Curriculum Map 122 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Cell Worksheet Ch4 BI

Cells

Section 4-1 Introduction to the Cell

1. What is a cell?

2. Who was the first person to use a simple microscope and view microscopic organisms?

3.. What English scientist was first to view dead plant cells?

4. State the 3 parts to the cell theory.

5. Tell how each of these scientists contributed to the cell theory — Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.

6. Give 3 ways that cells are not alike.

7. What is one of the longest animal cells?

8. Explain why cells are limited in how large they can grow.

9. The shape of a cell reflects its ______________________. Give an example of this.

10. Define organelle & tell what they do for a cell.

11. What surrounds the outside of all cells?

12. Where is the nucleus of a cell & what does it do?

13. What two characteristics do all eukaryotes share?

14. What type of cell is a bacterium?

15. Where is the genetic information (chromosome) of a bacterium found?

16. What are prokaryotes & are they in the same kingdom as eukaryotes?

Section 4-2 Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell

17. Why can cells not survive if they are totally isolated from their environment?

18. What controls what enters or leaves a cell?

19. Define selectively permeable.

20. Describe the phospholipid make up of cell membranes.

21. Cells are bathed in an aqueous environment. What does this mean?

22. Sketch the lipid bilayer of a cell showing the inside & outside of the cell. Be sure to label all parts of the membrane.

23. What is the difference between peripheral & integral proteins in the cell membrane?

24. What is the purpose of the carbohydrate tails attached to some integral proteins?

25. Do all integral proteins look alike? Explain.

26. Explain the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane.

27. Name 12 organelles found in cells. (See table 4-2)

28. In what part of a cell are organelles found?

29. What is cytosol & what does it contain?

30. Name 3 organelles found in plant, but not animal cells. (See bottom of table 4-2)

31. What is the function of mitochondria? What energy molecule is made there?

32. Why do liver & muscle cells have more mitochondria than other types of cells?

33. Describe the outer covering of the mitochondria.

34. What are cristae & what is their purpose?

35. Mitochondria are able to reproduce inside cells because they have their own ___________.

36. What organelles are the most numerous inside cells?

37. What two things make up ribosomes & are ribosomes surrounded by membrane like other organelles?

38. Ribosomes are made inside the _______________ of a cell.

39. Ribosomes may remain unattached or __________ in cytosol or attach to what other organelle’s surface?

40. What organic compounds to ribosomes synthesize or make?

41. What does ER stand for & what is the ER in a cell?

42. What is the ER’s function?

43. Name the two types of ER inside cells.

44. What is on the surface of rough ER?

45. Rough ER synthesizes large amounts of _________________ for cells.

46. Give 3 functions of smooth ER.

47. What is the Golgi apparatus?

48. Golgi is a system of ________________ or flattened _____________.

49. How does the Golgi work with the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell?

50. What are lysosomes & what do they do?

51. Name 8 things that the enzymes inside lysosomes digest?

52. In what type of cells are lysosomes common? In what type of cell are they rare?

53. Where is the cytoskeleton & what is its function?

54. What are the two major components of the cytoskeleton?

55. How do microfilaments & microtubules differ from each other?

56. What are spindle fibers & what are they made of?

57. What protein makes up microfilaments?

58. Compare cilia & flagella.

59. What is the purpose of the nuclear matrix?

60. What double membrane surrounds the nucleus?

61. Where is chromatin found & what 2 things is it made of?

62. When a cell is ready to divide, chromatin condenses & coils into _____________________.

63. What is the purpose of DNA inside the nucleus?

64. How do nuclear pores help RNA?

65. Where is the nucleolus found and what is made there?

66. Where is the cell wall in plants found, what is its function, and what is it made of?

67. What are the 2 types of cell walls in plants?

68. What is the difference between the primary & secondary cell walls?

69. What is found inside plant vacuoles?

70. What takes up much of the volume of plant cells? What happens to the other organelles?

71. How are plastids similar to mitochondria?

72. What is found inside of plastids?

73. Name the most familiar plastid & tell its function.

74. What are thylakoids?

Section 4-3 Multicellular Organization

75. Cells are organized into ______________________. Give an example.

76. What is an organ & give an example?

77. What forms organ systems?

78. The digestive system is an organ system. Name the organs that make up this system.

79. All the systems working together make up an ______________________ such as a plant or animal.

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Cell Membrane PPT Qs BI

Transport Across Membranes

PowerPoint Questions

Membrane Structure

1. Cell membranes of unicellular organisms are ____________ so the organism can move.

2. What is meant by homeostasis?

3. Homeostasis is also called __________________.

4. How does the plasma membrane help maintain homeostasis?

5. Give 7 functions of the plasma membrane.

6. What is meant by the term selectively permeable?

7. What are cell junctions?

8. Fluid inside the cell is called _________________.

9. Label the plasma membrane (phospholipids, cholesterol, peripheral proteins, integral proteins, cytoskeleton, glcocalyx…)

10. A ________________ bilayer makes up most of the cell membrane.

11. Are phospholipids heads polar or nonpolar? the tails?

12. How many fatty acid chains are in a phospholipid?

13. Describe the heads of a phospholipid.

14. The __________ _____________ ___________ describes the appearance of the cell membrane.

15. Why is the cell membrane said to act like a fluid?

16. What causes the mosaic pattern of the cell membrane when viewed from above?

17. The phospholipid ____________ of the cell membrane allows ____________ molecules to pass through easily, but _________________ do NOT.

18. Materials soluble in __________ can pass easily through the cell membrane.

19. Because the cell membrane is ___________________, only ___________ molecules and larger _______________ molecules can move through easily.

20. List 3 substances that pass easily through the cell membrane.

21. _________, _____________ molecules larger than water, and large __________ molecules do NOT move easily through the phospholipids of the cell membrane.

Types of Membrane Transport

22. Simple ____________ requires NO energy to move things across the cell membrane.

23. With simple diffusion, molecules move from an area of ________ concentration to an area of ______ concentration.

24.Why is diffusion considered a passive process?

25. With diffusion, molecules move by their own natural __________ energy or energy of motion.

26. Explain what happens to a drop of food coloring put into a beaker of water.

27. When solutes diffuse through a membrane, they move from __________ to _________ concentration.

28. __________ is the diffusion of _________ across a cell membrane.

29. If water potential is HIGH, solute concentration is __________.

30. If water potential is LOW, solute concentration is ___________.

31. Water moves from _________ water potential to ________ water potential.

32. Water diffuses through the pores called _____________ of the cell membrane.

33. Sketch a picture of a cell in an isotonic environment & show the direction of water movement?

34. What is meant by NO NET movement?

35. Sketch a picture of a cell in an Hypotonic environment & show the direction of water movement?

36. Sketch a picture of a cell in an hypertonic environment & show the direction of water movement?

37. Complete the following table:

Direction of Osmosis
Environmental Condition	Net Movement of water	What happens to cell
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic

38. _____________ occurs whenever water moves out of a cell & the cell shrinks in size.

39. _____________ occurs whenever water moves into the cells causing them to swell and burst.

40. Explain what happens to a red blood cell placed in:

a. distilled water

b. a concentrated salt solution

41. Complete the following drawings.

42. Plants prefer ________________ environments, while animal cells do best in _____________ environments.

43. Describe these 3 types of movement across cell membranes.

a. simple diffusion

b. facilitated diffusion

c. active transport

44. Passive transport does _______ require additional energy & moves materials from ________ to _________ concentration.

45. Give 2 examples of passive transport in cells.

46. ___________ diffusion is a type of __________ transport because energy is NOT required.

47. Facilitated diffusion uses _____________ proteins to help move materials from _________ to __________ concentrations.

48. Name 2 materials that move into or out of cells by facilitated diffusion.

49. name 2 types of transport proteins found in cell membranes.

50. Describe channel proteins.

51. How do carrier proteins help move materials across a cell membrane?

52. Channel proteins have an opening or ___________ through which molecules can passively move by _____________ diffusion.

53. Do all carrier proteins extend across the cell membrane?

54. Explain how these carrier proteins move materials across the membrane.

55. Some carrier proteins can change ________ to move materials across the cell membrane.

56. __________ transport requires additional energy to move materials.

57. Active transport uses cellular energy known as _________.

58. Active transport moves materials AGAINST the concentration gradient or from _________ to ___________ concentration.

59. The _______________ pump is an example of active transport.

60. The sodium-potassium pump moves _______ sodium ions out for every ______ potassium ions moved into the cell creating voltage across the cell called the ____________ potential.

61. Moving very large particles out of the cell is called _____________.

62. In exocytosis, wastes are moved out of the cell in ___________ that fuse with the cell membrane.

63. __________ involves moving large particles into the cell.

64. taking in large liquid droplets is called ____________ or “cell drinking”.

65. __________ ____________ endocytosis involves protein ____________ recognizing hormones to help move them into the cell.

66. How does cholesterol get into a cell?

67. “Cell eating” is known as ______________.

68. White blood cells engulfing bacteria is an example of _____________.

69. _____________ is the opposite of exocytosis.

Catalase Lab Sample 1

Enzyme Rate of Reaction for Catalase

Introduction:
Enzymes are an important part of life that regulate chemical reactions with in the body. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in four different ways, one way is heat, another is increasing the rate of reactants, the third way is decreasing the amount of products and the fourth way is enzymes, which speed up reaction without themselves being used up. Enzymes are also involved in digestion, respiration, reproduction, vision, movement, thought, and also in the productions of other enzymes. Simple cells may have as many as 2000 enzymes with each one catalyzing a different reaction. An enzyme can speed up a reaction making it 10, 000,000,000 times faster. An enzyme is a catalyst. A catalyst is a chemical that reduces the amount of activation interim needed for a reaction. Without enzymes a reaction would take much longer than if it had and enzyme. Enzymes also the control the rate and direction of the reaction.
Without catalysts chemical reactions would take much longer that the average human life expectancy. So that would mean that in 76 years only a couple chemical reactions would take place. Since our bodies have enzymes though hundreds of chemical reactions a day. If our bodies didn’t have catalysts our bodily cells couldn’t function. Some bacteria, however, possess a defense mechanism which can minimize the harm done by the two compounds. These resistant bacteria use two enzymes to catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide back into diatomic oxygen and water. One of these enzymes is catalase and its presence can be detected by a simple test. The catalase test involves adding hydrogen peroxide to a cultures sample or an agar slant.

Hypothesis:
The reaction rate of catalase splitting hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen will increase over time.

Materials:
The materials used consisted of 100 paper H2O2 molecules, a data table, paper, pencil, calculator, scissors, watch with a second hand, and an enzyme rate of reaction catalase worksheet.

Methods:
Cut out 100 hydrogen peroxide paper molecules. Double check to make sure there are only 100 paper molecules and place them in an envelope. Then one person will keep track of the time while another person acts as a catalase and tears the paper hydrogen peroxide molecules in half. The torn paper molecules should be returned to the envelope each time. Another person times the person acting as the catalase. The time intervals in which the paper molecules are to be ripped are 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds, and two different 60second periods of time. The results should be recorded in a data table. The reaction rate for catalase is figured using the formula:
M2 – M1 = Reaction Rate
T2 – T1

Results:

Time in Seconds	Ripped H2O2 Molecules	Rate of Reaction
0-10	5	.5
10-30	13	.4
30-60	31	.6
60-120	61	.5
120-180	91	.5

1. What is an enzyme? What are its functions in living things?
chemicals that reduce the amount of activation energy needed for reactions to occur; they are proteins in cells that control metabolic reactions

2. Name several things that can affect the functioning of an enzyme.
temperature, pH, and the amount of reactant or product

3. Write the chemical equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by the enzyme catalase.
H2O2 + Catalase –> H2O + O2

4. An enzyme’s efficiency increases with greater substrate concentration, but only up to a point. Why?
once all active sites are filled, the enzyme’s reaction rate won’t continue increasing

5. If you were allowed to continue this lab and rip hydrogen peroxide molecules for 240 and 300 seconds, what would happen to the reaction rate and why would this happen?
there would be more molecules ripped because of the increased amount of time

6. What can you say about the length of time and the reaction rate?
The more time available, the faster the reaction will occur.

7. What would happen to the reaction rate if you removed the water and oxygen molecules as soon as they were produced?
The rate of reaction would go even faster

Error Analysis:
The counting of the time may have been off a couple of seconds.

Discussion and Conclusion:
The data shows that the more time there is, the more hydrogen peroxide molecules will be ripped. The catalase in the lab ripped about 6 molecules every 5 seconds. The same thing occurs in a cell as more hydrogen peroxide is produced, catalase speeds up breaking down this waste into water and oxygen.

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Carbon Dioxide Use in Plants

Do Plants Consume or Release CO2?

Introduction

The rate of photosynthesis can be determined by measuring the rate of production of sugar or oxygen or by measuring the rate of decrease in carbon dioxide concentration. A common aquarium plant called, Elodea, can be used to show fast carbon dioxide is being removed from the water in which the Elodea is submerged.

6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy —> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

In this lab, you will use phenol red as an indicator to show whether CO2 is being consumed or produced in a reaction. It is well known that in the presence of light, plants perform photosynthesis. At the same time, plants are also performing cell respiration. To demonstrate this, we will determine whether CO2 is consumed or produced as Elodea is placed in either a light or dark environment. The change in CO2 will be detected by the pH indicator phenol red. Phenol red is yellow under acidic conditions (high H+ ion concentration), pink to magenta under basic or alkaline conditions (low H+ ion concentration), and orange under neutral conditions. A change in the amount of CO2 will cause a directly proportional change in H+ ion.

If the CO2 concentration decreases, the H+ ion concentration will also decrease, and the solution will change to pink, becoming basic.

If the CO2 concentration increases, the H+ ion concentration will also increase, and the solution will change to yellow, becoming acidic.

Neutral solutions of phenol red will be orange.

Materials:

phenol red solution, 4 sprigs of Elodea, soda straw, 4 test tubes, labeling marker, 100 ml graduated cylinder, beaker, aluminum foil

Procedure:

Create a solution of phenol red by adding concentrated phenol red to about 100 ml of water in a beaker. The phenol red may change color as a result of adding water (depending on how acidic your tap water is). Your goal is to make your solution a neutral orange color. You can do this by gently blowing into the solution with a straw.
Label 4 test tubes 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Once you have the solution at an orange color, transfer it to 4 test tubes (they should be filled about 2/3 full with your orange solution).
Place a cut piece of Elodea (cut end up) into tubes 2 and 4 and tightly cap.
Test tubes 3 and 4 will not have Elodea. Cap and then cover these tubes with aluminum foil so no light can enter.
Place tubes 1 and 2 in bright light.
Place tubes 2 and 4 in the dark.
After 24 hours, uncover and examine all 4 test tubes and record the results.

Data:

Test Tube #	Contents of Tube	Initial Color	Final Color
1
2
3
4

Conclusion:

1. What test tubes served as the controls in this experiment. Why?

2. What was the dependent variable?

3. Do you think there would have been any change in any of the test tubes if they were left for 48 or 72 hours? Explain.

4. Describe and explain what happened in the test tubes.

5. Why did the color change occur?

6. Where does the carbon dioxide that is removed from the solution go?

7. What other process goes on in plant cells that requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide?

8. What was the purpose in tightly capping all four test tubes?

Campbell Problem 10

Molecular Genetics Problem 10 10. An aneuploid person is obviously female, but her cells have two Barr bodies. What is the probable complement of sex chromosomes in this individual?

This individual probably is XXX.

The individual is a female. Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes produces a variety of aneuploid conditions in humans. Most of these conditions appear to upset genetic balance less than aneuploid conditions involving autosomes. Extra copies of the X chromosome are deactivated as Barr bodies in the somatic cells. Females with trisomy of the X chromosome (XXX), which occurs about once in approximately 1000 live births, are healthy and cannot be distinguished from XX females except by karyotype.

An Example of nondisjunction:

Klinefelter’s syndrome

49 ,XXXXY

This karyotype shows a variant of Klinefelter’s syndrome.

Individuals with this syndrome are male, typically with the karyotype 47,XXY.

Individuals with Klinefelter’s syndrome exhibit a characteristic phenotype including tall stature, infertility, gynecomastia and hypogonadism.

Aneuploidy above one extra chromosome is usually fatal but because of X-inactivation, which “turns off” all but one X chromosome per cell, the effects of 3 extra chromosomes are reduced.

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