My Classroom Material 160 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Chapter 20 AP Objectives

Chapter 20 DNA Technology

Objectives

DNA Cloning
1.	Explain how advances in recombinant DNA technology have helped scientists study the eukaryotic genome.
2.	Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes and explain how they are used in recombinant DNA technology.
3.	Explain how the creation of sticky ends by restriction enzymes is useful in producing a recombinant DNA molecule.
4.	Outline the procedures for cloning a eukaryotic gene in a bacterial plasmid.
5.	Describe techniques that allow identification of recombinant cells that have taken up a gene of interest.
6.	Define and distinguish between genomic libraries using plasmids, phages, and cDNA.
7.	Describe the role of an expression vector.
8.	Describe two advantages of using yeast cells instead of bacteria as hosts for cloning or expressing eukaryotic genes.
9.	Describe two techniques to introduce recombinant DNA into eukaryotic cells.
10.	Describe the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and explain the advantages and limitations of this procedure.
11.	Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to analyze nucleic acids and to distinguish between two alleles of a gene.
12.	Describe the process of nucleic acid hybridization.
13.	Describe the Southern blotting procedure and explain how it can be used to detect and analyze instances of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
14.	Explain how RFLP analysis facilitated the process of genomic mapping.

	DNA Analysis and Genomics
15.	Explain the goals of the Human Genome Project.
16.	Explain how linkage mapping, physical mapping, and DNA sequencing each contributed to the genome mapping project.
17.	Describe the alternate approach to whole-genome sequencing pursued by J. Craig Venter and the Celera Genomics company.
18.	Explain how researchers recognize protein-coding genes within DNA sequences.
19.	Describe the surprising results of the Human Genome Project.
20.	Explain how the vertebrate genome, including that of humans, generates greater diversity than the genomes of invertebrate organisms.
21.	Explain how in vitro mutagenesis and RNA interference help researchers to discover the functions of some genes.
22.	Explain the purposes of gene expression studies. Describe the use of DNA microarray assays and explain how they facilitate such studies.
23.	Define and compare the fields of proteomics and genomics.
24.	Explain the significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the study of the human evolution.

	Practical Applications of DNA Technology
25.	Describe how DNA technology can have medical applications in such areas as the diagnosis of genetic disease, the development of gene therapy, vaccine production, and the development of pharmaceutical products.
26.	Explain how DNA technology is used in the forensic sciences.
27.	Describe how gene manipulation has practical applications for environmental and agricultural work.
28.	Describe how plant genes can be manipulated using the Ti plasmid carried by Agrobacterium as a vector.
29.	Explain how DNA technology can be used to improve the nutritional value of crops and to develop plants that can produce pharmaceutical products.
30.	Discuss the safety and ethical questions related to recombinant DNA studies and the biotechnology industry.

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Chapter 32 AP Objectives

Chapter 32 Introduction to Animal Evolution

Objectives

What Is an Animal?
1.	List the five characteristics that combine to define animals.
2.	Describe the role of Hox genes in animal development.

	The Origins of Animal Diversity
3.	Describe the evidence that suggests animals may have first evolved about a billion years ago.
4.	Explain the significance of the Cambrian explosion. Describe three hypotheses for the cause of the Cambrian explosion.
5.	Outline the major grades of the animal kingdom based on symmetry, embryonic germ layers, the presence or absence and type of coelom, and protostome or deuterostome development.
6.	Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry. Explain how animal symmetry may match the animal’s way of life.
7.	Distinguish among the acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate grades. Explain the functions of a body cavity.
8.	Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: a. diploblastic and triploblastic b. spiral and radial cleavage c. determinate and indeterminate cleavage d. schizocoelous and enterocoelous development
9.	Compare the developmental differences between protostomes and deuterostomes, including: a. pattern of cleavage b. fate of the blastopore c. coelom formation
10.	Name five major features of animal phylogeny that are supported by systematic analyses of morphological characters and recent molecular studies.
11.	Distinguish between the ecdysozoans and the lophotrochozoans. Describe the characteristic features of each group.

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Chapter 21 AP Objectives

Chapter 21 Genetic Basis of Development

Objectives

From Single Cell to Multicellular Organism
1.	List the animals used as models for developmental biology research and provide a rationale for their choice.
2.	Distinguish between the patterns of morphogenesis in plants and in animals.

	Differential Gene Expression
3.	Describe how genomic equivalence was determined for plants and animals.
4.	Describe what kinds of changes occur to the genome during differentiation.
5.	Describe the general process by which the ewe Dolly and the first mice were cloned.
6.	Describe the characteristics of stem cells. Explain their significance to medicine.
7.	Distinguish between determination and differentiation. Explain why determination precedes differentiation.
8.	Describe the molecular basis of determination.
9.	Describe the two sources of information that instruct a cell to express genes at the appropriate time.

	Genetic and Cellular Mechanisms of Pattern Formation
10.	Describe how Drosophila was used to investigate the basic aspects of pattern formation (axis formation and segmentation).
11.	Explain how maternal genes affect polarity and development in Drosophila embryos.
12.	Describe how gradients of morphogens may specify the axes of developing Drosophila embryos.
13.	Describe how homeotic genes define the anatomical identity of the segments of a developing organism.
14.	Describe how the study of nematodes contributed to an understanding of the role of induction in development.
15.	Describe how apoptosis functions in normal and abnormal development.
16.	Describe how the study of tomatoes has contributed to the understanding of flower development.
17.	Describe how the study of Arabidopsis has contributed to the understanding of organ identity in plants.
18.	Provide evidence of the conservation of homeobox patterns.

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Chapter 33 AP Objectives

Chapter 33 Invertebrates

Objectives

Sponges
1.	From a diagram, identify the parts of a sponge (including the spongocoel, porocyte, epidermis, choanocyte, mesohyl, amoebocyte, osculum, and spicules) and describe the function of each.

	Eumetazoa
2.	List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from the other animal phyla.
3.	Describe the specialized cells that are found in Cnidarians.
4.	Describe the two basic body plans in Cnidaria and their role in Cnidarian life cycles.
5.	List the four classes of Cnidaria and distinguish among them based on life cycle and morphological characteristics.

	Bilateria
6.	Distinguish between: a. diploblastic and triploblastic development b. acoelomates and coelomates c. gastrovascular cavity and alimentary canal d. protostome and deuterostome
7.	List the characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes that distinguish it from the other animal phyla.
8.	Distinguish among the four classes of Platyhelminthes and give examples of each.
9.	Describe the generalized life cycle of a trematode and give an example of one fluke that parasitizes humans.
10.	Explain how trematodes evade detection by the immune systems of their hosts.
11.	Describe the anatomy and generalized life cycle of a tapeworm.
12.	Describe unique features of rotifers that distinguish them from other pseudocoelomates.
13.	Define parthenogenesis and describe asexual forms of rotifer reproduction.
14.	Define lophophore and list three lophophorate phyla.
15.	List the distinguishing characteristics of the phylum Nemertea.
16.	Explain the relationship between nemerteans and flatworms.
17.	List the characteristics that distinguish the phylum Mollusca from the other animal phyla.
18.	Describe the basic body plan of a mollusc and explain how it has been modified in the Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, and Polyplacophora.
19.	List the characteristics that distinguish the phylum Annelida from other animal phyla.
20.	Distinguish among the three classes of Annelida and give examples of each.
21.	Describe the adaptations that enable some leeches to feed on blood.
22.	List the characteristics of the phylum Nematoda that distinguish it from other wormlike animals.
23.	Give examples of both parasitic and free-living species of nematodes.
24.	List the characteristics of arthropods that distinguish them from the other animal phyla. List the three features that account for the success of this phylum.
25.	Describe advantages and disadvantages of an exoskeleton.
26.	Distinguish between hemocoel and coelom.
27.	Define and distinguish between the major arthropod lines of evolution represented by: a. Cheliceriformes b. Hexapoda c. Crustacea d. Myriapoda
28.	Describe three specialized features of spiders.
29.	Describe two features that may account for the great diversity of insects.

	Deuterostomia
30.	List the characteristics of echinoderms that distinguish them from other animal phyla.
31.	Distinguish among the six classes of echinoderms and give examples of each.
32.	Explain why the phylum Chordata is included in a chapter on invertebrates.
33.	Describe the developmental similarities between echinoderms and chordates.

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Chapter 21 – Genetic Basis of Development

	Chapter 21 Genetic Basis of Development
Objectives
1. Explain how advances in recombinant DNA technology have helped scientists study the eukaryotic genome. 2. Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes. 3. Describe how restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis are used to isolate DNA fragments. 4. Explain how the creation of sticky ends by restriction enzymes is useful in producing a recombinant DNA molecule. 5. Outline the procedures for producing plasmid and phage vectors. 6. Explain how vectors are used in recombinant DNA technology. 7. List and describe the two major sources of genes for cloning. 8. Describe the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses and explain how they are useful in recombinant DNA technology. 9. Describe how “genes of interest” can be identified with the use of a probe. 10. Explain the importance of DNA synthesis and sequencing to modern studies of eukaryotic genomes. 11. Describe how bacteria can be induced to produce eukaryotic gene products. 12. List some advantages for using yeast in the production of gene products. 13. List and describe four complementary approaches used to map the human genome. 14. Explain how RFLP analysis and PCR can be applied to the Human Genome Project. 15. Describe how recombinant DNA technology can have medical applications such as diagnosis of genetic disease, development of gene therapy, vaccine production, and development of pharmaceutical products. 16. Describe how gene manipulation has practical applications for agriculture. 17. Describe how plant genes can be manipulated using the Ti plasmid carried by Agrobacterium as a vector. 18. Explain how foreign DNA may be transferred into monocotyledonous plants. 19. Describe how recombinant DNA studies and the biotechnology industry are regulated with regards to safety and policy matters.
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