| Unit 6 Evolution & Phylogeny Study Guide | |
|
|
Category: My Classroom Material
Fish & Amphibian Study Guide
Fish & Amphibian Study Guide
Ø List several characteristics found in all vertebrates.
Ø What is the function of the kidney in fish?
Ø What type of fish has skin covered by overlapping scales?
Ø What type of fish feeds parasitically on other fish?
Ø What type of fish has small scales embedded in the skin?
Ø What does the word “Agnatha” mean?
Ø Name 2 fish that retain their notochord throughout their life cycle.
Ø What does the word “Chondrichthyes” mean?
Ø Give 2 examples of agnathans.
Ø Which fin propels bony fish through the water?
Ø The word “amphibian” means ___________________.
Ø Name the 2 major groups of bony fish.
Ø What is the function of the swim bladder in bony fish?
Ø What structure covers the gills of bony fish?
Ø Describe several characteristics of lungfish.
Ø What makes up the skeleton of fish in the group Osteichthyes?
Ø What structure helps draw water into the mouth of bony fish?
Ø Give 2 ways amphibians breathe.
Ø In what order are amphibians without tails found?
Ø Describe the feeding habits of adult frogs.
Ø Describe metamorphosis in frogs.
Ø Give several reasons why frogs & toads return to water to reproduce.
Ø Which order of amphibians is legless?
Evolution Answers
 |
Evolution Answers |
-
- In biological terms, what is a species? a group of organisms that are similar in form and structure
a group of organisms that can interbreed
a group of organisms that share common features
a group of organisms that have live in the same habitat - What is the Scala Naturae? an idea proposed by Darwin that suggests that all organisms share a common ancestor
an idea proposed by Plato that suggests organisms are all evolving toward an ideal form
an idea proposed by Aristotle that suggests that all organisms fit into an orderly scheme
an idea proposed by Wallace that suggests that organisms change over time - Creationism is not accepted as a valid scientific theory because: it violates the scientific principle of natural causality
it doesn’t offer a model to explain the diversity of life on earth
it cannot be disproven
all of these
- In biological terms, what is a species? a group of organisms that are similar in form and structure
-
- The picture of the finches is used to illustrate: phylogeny of finches
change over time
specialization of beaks for different diets
natural selection - Which of the following was not an observation made by Darwin on his voyages: penguins use wings to paddle instead of fly
snakes have rudimentary hind limbs
the earth is very old
islands had species that did not exist on the mainland
- The picture of the finches is used to illustrate: phylogeny of finches
-
- The image illustrates: vestigial structures
homologous structures
the fossil record
natural selection - Which of the following is an example of artificial selection: a panda’s thumb
the breeding of dogs
the galapagos finches
a giraffe’s neck - According to the theory of evolution by natural selection, which of the following is true: random mating is necessary for evolution to occur
variation does not exist between members of the same species
populations will change to better fit their environment
individuals will adapt to their environment - Which of the following are assumptions made with regards to the Theory of Evolution by Natural selection organisms compete with each other to survive
variations exist among organisms
not all organisms that are born survive to reproduce
all of these
- The image illustrates: vestigial structures
-
- The image illustrates which of the following: artificial selection
acquired characteristics
homologous structures
vestigial structures - A panda’s thumb is considered an evolutionary contrivance because: it is assembled from wrist bones, and imperfect
it is perfectly structured to grab leaves
it is an structure that has no use
none of these - Which of the following outcomes would you predict for a population of bacteria exposed to a new antibiotic. over many generations, the bacteria would become resistant to the antibiotic
over a few generations, the bacteria would evolve into Archaebacteria
over a few generations, the bacteria would become extinct
over many generations, the bacteria would become more susceptible to the antibiotic - Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution: whales and sharks have similar body designs
bees and hummingbirds have similar body designs
bats and birds have similar body designs
all of these - Why is evolution called the “unifying theory of biology” because it explains the diversity of life on the planet
because it serves as a model to predict how organisms will change
it serves as a model to interpret relationships between organisms on the planet
all of these
- The image illustrates which of the following: artificial selection
- The image illustrates how peppered moths are related to other moths
how peppered moths adapted to a changing environment
how peppered moths became extinct
how peppered moths became two species
Fish
Fish
All Materials © Cmassengale
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata
Subphylum – Vertebrata
Vertebrates:
| Include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals | |
| Have a notochord (slim, flexible rod) present in early stages that may be replaced by backbone in adults | |
| Contain a dorsal, hollow bundle of nerves called the nerve or spinal cord | |
| Respire through pharyngeal or gill pouches during early development | |
| Have post-anal tail in early stages | |
| Endoskeleton made of bone &/or cartilage | |
| Anterior head with well developed brain & sensory organs (Cephalization) | |
| Closed circulatory system |
Taxonomy of Vertebrates:
| Agnatha include hagfish & lamprey with long, eel-like bodies without jaws or paired fins & cartilage skeletons |
| Chondrichthyes include sharks, rays, & skates with cartilage skeletons, paired fins, & jaws |
| Osteichthyes are bony fish with jaws, paired fins, & bone and cartilage in their skeletons | |
| Amphibia include frogs, toads, & salamanders that go through an aquatic larval or tadpole stage | |
| Reptilia include snakes, turtles, lizards, & alligators that live on land, are covered with scales, & lay a tough, protective amniote egg | |
| Aves are birds covered with feathers, adapted for flying, & with hollow bones | |
| Mammalia have hair or fur & females have mammary or milk-producing glands |
Evolution:
| Fossil record shows jawless fish without paired fins appeared first about 550 million years ago | |
| Ostracoderm was a jawless, bottom-feeding ancestor to the agnathans (modern jawless fish) |
| Development of jaws & paired fins allowed better movement & increased ability to capture prey | |
| Extinct acanthodians or spiny fish were first jawed fish with paired fins |
| Jaws probably developed from gill arches (bone that supports the pharynx) |
Characteristics of Fish:
| Streamlined body & muscular tail for swimming | |
| Most with paired fins for maneuvering | |
| Body covered with protective scales & mucus layer to reduce friction when swimming | |
| Have less dense body tissues & store less dense lipids to help them float | |
| Respire through gills | |
| Most have a lateral line system or a row of sensory structures running down each side of the organism to detect changes in water temperature, pressure, current, etc. |
| Most with well-developed sense of sight & smell | |
| Some can detect electrical currents | |
| Ectotherms (adjust body temperature to environment) | |
| Two chambered heart (upper atrium receives blood & lower ventricle pumps blood) |
Agnatha (Jawless Fish):
| Hagfish (live in oceans) & lampreys (found in marine & freshwater) | |
| Circular mouths | |
| Sharp teeth & strong rasp-like tongue to tear hole in prey & suck out blood & body fluids |
| Known as cyclostomes | |
| Eel-shaped body | |
| Mucus covers body | |
| Skeleton made of cartilage | |
| No paired fins | |
| Gills without bony cover (called operculum) | |
| Retain their notochord throughout their life | |
| Hagfish are bottom dwellers in cold marine waters that burrow in mud, scavenge on dead & dying fish, & have tentacles around their mouth | |
| Lampreys are usually parasites with a keen sense of smell to locate prey, lay their eggs in freshwater streams, & are covered with a poisonous slime |
Chondrichthyes
| Includes sharks, rays, & skates | |
| Endoskeleton of cartilage | |
| Hinged jaws & paired fins | |
| Placoid scales & tooth-like dermal spines on scales |
| Marine | |
| Carnivorous | |
| Sharks are torpedo shaped |
| Rays & skates have broad, flat bodies with wing-like fins and a tail |
Shark Characteristics:
| Fast swimmers | |
| Large, oily liver (20% of body weight) makes them buoyant | |
| Tough, leathery skin | |
| Fierce predators | |
| Whale shark is largest & filter feeds on plankton |
| Ventral mouth with 6-20 rows of sharp, replaceable teeth | |
| Short, straight intestine with spiral valve to slow food movement | |
| 5-7 pairs of gills for gas exchange | |
| Kidneys remove wastes & maintain water balance | |
| Electroreceptors on head help find prey & navigate | |
| Lateral line along side of body contains sensory cells to detect vibrations & pressure | |
| Separate sexes with external fertilization |
Ray & Skate Characteristics:
| Usually harmless to humans | |
| Broad, wing-like pectoral fins used to glide through water | |
| Flattened bodies with ventral mouth | |
| Both eyes on top of head | |
| Have protective coloration (darker on top & lighter on bottom) | |
| Feed on fish & invertebrates | |
| Stingray with poison spine by tip of tail |
| Electric ray gives off strong, electric shock | |
| Manta ray is largest |
Traits of Bony Fish (Osteichthyes)
| Skeleton made of bone | |
| Hinged jaws | |
| Paired fins | |
| Gills for gas exchange | |
| Lateral line | |
| Body covered with scales & mucus coating | |
| Includes lobe-finned, ray-finned, and lung fish |
Lobe-finned Fish:
| Muscular, paddle-like fins supported by bone | |
| Gills | |
| Known as coelacanths |
| Thought to be extinct until 1938 when species found in Africa | |
| Live in deep oceans |
Lungfish:
| Use lungs & gills | |
| Eel-shaped body |
| Live in shallow, tropical rivers of Africa, Australia, & South America | |
| Come to surface & gulp air when oxygen level is low | |
| Form mud cocoon & become dormant if stream dries up |
Ray-finned Fish: 
| Fan-like fins supported by rays | |
| Includes salmon, perch, catfish, tuna, etc. | |
| Body covered with round, overlapping cycloid or ctenoid scales & mucus |
| Four sets of gills covered by bony operculum |
| Have movable fins | |
| Dorsal fin(s) located on top keep fish upright & used for defense | |
| Caudal fin or tail moves side to side to help steer | |
| Pectoral fins (paired) on each side behind the operculum | |
| Pelvic fins (paired) on ventral surface near the head | |
| Anal fin (single) behind anus |
| Swim bladder is thin-walled sac in abdomen that creates buoyancy from diffusion of dissolved gas from blood |
| Kidneys filter the blood & help maintain water balance | |
| Ectothermic – body temperature regulated by the environment | |
| Keen sense of smell (nostrils) & have chemical receptors over the body | |
| Can detect the earth’s magnetic field as a guide to navigate oceans | |
| Have separate sexes with external fertilization | |
| Eggs hatch into fry |
Salmon Life Cycle:
| Migrate up to 3200 kilometers following magnetic cues in the ocean | |
| Follow mucus trails when navigating rivers | |
| Return to birthplace to spawn | |
| Males change color & jaw lengthens & develops a hook |
| Female uses her tail to build gravel nest & lays up to 10,000 eggs | |
| Male deposits sperm over eggs | |
| Adults usually die after spawning | |
| Pacific salmon return to sea when 15 cm long; while Atlantic salmon may stay in river up to 7 years | |
| Secrete mucus coating in river as return to sea | |
| May stay in ocean 6 months to 5 years |
Evolution BI Worksheet
| EVOLUTION |  |
Section 14-1 Biogenesis
1. Define biogenesis.
2. What is spontaneous generation & give an example. Can spontaneous generation occur?
3. Describe Redi’s experiment and its results.
4. Describe Spallanzani’s experiment and its results.
5. Did Redi & Spallanzani’s experiments disprove spontaneous generation? Explain.
6. Describe Pasteur’s experiment and its results. Did it prove or disprove spontaneous generation?
Section 14-2 Earth’s History
7. What is the estimated age of the earth?
8. a. What is radioactive dating, and how is it used to tell the age of materials?
b. Use a science dictionary to look up and explain relative dating of fossils.
9. What is meant by half-life?
10. Name 3 radioactive isotopes and give their half-life.
11. a. What 2 scientists set up an experiment that simulated the atmosphere of early earth?
b. What molecules were made during this experiment?
Section 14-3 The First Life Forms
12. Why was there no oxygen in the early atmosphere?
13. Were the 1st cells probably aerobic or anaerobic? Why?
14. What gases did the early atmosphere contain primarily?
15. What bacteria live in harsh environments containing methane gas?
16. Oxygen didn’t become part of our atmosphere until what process started taking place?
Section 15-1 Fossil Record
17. What is a fossil?
18. In what type of rock are fossils usually found?
19. What is sedimentary rock?
20. From what part or parts of organisms do sedimentary fossils usually form?
21. How do sedimentary fossils form?
22. How do casts form?
23. What do you call imprint fossils?
24. Complete insect fossils can be found inside of a clear, golden material called ________________.
25. Who was one of the first scientists to study fossils?
26. In which rock layer or strata would the oldest fossils be found? The newest fossils?
27. Name the 4 eras of earth’s history in order beginning with the oldest & going to present day.
28. Which organisms appeared first in earth’s history?
29. Name the period in which each of these events occurred:
a. Humans appeared?
b. Mass extinction of dinosaurs?
c. Land plants appeared?
d. Birds appeared?
e. Fish appeared?
f. Reptiles appeared?
g. Modern mammals appeared?
30. What is true about fossils in the same rock layer or strata?
31. a. What is meant by mass extinction and give an example?
b. Has there been more than one mass extinction in earth’s history? Explain.
32. Radioactive isotopes are used to determine the ___________________ age of fossils.
Section 15-2 Theories of Evolution
33. What was Lamarck’s hypothesis about how species change?
34. What is meant by acquired trait?
35. What did Lamarck think had caused the webbed feet of water birds?
36. How did Lamarck think the offspring of these web-footed birds got their web-feet?
37. Can traits be passed in this way? Explain why or why not.
38. Was Lamarck’s idea of acquired traits proven or rejected?
39. Charles Darwin’s idea of how species change over time is called what?
40. Explain natural selection.
41. What other scientist came up with this same idea about evolution?
42. What was the name of the book that Darwin published with his ideas about evolution?
43. Explain how Darwin obtained all of his records & supporting evidence that led him to his theory of natural selection.
44. Describe the voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle.
45. What book did Darwin read that influenced his ideas when he sailed on the Beagle? Who was the author?
46. What unusual information did Darwin collect about the Galapagos finches on his voyage?
47. What forced Darwin to move ahead and publish his ideas?
48. State the 2 theories that sum up Darwin’s ideas about evolution & natural selection.
49. State Darwin’s Descent with Modification theory.
50. Darwin’s theory stated that all the Galapagos finches had descended from what?
51. State Darwin’s Modification by Natural Selection theory.
52. What idea, published in a book by Thomas Malthus, did Charles Darwin use?
53. According to Darwin, what limits the growth of populations?
54. How do populations of organisms adapt to their environment?
55. What is meant by the fitness of an organism?
Section 15-3 Evolution in Process
56. What are homologous structures and give an example?
57. What are analogous structures & give an example?
58. Which structures, homologous or analogous, show that organisms are more closely related?
59. What are vestigial structures & give an example?
60. Vestigial structures show __________________________ ancestry.
61. In the early stages, how do all vertebrate embryos compare with each other? What does this indicate?
62. Organisms with homologous (similar) _________________ & __________________ acids are probably more closely related.
63. What is co-evolution & give 2 examples of organisms that co-evolve?
64. Are a shark and a porpoise closely related? Explain your answer.
65. When does convergent evolution occur?
66. What is divergent evolution?
67. Divergent evolution usually results in new ________________________.
68. What is adaptive radiation & give an example?
69. How can adaptive radiation be sped up & give an example?
Section 16-1 Genetic Equilibrium
70. Do populations change quickly or slowly?
71. What is the study of evolution using genetics called?
72. Do individuals evolve?
73. Do populations evolve?
74. Variations in traits may be due to ___________________ factors or __________________.
75. Name the 3 ways variations in genotypes arise.
76. What is meant by the gene pool?
77. How many alleles exist for each trait in a gene pool?
78. How is allele frequency determined?
79. Determine the frequency of each allele in the following genotypes:
a. AA?
b. Aa?
c. aa?
80. How is phenotypic ratio determined?
81. What is the phenotypic frequency of white, pink, & red four-o-clocks in these crosses?
a. RR x rr ?
b. Rr x Rr ?
c. Rr x rr ?
82. The frequency of alleles or phenotypes in a cross must always add up to ______________.
83. What does the Hardy-Weinberg theory state about allele frequencies in a population?
84. List the 5 conditions that must hold true in the ideal population for Hardy-Weinberg to be correct.
85. Would the Hardy-Weinberg law apply to real populations?
Section 16-2 Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium
86. What effect does evolution have on a population’s genetic material?
87. Does evolution affect allele frequencies?
88. Any violations of the 5 conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg can result in _____________.
89. A change in genetic material is known as a _______________________.
90. Mutations occur constantly at _______________ rates unless an organism is exposed to ___________.
91. Most mutations are __________________, but some may be _____________________ & help the population evolve & survive.
92. Compare & contrast population immigration & emigration.
93. What is gene flow & give an example?
94. Does the Hardy-Weinberg law apply to small and medium sized populations?
95. What is genetic drift?
96. In what size populations does genetic drift apply & explain why?
97. Do all populations mate randomly? Explain.
98. What is the effect of matings of related individuals?
99. What is the most significant factor that affects genetic equilibrium?
100. Name the 4 types of natural selection & explain each.
a.
b.
c,
d.
101. Give an example of stabilizing selection using body size of lizards.
102. Give an example of directional selection using tongue length of anteaters.
103. Give an example of disruptive selection using limpets.
104. Explain the following — “genes of successful reproducers, rather than those of successful survivors, are amplified through natural selection.”
Section 16-3 Formation of Species
105. Do new species ever form? Do old species ever disappear? Explain your answer.
106. Define speciation.
107. Are all new species similar to their ancestral species? Explain.
108. What did scientists use for many years to help classify organisms?
109. What is morphology?
110. What are some limitations of using only morphology to identify organisms?
111. What is the biological species concept?
112. Does this concept help identify extinct species & why?
113. Members of a species are _________________similar & can __________________ to produce _____________________ offspring.
114. What does speciation begin with & does it affect mating?
115. Name 2 important types of isolation.
a.
b.
116. Define geographic isolation.
117. Give an example of how this type of isolation could occur.
118. What happens to the 2 subgroups after being geographically isolated from each other?
119. Define reproductive isolation.
120. Name & describe the 2 types of reproductive isolations.
a.
b.
121. Not recognizing mating calls or having different breeding times are examples of what type of isolation?
122. An infertile mule produced when a donkey and a horse mate is an example of ______________________ isolation.
123. Speciation often requires ______________________ of years.
124. Can some species form more quickly than others? Explain.
125. Does fossil record support a slow, gradual or more “instant” change in species?
126. A more “instant” formation or change occurs in ___________________, not millions of years.
127. What is this type of quicker species formation called?
128. What does punctuated equilibrium mean?