Category: Curriculum Map

Chapter 8 Membrane Structure Objectives

 

 

Chapter 8   Introduction to Metabolism
Objectives
Metabolism, Energy, and Life

1.        Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cellular metabolism.

2.        Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.

3.        Explain why an organism is considered an open system.

4.        Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics in your own words.

5.        Explain why highly ordered living organisms do not violate the second law of thermodynamics.

6.        Write and define each component of the equation for free-energy change.

7.        Distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions in terms of free energy change.

8.        Explain why metabolic disequilibrium is one of the defining features of life.

9.        List the three main kinds of cellular work. Explain in general terms how cells obtain the energy to do cellular work.

10.       Describe the structure of ATP and identify the major class of macromolecules to which ATP belongs.

11.       Explain how ATP performs cellular work.

Enzymes Are Catalytic Proteins

12. Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems.

13. Explain why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous reaction.

14. Explain how enzyme structure determines enzyme specificity.

15. Explain the induced-fit model of enzyme function.

16. Describe the mechanisms by which enzymes lower activation energy.

17. Explain how substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

18. Explain how temperature, pH, cofactors, and enzyme inhibitors can affect enzyme activity.

The Control of Metabolism

19. Explain how metabolic pathways are regulated.

20. Explain how the location of enzymes in a cell may help order metabolism

 
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Chapter 51 AP Obj Behavior

 

 

Chapter 51    Behavioral Biology
Objectives
Introduction to Behavior and Behavioral Ecology
1. Define behavior.
2. Distinguish between proximate and ultimate questions about behavior. Ask a proximate question and an ultimate question about bird song.
3. Explain how the classical discipline of ethology led to the modern study of behavioral ecology.
4. Define fixed action patterns and give an example.
5. Define imprinting. Suggest a proximate cause and an ultimate cause for imprinting in young geese.
Many Behaviors Have a Genetic Component
6. Explain how genes and environment contribute to behavior. Explain what is unique about innate behavior.
7. Distinguish between kinesis and taxis.
8. Distinguish between signal and pheromone.
9. Explain how Berthold’s research demonstrated a genetic basis for blackcap migration.
10. Describe Insel’s research on the genetic and physiological controls on parental behavior of prairie voles. Describe Bester-Meredith and Marler’s research on the influence of social behavior on parental behavior of California mice.
Learning
11. Explain how habituation may influence behavior.
12. Describe Tinbergen’s classic experiment on spatial learning in digger wasps.
13. Distinguish between landmarks and cognitive maps.
14. Describe how associative learning might help a predator to avoid toxic prey.
15. Distinguish between classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
16. Describe an experiment that demonstrates problem solving in nonhuman animals.
Behavioral Traits Can Evolve by Natural Selection
17. Explain how Hedrick and Riechert’s experiments demonstrated that behavioral differences between populations might be the product of natural selection.
18. Use an example to show how researchers can demonstrate the evolution of behavior in laboratory experiments.
19. Explain optimal foraging theory.
20. Explain how behavioral ecologists carry out cost-benefit analyses to determine how an animal should forage optimally. Explain how Zach demonstrated that crows feed optimally on whelks.
21. Explain how predation risk may affect the foraging behavior of a prey species.
22. Define and distinguish among promiscuous, monogamous, and polygamous mating relationships. Define and distinguish between polygyny and polyandry.
23. Describe how the certainty of paternity influences the development of mating systems.
24. Explain why males are more likely than females to provide parental care in fishes.
25. Suggest an ultimate explanation for a female stalk-eyed fly’s preference for mates with relatively long eyestalks.
26. Agonistic behavior in males is often a ritualized contest rather than combat. Suggest an ultimate explanation for this.
27. Explain how game theory may be used to evaluate alternative behavioral strategies.
28. Define inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism. Discuss conditions that would favor the evolution of altruistic behavior.
29. Relate the coefficient of relatedness to the concept of altruism.
30. Define Hamilton’s rule and the concept of kin selection.
Social Learning and Sociobiology
31. Define social learning and culture.
32. Explain why mate choice copying by a female may increase her fitness.
33. State the main premise of sociology.
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Chapter 5 – Structure Objectives

 

 

Chapter 5   Structure & Function of Macromolecules
Objectives
The Principles of Polymers

1.  List the four major classes of macromolecules.

2.  Distinguish between monomers and polymers.

3.  Draw diagrams to illustrate condensation and hydrolysis reactions.

Carbohydrates Serve as Fuel and Building Material

4.  Distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

5.  Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage.

6.  Distinguish between the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose. Explain why the difference is biologically important.

7.  Describe the role of symbiosis in cellulose digestion.

Lipids Are a Diverse Group of Hydrophobic Molecules

8.  Describe the building-block molecules, structure, and biological importance of fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

9.  Identify an ester linkage and describe how it is formed.

10. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats.

11. Name the principal energy storage molecules of plants and animals.

Proteins Have Many Structures and Many Functions

12. Distinguish between a protein and a polypeptide.

13. Explain how a peptide bond forms between two amino acids.

14. List and describe the four major components of an amino acid. Explain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the R group.

15. Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important.

16. Explain how the primary structure of a protein is determined.

17. Name two types of secondary protein structure. Explain the role of hydrogen bonds in maintaining secondary structure.

18. Explain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein structure.

19. List four conditions under which proteins may be denatured.

Nucleic Acids Store and Transmit Hereditary Information

20. List the major components of a nucleotide, and describe how these monomers are linked to form a nucleic acid.

21. Distinguish between:

a. pyrimidine and purine

b. nucleotide and nucleoside

c. ribose and deoxyribose

d. 5′ end and 3′ end of a nucleotide

22. Briefly describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA.

 
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Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration Objectives

 

 

Chapter 9    Cellular Respiration
Objectives
The Principles of Energy Harvest

1.  In general terms, distinguish between fermentation and cellular respiration.

2.  Write the summary equation for cellular respiration. Write the specific chemical equation for the degradation of glucose.

3.  Define oxidation and reduction.

4.  Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges.

5.  Describe the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration.

6.  In general terms, explain the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration.

The Process of Cellular Respiration

7.  Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs.

8.  Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis.

9.  Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis.

10. Identify where substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ occur in glycolysis.

11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how this process links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.

12. List the products of the citric acid cycle. Explain why it is called a cycle.

13. Describe the point at which glucose is completely oxidized during cellular respiration.

14. Distinguish between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

15. In general terms, explain how the exergonic “slide” of electrons down the electron transport chain is coupled to the endergonic production of ATP by chemiosmosis.

16. Explain where and how the respiratory electron transport chain creates a proton gradient.

17. Describe the structure and function of the four subunits of ATP synthase.

18. Summarize the net ATP yield from the oxidation of a glucose molecule by constructing an ATP ledger.

19. Explain why it is not possible to state an exact number of ATP molecules generated by the oxidation of glucose.

Related Metabolic Processes

20. State the basic function of fermentation.

21. Compare the fate of pyruvate in alcohol fermentation and in lactic acid fermentation.

22. Compare the processes of fermentation and cellular respiration.

23. Describe the evidence that suggests that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway.

24. Describe how food molecules other than glucose can be oxidized to make ATP.

25. Explain how glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can contribute to anabolic pathways.

26. Explain how ATP production is controlled by the cell, and describe the role that the allosteric enzyme phosphofructokinase plays in the process.

 
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Chapter 52 AP Obj Pop Ecol

 

 

Chapter 52    Population Ecology
Objectives
Characteristics of Populations
1. Distinguish between density and dispersion of a population.
2. Explain how ecologists may estimate the density of a species.
3. Describe conditions that may result in clumped dispersion, uniform dispersion, and random dispersion of individuals in a population.
4. Explain how a life table is constructed.
5. Distinguish between a life table and a reproductive table.
6. Describe the characteristics of populations that exhibit Type I, Type II, and Type III survivorship curves.
Life Histories
7. Define and distinguish between semelparity and iteroparity. Explain what factors may favor the evolution of each life history strategy.
8. Explain, with examples, how limited resources and trade-offs may affect life histories.
Population Growth
9. Compare the exponential model of population growth with the logistic model.
10. Explain how an environment’s carrying capacity affects the per capita rate of increase of a population.
11. Explain the meaning of each of the following terms in the logistic model of population growth:
a. rmax
b. K 2 N
c. (K 2 N)/K
12. Distinguish between r-selected populations and K-selected populations.
Population-Limiting Factors
13. Explain how density-dependent factors affect population growth.
14. Explain, with examples, how biotic and abiotic factors may work together to control a population’s growth.
15. Describe boom-and-bust population cycles, explaining possible causes of lynx/hare fluctuations.
Human Population Growth
16. Describe the history of human population growth.
17. Define the demographic transition.
18. Compare the age structures of Italy, Afghanistan, and the United States. Describe the possible consequences for each country.
19. Describe the problems associated with estimating Earth’s carrying capacity for the human species.
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