 1944, what did he discover that DNA is responsible for?

 

 

 

 

 

4.     Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/Hershey_Chase.html

 

a.      In 1952, their experiments showed that ______ is the genetic material instead of ____________.

 

 

5.     Erwin Chargaff

http://www.dnai.org/timeline/index.html

Watch “Chargaff’s Ratios.”  Chargaff used relative proportions of bases in DNA to come up with his rules for base pairing.  What are four sources of DNA that he used?

 

http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/gene/chargaff.htm

Adenine (A) pairs with _____________

Guanine (G) pairs with _____________

The bases that are purines include ___________ & ____________.

The bases that are pyrimidines include ___________ & ______________.

 

 

6.     Rosalind Franklin.

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Rosalind_Franklin.php

 

http://www.dnai.org/timeline/index.html – Watch Franklin’s X-ray diffraction pattern

 

What is X-ray crystallography (a.k.a. X-ray diffraction)?

 

 

What did she discover about the shape of DNA?

 

7.     Linus Pauling

http://www.dnai.org/timeline/index.html – Watch the animation.

Linus Pauling proposed a structure for DNA that was incorrect.  Describe or draw it below:

 

 

 

 

8.     Maurice Wilkins

http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/wilkins.html

His research, with the help from ________________, led to the discovery of the DNA molecule structure.  This discovery was made by American biologist, ________________, and British physicist, ________________.

 

9.     James Watson and Francis Crick.

http://www.dnai.org/timeline/index.html

 

a.      What did they receive the Nobel Prize for in 1962?

 

b.     What is the difference between Pauling’s structure and the actual structure of DNA?

 

 

10. DNA Game

    http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/dna_double_helix/

    Play the game and record what three organisms you had:

1.

2.

3.

 

Chromosomes & Inheritance Worksheet Bi

 

 

 

Chromosomes & Inheritance

Section 12-1 Sex Determination

1. Geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan conducted breeding experiments with what animal?

2. How many pairs of chromosomes are found in Drosophila.

3. Are the chromosomes in male & female fruit flies the same? Explain.

4. What did Morgan name the 2 chromosomes in the non-identical pair?

5. Describe the shape of the 2 chromosomes in the non-identical pair.

6. Morgan hypothesized that the non-identical pair were the _____________ chromosomes.

7. All other chromosomes except X and Y are called ______________________________.

8. What is the genotype for males? Females?

9. When male & female fruit flies are crossed, what percent of the offspring will be male? Female?

10. Because the X chromosome was much bigger than the Y chromosome, what did Morgan hypothesize?

11. Genes on the X chromosome are ____________________________ genes.

12. What is meant by sex linkage?

13. Did Morgan’s experiments prove or disprove the existence of sex-linked traits?

14. Name a trait that Morgan discovered was carried on the X chromosome in fruit flies.

15. Use a Punnett Square to show the results of crossing a red-eyed female (XRXR) with a white-eyed male XrY.

16. Use a Punnett Square to show the results of crossing a red-eyed female (XRXr) with a red-eyed male XRY.

17. What are linkage groups?

18. What 2 fruit fly traits did Morgan discover were linked?

19. What is the effect of crossing-over on genes?

20. Do genes that are close together or far apart get crossed over more often?

21. What is a chromosome map?

22. What scientist made a chromosome map of Drosophila?

23. How is one amp unit determined?

24. What is germ cell mutation & what is its effect?

25. What are somatic mutations, give an example, & can they be passed on to offspring?

26. What are lethal mutations?

27. What are chromosome mutations?

28. Name & describe 4 types of chromosome mutations.

29. What are gene mutations?

30. What are point mutations?

31. What are substitutions & give an example of a disease caused by this type of gene change?

32. What are frame shift mutations?

Section 12-2 Human Genetics

33. What is a pedigree?

34. Write the symbol that would appear on a pedigree for each of the following:

a. Male carrier?

b. Male with trait?

c. Female carrier?

d. Female with trait?

35. Name several single allele traits (both dominant & recessive).

36. Name 3 sex-linked traits.

37. What are polygenic traits and name four.

38. What influences the expression of a sex-influenced trait?

39. Name & describe 2 types of nondisjunction.

40. What causes Down syndrome?

41. When would genetic screening be useful?

42. What is amniocentesis?

43. What disease is genetically screened fro immediately after birth in the U.S.?

Codon Bingo

 

Codon Bingo

Introduction:

DNA is simply a storage form of information, like a recipe book.  In order to make useful proteins from this recipe, we must first transcribe the selected recipe from the DNA into messenger RNA (m-RNA) which then leaves the nucleus & goes to the ribosomes where it is “read” to link amino acids (building blocks of proteins). The code is “read” three bases at a time called a codon. The triplet code allows for a total of 4x4x4 or 64 different codons (groups of three RNA bases) –far more than needed to code for 20 amino acids. It was discovered that each amino acid is coded for by more than one codon. Codon Bingo is a simple exercise to learn how to use a codon table to translate mRNA into its associated amino acids.

Materials:  Bingo cards, pencil, codon table, beans or pennies

Procedure:

1. Pass out blank bingo cards.

2. Students should fill out each of the blanks with an amino acid from the codon chart.

3. Teacher will call out 3 bases (A, T, G, C)

4. Students find the amino acid that is associated with the codon and mark the square (use bingo chips, pennies, beans, or other miscellaneous items)

 

 

BIOLOGY BINGO