1st Semester 91 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

AP Lecture Guide 22 – Descent with Modification

AP Biology: CHAPTER 22- DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION

1. Identify the three significant historical themes that set the stage for Darwinian evolutionary

theory.

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2. What were the two major points made in The Origin of Species?

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3. What were the conventional paradigms in the 1800’s when Darwin developed his theories?

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4. What was the contribution of Carolus Linnaeus to the evolutionary theories?

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5. How did the study of fossils help Darwin shape his theories?

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6. How did geological gradualism and uniformitarianism influence Darwin?

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7. Identify the two principles of Lamarck’s theory of evolution.

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8. How did the observations during his voyage on the Beagle influence Darwin’s theories?

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9. Why were the Galápagos Islands so important to Darwin’s observations?

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10. What are the elements for the formation of new species?

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11. What is the driving force behind the evolution of the 14 species of finches on the

Galapagos?

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12. What was Wallace’s role in the Theory of Natural Selection?

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13. What were the main points of The Origin of Species?

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14. Define Descent with Modification.

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15. How does the “tree analogy” represent the evolutionary relationships of creatures?

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16. Summarize the observations and inferences recognized as the backbone of evolution by

natural selection.

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17. Observations:

a. ______________________________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________________________

d. ______________________________________________________________________

e. ______________________________________________________________________

18. Inferences:

a. ______________________________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________________________

19. How did Darwin’s experience with artificial selection influence his theories of evolution?

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20. For each of the following, indicate how it is used as evidence of evolution by natural

selection.

a. Paleontology ____________________________________________________________

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b. Biogeography ___________________________________________________________

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c. Resistance to insecticides _________________________________________________

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d. Drug Resistance _________________________________________________________

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e. Homology ______________________________________________________________

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f. Homologous structures ___________________________________________________

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g. Vestigial organs _________________________________________________________

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h. Embryology ____________________________________________________________

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i. Biochemical similarity _____________________________________________________

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AP Lecture Guide 15 – The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

AP Biology: CHAPTER 15

THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE

1. Describe some of the pieces of information that scientists discovered that contributed to the

“Chromosome Theory of Inheritance”?

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2. Summarize the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance.

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3. Why was Thomas Hunt Morgan’s choice of the fruit fly a good model organism?

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4. Describe Morgan’s first mutant. Why was it so significant from the wild type?

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5. Show the cross P, F1, F2 for the white-eyed male mutant.

6. What happens when we trace the inheritance of traits found on the same chromosome?

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7. Use the diagram to trace the body color and wing shape in this linked two trait cross.

8. What is recombination and when does it occur? ___________________________________

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9. How is recombination frequency calculated? _____________________________________

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10. What determines sex in humans? ______________________________________________

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11. In what ways are sex-linked traits distinct from autosomal traits? _____________________

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12. Why are sex-linked recessive traits more common in human males than females?

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13. How many X chromosomes are typically expressed in humans and cats?

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14. What happens to X chromosomes that are inactivated? _____________________________

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15. How many Barr bodies would be found in a person with: XXY_____ XO_____ XXX_____.

16. Define each term & and indicate when each occurs.

a. aneuploidy _____________________________________________________________

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b. polyploidy ______________________________________________________________

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17. Identify the each of the alterations of chromosome structure.

18. List and describe a few specific examples of non-disjunctions that occur in humans.

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19. Describe genomic imprinting and give an example.

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AP Lecture Guide 23 – The Evolution of Populations

AP Biology: CHAPTER 23- THE EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS

1. How does the “modern synthesis” theory of evolution differ from Darwin’s Theory of Natural

Selection?

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2. Population genetics puts a mathematical approach to the study of microevolution. Define

each of the terms commonly used in population genetics.

a. population: _____________________________________________________________

b. gene pool: ______________________________________________________________

c. gene frequency: _________________________________________________________

3. What are the gene frequencies for the red and white flowers?

a. p = ____________________________________________________________________

b. q = ____________________________________________________________________

4. List the five condition that must be met by a populations to insure stability (no evolution).

a. ______________________________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________________________

d. ______________________________________________________________________

e. ______________________________________________________________________

5. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg distribution of genes in a population, write the equation that

describes genotype frequencies.

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6. Define the following:

a. p2 = ___________________________________________________________________

b. 2pq = __________________________________________________________________

c. q2 = ___________________________________________________________________

7. Work out these practice problems. Find both the gene and genotype frequencies:

a. In Drosophilia, the allele for normal length wings is dominant over the allele for vestigial

wings. In a population of 1,000 individuals, 160 show the recessive phenotype.

b. The allele for the hair pattern called “widow’s peak” is dominant over the allele for no

“widow’s peak.” In a population of 1,000 individuals, 360 show the dominant phenotype.

8. What is the H-W assumption that is broken when genetic drift occurs? Explain

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9. How does genetic drift apply to each of the following? Give an example of each.

a. Founders effect: _________________________________________________________

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b. Bottleneck effect _________________________________________________________

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10. How do each of the following break H-W assumptions?

a. natural selection: ________________________________________________________

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b. gene flow: ______________________________________________________________

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c. mutation: _______________________________________________________________

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d. selective mating: _________________________________________________________

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11. Why is genetic variation important to evolution?

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12. How can populations vary along a geographic axis compared to isolated populations?

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13. What is the role of mutations to forming variation?

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14. What factors of sexual reproduction lead to variations within a population?

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15. How does diploidy preserve variation?

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16. What is “balanced polymorphism?”

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17. How can parasites contribute to balanced polymorphism?

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18. In a biological sense, what is fitness?

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19. Label the following graphs of variation in color with the type of selection.

20. What is the effect of sexual selection?

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21. For each of the following, give an example or describe what is meant by the statement.

a. Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms: _____________________________

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b. Evolution is limited by historical constraints: ___________________________________

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c. Adaptations are often compromises: _________________________________________

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d. Not all evolution is adaptive: _______________________________________________

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e. Selection can only edit existing variations: ____________________________________

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AP Lecture Guide 16 – The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

AP Biology: CHAPTER 16

THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

1. After Morgan and fellow scientists developed the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, the

search was on for the chemical mechanism of inheritance. What are the two components of the chromosome?

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2. From initial logic, which component would be the most likely candidate for the genetic

material and why?

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3. What did Griffith, Avery, and others accomplish with bacteria?

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4. Define transformation. _______________________________________________________

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5. What did the experiments done by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase show?

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6. What are Chargaff’s rules?

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7. If a species has 35% adenine in its DNA, determine the percent of the other three bases.

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8. What was the role of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin in determining the structure of

DNA?

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9. Use the diagram to describe the structure of DNA. Include several comments.

10. What is the advantage of the double stranded aspect of the DNA? ____________________

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11. Which model of DNA replication is accepted? ____________________________________

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12. What happens at the DNA replication fork?

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13. Make a list of the enzymes involved in replication and their role.

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14. Why does the DNA have to add nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction?

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15. Label the diagram of DNA replication. Include the directions and the terms.

16. Describe the “priming of the DNA” before replication. _______________________________

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17. List some of the steps involved in DNA repair. ____________________________________

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18. What is the problem that occurs at the ends of the chromosome during replication?

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19. What is a telomere and its role in cell division. ____________________________________

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20. Why was there no selection pressure for prokaryotes to evolve a telomere-like solution on

their chromosome? _________________________________________________________

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21. Why is telomerase an active area in cancer research? _____________________________

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AP Lecture Guide 25 – Phylogeny and Systematics

AP Biology: CHAPTER 25: PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS

1. What is phylogeny?

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2. How are fossils significant to our study of biology?

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3. Review these key points in the study of fossils:

a. Sedimentary rocks are the richest source of fossils.

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b. Paleontologists use a variety of methods to date fossils.

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c. The fossil record is a substantial, but incomplete, chronicle of evolutionary history.

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d. Phylogeny has a biogeographic basis in continental drift.

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e. The history of life is punctuated by mass extinctions.

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4. List examples of fossils. ______________________________________________________

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5. What techniques do relative dating use to place fossils in their place in geologic time?

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6. What marks the separation between the major eras in the geologic time scale?

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7. How does absolute dating compare to relative dating?

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8. Describe the two main characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

9. What modern techniques are used as the basis for grouping creatures with modern

phylogenetic systematics?

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10. What does a phylogenic tree show?

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11. When classifying organisms in a cladistic diagram, identify three pitfalls scientists might

encounter classifying creatures.

a. _______________________________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

12. What do scientists use when placing an organism on a cladistic diagram?

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13. How have molecular clocks influenced our thoughts on evolutionary paths?

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14. Why is the four chamber heart a poor choice of structure to place creatures on a phylogenic

tree?

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15. Why are crocodiles now thought to be closer to birds than other reptiles?

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