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Chapter 32 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 32     Introduction to Animal Evolution
Objectives
What Is an Animal?
1. List the five characteristics that combine to define animals.
2. Describe the role of Hox genes in animal development.
The Origins of Animal Diversity
3. Describe the evidence that suggests animals may have first evolved about a billion years ago.
4. Explain the significance of the Cambrian explosion. Describe three hypotheses for the cause of the Cambrian explosion.
5. Outline the major grades of the animal kingdom based on symmetry, embryonic germ layers, the presence or absence and type of coelom, and protostome or deuterostome development.
6. Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry. Explain how animal symmetry may match the animal’s way of life.
7. Distinguish among the acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate grades. Explain the functions of a body cavity.
8. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms:
a. diploblastic and triploblastic
b. spiral and radial cleavage
c. determinate and indeterminate cleavage
d. schizocoelous and enterocoelous development
9. Compare the developmental differences between protostomes and deuterostomes, including:
a. pattern of cleavage
b. fate of the blastopore
c. coelom formation
10. Name five major features of animal phylogeny that are supported by systematic analyses of morphological characters and recent molecular studies.
11. Distinguish between the ecdysozoans and the lophotrochozoans. Describe the characteristic features of each group.

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Chapter 21 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 21    Genetic Basis of Development
Objectives
From Single Cell to Multicellular Organism
1. List the animals used as models for developmental biology research and provide a rationale for their choice.
2. Distinguish between the patterns of morphogenesis in plants and in animals.
Differential Gene Expression
3. Describe how genomic equivalence was determined for plants and animals.
4. Describe what kinds of changes occur to the genome during differentiation.
5. Describe the general process by which the ewe Dolly and the first mice were cloned.
6. Describe the characteristics of stem cells. Explain their significance to medicine.
7. Distinguish between determination and differentiation. Explain why determination precedes differentiation.
8. Describe the molecular basis of determination.
9. Describe the two sources of information that instruct a cell to express genes at the appropriate time.
Genetic and Cellular Mechanisms of Pattern Formation
10. Describe how Drosophila was used to investigate the basic aspects of pattern formation (axis formation and segmentation).
11. Explain how maternal genes affect polarity and development in Drosophila embryos.
12. Describe how gradients of morphogens may specify the axes of developing Drosophila embryos.
13. Describe how homeotic genes define the anatomical identity of the segments of a developing organism.
14. Describe how the study of nematodes contributed to an understanding of the role of induction in development.
15. Describe how apoptosis functions in normal and abnormal development.
16. Describe how the study of tomatoes has contributed to the understanding of flower development.
17. Describe how the study of Arabidopsis has contributed to the understanding of organ identity in plants.
18. Provide evidence of the conservation of homeobox patterns.

 
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Chapter 33 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 33     Invertebrates
Objectives
Sponges
1. From a diagram, identify the parts of a sponge (including the spongocoel, porocyte, epidermis, choanocyte, mesohyl, amoebocyte, osculum, and spicules) and describe the function of each.
Eumetazoa
2. List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from the other animal phyla.
3. Describe the specialized cells that are found in Cnidarians.
4. Describe the two basic body plans in Cnidaria and their role in Cnidarian life cycles.
5. List the four classes of Cnidaria and distinguish among them based on life cycle and morphological characteristics.
Bilateria
6. Distinguish between:
a. diploblastic and triploblastic development
b. acoelomates and coelomates
c. gastrovascular cavity and alimentary canal
d. protostome and deuterostome
7. List the characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes that distinguish it from the other animal phyla.
8. Distinguish among the four classes of Platyhelminthes and give examples of each.
9. Describe the generalized life cycle of a trematode and give an example of one fluke that parasitizes humans.
10. Explain how trematodes evade detection by the immune systems of their hosts.
11. Describe the anatomy and generalized life cycle of a tapeworm.
12. Describe unique features of rotifers that distinguish them from other pseudocoelomates.
13. Define parthenogenesis and describe asexual forms of rotifer reproduction.
14. Define lophophore and list three lophophorate phyla.
15. List the distinguishing characteristics of the phylum Nemertea.
16. Explain the relationship between nemerteans and flatworms.
17. List the characteristics that distinguish the phylum Mollusca from the other animal phyla.
18. Describe the basic body plan of a mollusc and explain how it has been modified in the Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, and Polyplacophora.
19. List the characteristics that distinguish the phylum Annelida from other animal phyla.
20. Distinguish among the three classes of Annelida and give examples of each.
21. Describe the adaptations that enable some leeches to feed on blood.
22. List the characteristics of the phylum Nematoda that distinguish it from other wormlike animals.
23. Give examples of both parasitic and free-living species of nematodes.
24. List the characteristics of arthropods that distinguish them from the other animal phyla. List the three features that account for the success of this phylum.
25. Describe advantages and disadvantages of an exoskeleton.
26. Distinguish between hemocoel and coelom.
27. Define and distinguish between the major arthropod lines of evolution represented by:
a. Cheliceriformes
b. Hexapoda
c. Crustacea
d. Myriapoda
28. Describe three specialized features of spiders.
29. Describe two features that may account for the great diversity of insects.
Deuterostomia
30. List the characteristics of echinoderms that distinguish them from other animal phyla.
31. Distinguish among the six classes of echinoderms and give examples of each.
32. Explain why the phylum Chordata is included in a chapter on invertebrates.
33. Describe the developmental similarities between echinoderms and chordates.
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Chapter 21 – Genetic Basis of Development

 

Chapter 21    Genetic Basis of Development
Objectives
1. Explain how advances in recombinant DNA technology have helped scientists study the eukaryotic genome.

2. Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes.

3. Describe how restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis are used to isolate DNA fragments.

4. Explain how the creation of sticky ends by restriction enzymes is useful in producing a recombinant DNA molecule.

5. Outline the procedures for producing plasmid and phage vectors.

6. Explain how vectors are used in recombinant DNA technology.

7. List and describe the two major sources of genes for cloning.

8. Describe the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses and explain how they are useful in recombinant DNA technology.

9. Describe how “genes of interest” can be identified with the use of a probe.

10. Explain the importance of DNA synthesis and sequencing to modern studies of eukaryotic genomes.

11. Describe how bacteria can be induced to produce eukaryotic gene products.

12. List some advantages for using yeast in the production of gene products.

13. List and describe four complementary approaches used to map the human genome.

14. Explain how RFLP analysis and PCR can be applied to the Human Genome Project.

15. Describe how recombinant DNA technology can have medical applications such as diagnosis of genetic disease, development of gene therapy, vaccine production, and development of pharmaceutical products.

16. Describe how gene manipulation has practical applications for agriculture.

17. Describe how plant genes can be manipulated using the Ti plasmid carried by Agrobacterium as a vector.

18. Explain how foreign DNA may be transferred into monocotyledonous plants.

19. Describe how recombinant DNA studies and the biotechnology industry are regulated with regards to safety and policy matters.

 
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Chapter 34 AP Objectives

 

Chapter 34     Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity
Objectives
Invertebrate Chordates and the Origin of Vertebrates
1. Distinguish between the phyla of deuterostomes.
2. Describe the four derived traits that define the phylum Chordata.
3. Distinguish among the three subphyla of the phylum Chordata and give examples of each.
4. Discuss the evidence for and against Garstang’s hypothesis that vertebrates had a tunicate-like ancestor.
5. Explain what lancelets suggest about the evolution of the chordate brain.
Craniates Are Chordates with a Head
6. Discuss the importance of genetic duplication in chordate evolution.
7. Explain the fate of the neural crest cells in craniate development.
8. Explain what Haikouella and Haikouichthys tell us about craniate evolution.
Vertebrates Are Craniates with a Backbone
9. Describe the way of life and unique characters of the lamprey.
10. Describe conodonts, and explain why they are considered vertebrates.
11. Describe the trends in mineralized structures in early vertebrates.
Gnathostomes Are Vertebrates with Jaws
12. Explain one hypothesis for the evolution of the jaws of gnathostomes.
13. List the shared, derived characters that characterize gnathostomes.
14. Describe the evidence that suggests that the loss of bone in Chondrichthyes is a derived feature.
15. Describe the features of sharks that are adaptive for their active, predatory lifestyle.
16. Describe and distinguish between Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes, noting the main traits of each group.
17. Identify and describe the main subgroups of Osteichthyes.
18. Name the three living lineages of lobe-fins.
Tetrapods Are Gnathostomes with Limbs and Feet
19. Define and distinguish between gnathostomes, tetrapods, and amniotes.
20. Explain what Acanthostega suggests about the origin of tetrapods.
21. Describe the common traits of amphibians and distinguish among the three orders of living amphibians.
Amniotes Have Amniotic Eggs
22. Describe an amniotic egg and explain its significance in the evolution of reptiles and mammals.
23. Explain why the reptile clade includes birds.
24. Describe a number of reptile features that are adaptive for life on land.
25. Explain why non-bird reptiles should be called “ectothermic” rather than “cold-blooded.”
26. Define and describe the parareptiles.
27. Distinguish between the lepidosaurs and the archosaurs.
28. Compare the interpretations of dinosaurs as ectotherms or endotherms.
29. Describe the specialized adaptations of snakes that make them successful predators.
30. List the modifications of birds that are adaptive for flight.
31. Summarize the evidence supporting the hypothesis that birds evolved from theropod dinosaur ancestors.
32. Explain the significance of Archaeopteryx.
33. Describe the characteristic derived characters of mammals.
34. Describe the evolutionary origin of mammals.
35. Distinguish among monotreme, marsupial, and eutherian mammals.
36. Describe the adaptive radiation of mammals during the Cretaceous and early Tertiary periods.
37. Compare and contrast the four main evolutionary clades of eutherian mammals.
Primates and the Evolution of Homo sapiens
38. Describe the general characteristics of primates. Note in particular the features associated with an arboreal existence.
39. Distinguish between the two subgroups of primates and describe their early evolutionary relationship.
40. Distinguish between hominoid and hominid.
41. Explain what Sahelanthropus tells us about hominid evolution.
42. Describe the evolution of Homo sapiens from australopith ancestors. Clarify the order in which distinctive human traits aro
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