Curriculum Map 74 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Photosynthesis Study Guide BI

Photosynthesis Study Guide

Give several examples of life processes that require energy.

What is the major light absorbing pigment in plants?

What two things are formed by plants when carbon dioxide & water are combined using sunlight as the energy?

Clusters of light absorbing pigments located in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast are called what?

Do all organisms require energy?

Are all wavelengths of sunlight absorbed by a plant to make sugar? Explain.

Only ___________, not heterotrophs, carry on photosynthesis.

When the products of one chemical reaction are used as the reactants for the next reaction, the series of reactions is known as a ___________________ pathway.

Plants cells use light to make what two energy carrying molecules?

What sugar is the final product of photosynthesis?

Electrons are transported from one molecule to another by __________ atoms.

Can the dark reactions of photosynthesis occur during the daytime or only in the dark?

C4 and CAM plants use less water to make sugar than __________ plants.

How do heterotrophs obtain their energy?

What is the original source of energy for all living things on earth?

Stacks of thylakoids called grana are suspended in the fluid inside chloroplasts called __________.

Light travels to plants as tiny packets of radiant energy called _________.

Chlorophyll of plants looks green because green light is ______________ to your eye.

What happens to the electrons of chlorophyll when they are stuck by sunlight?

What gas is put back into our atmosphere by photosynthesis?

Complex carbohydrates are made during what cycle during photosynthesis?

What pigments give flower petals their colors?

Electrons raised to a higher energy level when struck by light enter what chain?

What important energy carrier molecule in photosynthesis picks up hydrogen atoms?

Oxygen made during photosynthesis comes from the splitting of what molecule?

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Photosynthesis & Respiration Study Guide

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Study Guide

1. Name 3 life processes that use energy.

2. What are heterotrophs?

3. What is the ultimate energy for all life on earth?

4. What is photosynthesis?

5. Where are grana found in a chloroplast?

6. What is a biochemical pathway?

7. Solar energy is converted into what type of energy in photosynthesis?

8. What is the function of chlorophyll?

9. Name 3 things that can happen to light that strikes an object.

10. Explain why chlorophyll looks green.

11. What happens to a chlorophyll molecule that absorbs light energy?

12. What happens to the energized electrons of chlorophyll?

13. What is the source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis?

14. What two products of the light reactions provide energy for the Calvin cycle?

15. Can the Calvin cycle take place if light is present? if light is absent?

16. What atmospheric gas is a byproduct of photosynthesis?

17. When during photosynthesis is glucose made?

18. What are the 2 energy sources for the Calvin Cycle?

19. Where does the carbon in organic molecules come from?

20. Heterotrophs depend indirectly on _________ fro energy.

21. When food is broken down, energy is TEMPORARILY stored in what molecule?

22. All organisms use ________ as their energy molecule.

23. Oxygen produced during ___________ is used during _________________.

24. What is the effect of lactic acid on muscles?

25. When do muscles form lactic acid?

26. Glucose is split during what process?

27. Two molecules of what form from the splitting of glucose?

28. How much ATP is made from the initial splitting of glucose in the cytoplasm?

29. What is the anaerobic respiration of carbohydrates called?

30. Name the 2 main stages in cellular respiration.

31. ___________ respiration only occurs in the presence of oxygen.

32. NADPH is formed during what process?

33. NADH is formed during what process?

34. The Krebs cycle occurs in what process?

35. the Calvin cycle occurs in what process?

36. Water is the end product of what process?

37. At the end of the ETC, what gas is added to form water?

38. In cellular respiration, the most ATP is generated during the ___________.

39. What 2 energy carriers enter the ETC in cellular respiration?

40. Be able to define autotrophs & heterotrophs and to give examples of each.

Nucleotide Model preap

Model of a Nucleotide

Introduction

Nucleotides consist of three parts — a pentose sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group. A pentose sugar is a five-sided sugar. There are 2 kinds of pentose sugars — deoxyribose and ribose. Deoxyribose has a hydrogen atom attached to its #2 carbon atom (designated 2′), and ribose has a hydroxyl group atom there. Deoxyribose-containing nucleotides are the monomers of DNA, while Ribose-containing nucleotides are the monomers of RNA.

A nitrogen-containing ring structure is called a base. The base is attached to the 1′ carbon atom of the pentose. In DNA, four different bases are found — two purines, called adenine (A) and guanine (G) and two pyrimidines, called thymine (T) and cytosine (C). RNA contains The same purines, adenine (A) and guanine (G). RNA also uses the pyrimidine cytosine (C), but instead of thymine, it uses the pyrimidine uracil (U).

The Purines	The Pyrimidines

The combination of a base and a pentose is called a nucleoside. A phosphate group is attached to the 5′ carbon of the pentose sugar.

Objective

Students will construct a 3-dimensional model of a single nucleotide, the monomer of which nucleic acids are composed.

Materials

Various materials may be used for the atoms that make up a nucleotide such as styrofoam balls, plastic coke bottle caps, beads, etc. Bonds between atoms may be made from toothpicks, plastic stirring sticks, popsicle sticks, etc. Single & double bonds must be represented by the correct number of “sticks”. The atoms and bonds may NOT be made of any food item. Your model should be glued together to make the model rigid for hanging. Attach string and a label with the nucleotide’s name to your model. Models must be sturdy, light weight, and small enough to hang from the ceiling.

Color Code for atoms:

CARBON –	BLACK
HYDROGEN –	YELLOW
OXYGEN –	RED
NITROGEN –	BLUE

Structural Formulas of Nucleotides:

Uracil Nucleotide (Ribose ) & Thymine Nucleotide (Deoxyribose)

Adenine Nucleotide (Deoxyribose)

Cytosine Nucleotide (Deoxyribose)

Guanine Nucleotide (Deoxyribose)

Mollusk

Mollusks

All Materials © Cmassengale

Phylum Mollusca
Characteristics

Soft-bodied invertebrate covered with protective mantle that may or may not form a hard, calcium carbonate shell
Includes chitons, snails, slugs, clams, oysters, squid, octopus, & nautilus
Second largest animal phylum
Have a muscular foot for movement which is modified into tentacles for squid & octopus
Complete, one-way digestive tract with a mouth & anus
Have a fully-lined coelom
Cephalization – have a distinct head with sense organs & brain
Have a scraping, mouth-like structure called the radula
Go through free-swimming larval stage called trochophore

Trochophore Larva

Body organs called visceral mass lie below mantle
Have circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, & reproductive systems
Bilaterally symmetrical
Most have separate sexes that cross-fertilize eggs
Gills between the mantle & visceral mass are used for gas exchange
Includes 4 classes — Polyplacophora (chitons), Gastropoda (snails, slugs, nudibranchs, conchs & abalone), Pelecypoda or Bivalvia (clams, oysters, & mussels), & Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, & nautilus)

SNAIL, CLAM, CHITON, & SQUID

Class Polyplacophora
Characteristics

All marine
Have a shell divided into 8 over-lapping plates
Live on rocks along seashore feeding on algae

CHITON

Class Gastropoda
Characteristics

Head has a pair of retractable tentacles with eyes located at the ends
Have a single shell or valve (snails) or none (slugs)
Known as univalves
Snails
* May be marine, freshwater, or terrestrial
* Aquatic snails breathe through gills & use their radula to scrape algae for food
* Terrestrial snails use their mantle cavity as a modified lung & saw off leaves
* Retreat into shell in dry periods & seals opening with mucus
* Have open circulatory system
* Secrete mucus & use muscular foot to move
* Land snails are hermaphrodites
* Aquatic snails have separate sexes
* Use internal fertilization

Slugs
* Live in moist terrestrial areas
* Lack a shell

SLUG

Pteropods
* Called “sea butterflies”
* Marine
* Have a wing-like flap for swimming

“SEA BUTTERFLY”

Oyster Drills
* Radula modified to drill into oyster shells

OYSTER DRILL

Nudibranch
* Marine slug
* Lacks shell

NUDIBRANCH

Class Bivalvia or Pelecypoda
Characteristics

Sessile or sedentary
Includes marine clams, oysters, shipworms, & scallops and freshwater mussels
Filter feeders
Have two-part, hinged shell (2 valves)
Have muscular foot that extends from shell for movement
Scallops clap valves together to move

Shell secreted by mantle & made of 3 layers — outer horny layer protects against acids, middle prismatic layer made of calcium carbonate for strength, & inner pearly layer next to soft body
Mantle secretes substance called “mother of pearl” to surround irritants like grains of sand
Oldest, raised part of shell called umbo
Powerful anterior & posterior adductor muscles open & close shell
Lack a distinct head
Have an incurrent & excurrent siphon that circulate water over the gills to remove food & oxygen

INTERNAL CLAM ANATOMY

Have heart & open circulatory system
Nervous system made of 3 pairs of ganglia, nerve cords, & sensory cells that detect light, chemicals, & touch
Separate sexes with external fertilization of eggs

Class Cephalopoda or Amphineura
Characteristics

Includes octopus, squid, cuttlefish, & chambered nautilus
All marine


NAUTILUS	OCTOPUS	SQUID

Most intelligent mollusk
Well developed head
Active, free swimming predators
Foot divided into tentacles with suckers
Use their radula & beak to feed
Closed circulatory system
Lack an external shell
Highly developed nervous system with vertebrate-like eyes
Separate sexes with internal fertilization

Squid
* Largest invertebrate is the Giant Squid
* Large, complex brain
* Ten tentacles with longest pair to catch prey
* Use jet propulsion to move by forcing water out their excurrent siphon
* Chromatophores in the skin can help change squid color for camouflage
* Can squirt an inky substance into water to temporarily blind predators
* Have internal shell called pen
* Female lays eggs in jellylike material & protects them until hatching

GIANT SQUID

Octopus
* Eight tentacles
* Similar to squid
* Crawls along bottom looking for prey

OCTOPUS

Chambered Nautilus
* Has an exterior shell
* Lives in the outer chamber of the shell
* Secretes gas into the other chambers to adjust buoyancy

NAUTILUS

Economic Importance of Mollusks

Used by humans for food
Pearls from oysters
Shells used for jewelry
Do crop & garden damage
Serve as intermediate hosts for some parasites such as flukes

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Moss & Fern

Mosses & Ferns

Kingdom Plantae
All Materials © Cmassengale

Seedless Nonvascular Plants

Includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Lack vascular tissue (xylem & phloem) to carry water & food
Have a Sporophyte & Gametophyte stage known as alternation of generations
Gametophyte is dominant stage
Reproduce by spores

Division Bryophyta

Mosses:

Small, nonvascular land plants
No true roots, stems, or leaves
Class Musci
Most common bryophyte
Grow on moist areas (brick walls, as thick mats on forest floors, and on the shaded side of trees)
Some can survive periodic dry spells & revive when H2O becomes available
Must grow close together and must have H2O to complete their life cycle
Sperm swims to egg through drops of water during fertilization
H2O moves cell-to-cell by osmosis
Sphagnum moss is known for its moisture holding capacity, absorbing up to 20 times its dry weight with water.

MOSS SPOROPHYTES & FERN GAMETOPHYTES

LIFE CYCLE OF MOSSES:

Mosses alternate between a haploid (n) gametophyte stage & a diploid (2n) sporophyte stage
Gametophyte is the dominant generation

Moss Gametophyte	Moss Sporophyte

Called alternation of generations

The haploid gametophyte stage contains half the chromosome number & produces gametes (egg & sperm)
Gametophyte stage is dominant in the moss’s life cycle
Gametophytes are photosynthetic & have root-like rhizoids
The diploid sporophyte has a complete set of chromosomes & produces spores by meiosis
Sporophyte of a moss is smaller than, & attached to the Gametophyte
Sporophytes lack chlorophyll & depend on the photosynthetic gametophyte for food
Sporophyte has a long, slender stalk topped with a capsule
Capsule forms haploid (n) spores

Moss Capsules

Sexual Reproduction in Moss:

Mosses produce 2 kinds of gametes (egg & sperm)
Gametes of Bryophytes are surrounded by a jacket of sterile cells that keep the cells from drying out
Female gametes or eggs are larger with more cytoplasm & are immobile
Flagellated sperm must swim to the egg through water droplets for fertilization
Moss gametes form in separate reproductive structures on the Gametophyte — Archegonium & Antheridium

Archegonium	Antheridium

Each Archegonium forms one egg, but each Antheridium forms many sperm
Fertilization can occur only after rain when the Gametophyte is covered with water
Sperms swim to the egg by following a chemical trail released by the egg
A zygote (fertilized egg) forms that undergoes mitosis and becomes a Sporophyte
Cells inside mature Sporophyte capsule undergoes meiosis and form haploid spores
Haploid spores germinate into juvenile plants called protonema
Protonema begin the Gametophyte generation

Protonema of Funaria hygrometrica
Protonema

Spores are carried by wind & sprout on moist soil forming a new Gametophyte

Asexual reproduction in Mosses:

Asexual reproduction in moss may occur by fragmentation or gemmae
Pieces of a Gametophyte can break off & form new moss plants (fragmentation)
Gemmae are tiny, cup shaped structures on the Gametophytes
Raindrops separate gemmae from the parent plant so they can spread & form new Gametophytes

Gemmae cups

Uses for Moss:

Help decomposer dead logs
Serve as pioneer plants on bare rock or ground
Help prevent erosion
Provide shelter for insects & small animals
Used as nesting materials by birds & mammals
Sphagnum or peat moss forms peat bogs (wet ecosystem)
Peat is burned as fuel in some areas

Division Hepatophyta

Liverworts:

Nonvascular
Undergo alternation of generations with Sporophyte attached to Gametophyte
Gametophytes are green & leafy and the dominant generation

Liverwort

Need abundant water for fertilization
Reproduce by spores
Grow on moist rocks or soil
Reproduce asexually by gemmae and by growing new branches

Division Anthocerophyta

Hornworts:

Small, nonvascular bryophytes
Gametophyte leafy like liverworts
Archegonia & antheridia form inside the plant
After fertilization, zygotes develop into long, horn-shaped Sporophytes
Horn-shaped Sporophytes capable of photosynthesis so not completely dependent on Gametophyte

Hornwort

Seedless Vascular Plants

Includes club mosses, whisk ferns, horsetails, & ferns
Have specialized vascular tissues (xylem & phloem) to transport H2O, food, etc.
Have a Sporophyte & Gametophyte stage known as alternation of generations
Sporophyte is the dominant stage
Reproduce by spores

Division Psilophyta

Whisk Ferns:

Photosynthetic, aerial stem forks repeatedly to form a small twiggy bush
No true roots, stems, or leaves
Have horizontal, underground stems called rhizomes
Root-like structures called rhizoids anchor plant
Reproduce by spores & vegetatively from rhizomes
Only 2 living genera

Whisk Fern

Division Lycophyta

Club Mosses:

Low growing plants resembling pine trees
Have a club-shaped spore producing structure

Club Moss

Some like Lycopodium contain chemicals that burn quickly
Resurrection moss is green (after rains) when moist and brown when dry.

Resurrection Plant

Division Sphenophyta

Horsetails:

Equisetum called scouring rush is the only living species
Photosynthetic aerial stems & underground rhizomes
Stems contain silica & were once used to scrub pots
Reproduce by means of spores made in small cones at the tip of branches
In prehistoric times, some plants of this family grew to be large trees
Found in wetlands

Horsetail

Division Pterophyta

Fern Gametophyte:

Largest group of living seedless vascular plants
Live in moist habitats
Alternates between dominant Sporophyte stage & Gametophyte stage
Sporophyte stage has true roots, stems, & leaves
Produce spores on the underside of leaves

Leaves are called fronds & are attached by a stem-like petiole

FERNS

Fern Life Cycle:

Spores produced on underside of fronds in clusters of sporangia called sori
Spores undergo meiosis, are spread by wind, & germinate on moist soil to form prothallus
Prothallus begins the Gametophyte stage
Mature Gametophytes are small, heart-shaped structures that live only a short time
Male antheridia & female archegonia grow on the prothalli
Sperm must swim to the egg to fertilize it & developing embryo becomes the Sporophyte generation
Newly forming fronds are called fiddleheads & uncurl

Uses for Ferns:

Prevent erosion
Fiddleheads serve as food
Ornamental plants
Formed coal million of years ago

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