Category: My Classroom Material

Chapter 5 – Cell Transport Study Guide

%CODE1%

Javascript not enabled

Name: 

 

Chapter 5 Cell Transport studyguide

 

 

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
 1.
One way that cells maintain homeostasis is by controlling the movement of substances across the cell membrane. _________________________
 2.
The cell membrane is made up of a double layer called the DNA bilayer. _________________________
 3.
A phospholipid is made up of a lipid “head” and two fatty acid “tails.” _________________________
 4.
The nonpolar tails of a phospholipid are attracted to water. _________________________
 5.
Cell-surface markers face the inside of the cell. _________________________
 6.
A concentration gradient exists when one area has a higher concentration of a substance than another area does. _________________________
 7.
The movement down a concentration gradient is called diffusion. _________________________
 8.
When the solute concentration outside a cell is equal to the solute concentration inside the cell, the cell’s environment is hypotonic. _________________________
 9.
A cell placed in a high salt solution would swell because of osmosis. _________________________
 10.
Osmosis is the diffusion of starch molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. _________________________
 11.
To pass through a cell membrane, water requires carrier proteins. _________________________
 12.
Facilitated diffusion is an active process that requires a cell to expend a great deal of energy. _________________________
 13.
Passive transport uses ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient. _________________________
 14.
Exocytosis is a process that uses vesicles to capture substances and bring them into a cell. _________________________
 15.
Cells use exocytosis to export proteins modified by the Golgi apparatus. _________________________
 16.
Cells communicate by sending chemical signals that carry information to other cells. _________________________
 17.
Receptor proteins bind only to signals that match the specific color of the binding site. _________________________
 18.
Receptor proteins may cause the formation of a second messenger molecule inside the cell. _________________________
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 19.
cell membrane : cell ::
a.
 window : house
c.
 door : house
b.
 roof : house
d.
 wall : house
 20.
Which type of molecule forms the cell membrane?
a.
 protein
c.
 nucleic acid
b.
 phospholipid
d.
 carbohydrate
 21.
Phospholipids are molecules that have
a.
 one polar phosphate head and two polar fatty acid tails.
b.
 one polar phosphate head and two nonpolar fatty acid tails.
c.
 one polar phosphate head and one polar fatty acid tail.
d.
 one nonpolar phosphate head and two polar fatty acid tails.
 22.
The interior of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane forms a nonpolar zone that
a.
 allows most polar molecules to pass through the membrane.
b.
 allows food to pass through the membrane.
c.
 repels ions and most polar molecules.
d.
 makes the membrane permeable to most molecules.
nar001-1.jpg
 23.
Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled A is composed of
a.
 lipids.
c.
 proteins.
b.
 carbohydrates.
d.
 DNA.
 24.
Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled D is a(n)
a.
 cell-surface marker.
c.
 enzyme.
b.
 receptor protein.
d.
 transport protein.
 25.
Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled C is a(n)
a.
 cell-surface marker.
c.
 enzyme.
b.
 receptor protein.
d.
 transport protein.
 26.
Proteins in the cell membrane that identify the cell are called
a.
 cell-surface markers.
c.
 enzymes.
b.
 receptor proteins.
d.
 transport proteins.
 27.
As a result of diffusion, the concentration of many types of substances
a.
 always remains greater inside a membrane.
b.
 eventually becomes balanced on both sides of a membrane.
c.
 always remains greater outside of a membrane.
d.
 becomes imbalanced on both sides of a membrane.
nar002-1.jpg
 28.
Refer to the illustration above. The process shown is called
a.
 osmosis.
c.
 active transport.
b.
 facilitated diffusion.
d.
 diffusion.
 29.
Diffusion is the movement of a substance
a.
 only through a lipid bilayer membrane.
b.
 from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration.
c.
 only in liquids.
d.
 from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
 30.
The dispersal of ink in a beaker of water is an example of
a.
 diffusion.
c.
 active transport.
b.
 osmosis.
d.
 endocytosis.
 31.
Proteins that serve as tunnels for specific substances through the lipid bilayer are
a.
 cell-surface markers.
c.
 receptor proteins.
b.
 channel proteins.
d.
 enzymes.
 32.
Sugar molecules cross the cell membrane by
a.
 active transport.
c.
 osmosis.
b.
 facilitated diffusion.
d.
 simple diffusion.
 33.
Which of the following does not require energy?
a.
 diffusion
c.
 active transport
b.
 endocytosis
d.
 sodium-potassium pump
 34.
Ions move through ion channels by
a.
 endocytosis.
c.
 passive transport.
b.
 simple diffusion.
d.
 active transport.
 35.
The diffusion of water into or out of a cell is called
a.
 solubility.
c.
 selective transport.
b.
 osmosis.
d.
 endocytosis.
 36.
Osmosis is a type of
a.
 active transport.
c.
 simple diffusion.
b.
 passive transport.
d.
 endocytosis.
 37.
How does water pass through the cell membrane?
a.
 directly through the lipid bilayer
b.
 through a water ion pump
c.
 through water carrier proteins
d.
 through channel proteins just for water
 38.
Which of the following statements about an isotonic solution and a cell is correct?
a.
 The solution has the same solute concentration that the cytoplasm does.
b.
 The solution has a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm does.
c.
 A cell in the solution will lose water.
d.
 A cell in the solution will gain water.
 39.
Unlike passive transport, active transport
a.
 requires energy.
b.
 moves substances down their concentration gradient.
c.
 does not involve carrier proteins.
d.
 moves water across the cell membrane.
 40.
Both active transport and facilitated diffusion involve
a.
 ATP.
b.
 movement against a concentration gradient.
c.
 carrier proteins.
d.
 channel proteins.
 41.
Which of the following is a form of active transport?
a.
 osmosis
c.
 facilitated diffusion
b.
 simple diffusion
d.
 sodium-potassium pump
 42.
The sodium-potassium pump
a.
 is a carrier protein.
c.
 is located in the cytoplasm of a cell.
b.
 uses passive transport.
d.
 transports sugar molecules.
 43.
The sodium-potassium pump usually pumps
a.
 potassium ions out of the cell.
b.
 sodium ions into the cell.
c.
 potassium ions into the cell.
d.
 only potassium ions and sugar molecules.
 44.
How many potassium ions does the sodium-potassium pump move into a cell if it moves six sodium ions out of the cell?
a.
 two
c.
 six
b.
 four
d.
 eight
 45.
Proteins and polysaccharides that are too large to move into a cell through diffusion or active transport move in by
a.
 exocytosis.
c.
 the sodium-potassium pump.
b.
 endocytosis.
d.
 channel proteins.
 46.
Molecules that are too large to be moved across a cell membrane can be removed from the cell by
a.
 diffusion.
c.
 endocytosis.
b.
 exocytosis.
d.
 osmosis.
 47.
Removing materials from a cell in vesicles is called
a.
 osmosis.
c.
 exocytosis.
b.
 diffusion.
d.
 endocytosis.
 48.
Which of the following descriptions of hormones is correct?
a.
 signal molecules distributed throughout the body
b.
 signal molecules that affect all cells in the body
c.
 target molecules that communicate through direct contact
d.
 target molecules that originate outside the body
nar003-1.jpg
 49.
Refer to the illustration above. What happens when the structure labeled A binds to the structure labeled B?
a.
 Information is sent into the cell.
c.
 The cell begins to swell.
b.
 Proteins enter the cell.
d.
 Ions enter the cell.
 50.
Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled B in the diagram is an example of a(n)
a.
 channel protein.
c.
 receptor protein.
b.
 signal molecule.
d.
 ion pump.
 51.
Signal molecules bind to
a.
 carbohydrates.
c.
 receptor proteins.
b.
 marker proteins.
d.
 transport proteins.
 52.
Which of the following transmit information into a cell by binding to signal molecules?
a.
 channel proteins
c.
 marker proteins
b.
 receptor proteins
d.
 signal proteins
 53.
What change takes place in the cell membrane if a signal molecule causes a transport protein to open?
a.
 permeability change
c.
 formation of a second messenger
b.
 activation of an enzyme
d.
 change in chemical reactions
 

Completion
Complete each statement.
 54.
One way cells maintain homeostasis is by controlling the movement of substances across the cell ____________________.
 55.
A(n) ____________________ is a specialized lipid made of a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails.
 56.
The phosphate head of a phospholipid is attracted to water because it is ____________________.
 57.
The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid are repelled by water because they are ____________________.
 58.
The phospholipids form a barrier through which only small, ____________________ substances can pass.
 59.
Ions and most polar molecules are repelled by the ____________________ interior of the lipid bilayer.
 60.
____________________ – ____________________ markers are attached to the cell surface and have sugars attached to their protein.
 61.
Proteins that aid in moving substances into and out of cells are called ____________________ proteins.
 62.
____________________ are proteins in the cell membrane that help with important biochemical reactions inside the cell.
 63.
____________________ proteins enable a cell to sense its surroundings by binding to certain substances outside the cell.
 64.
To reach equilibrium, substances always flow from an area of high concentration to an area of ____________________ concentration.
 65.
When one area has a higher concentration than another area does, a concentration ____________________ exists.
 66.
Substances diffuse through a cell membrane either through the lipid bilayer or through ____________________ proteins.
 67.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the lipid bilayer by ____________________ diffusion.
 68.
Diffusion of ions through ion channels is a form of ____________________ transport.
 69.
Carrier proteins change ____________________ to transport substances to the interior of cells.
 70.
A cell does not expend ____________________ when diffusion takes place.
 71.
The diffusion of ____________________ through cell membranes is called osmosis.
 72.
When the concentration of free water molecules is higher outside a cell than inside the cell, water will diffuse ____________________ the cell.
 73.
If a cell is placed in a(n) ____________________ solution, water will flow out of the cell.
 74.
If a cell is placed in a(n) ____________________ solution, water will flow into the cell.
 75.
If a cell is placed in a(n) ____________________ solution, water flows into the cell at a rate that is equal to the rate at which water flows out of the cell.
 76.
Active transport requires the use of ____________________ by a cell.
 77.
The ____________________ – ____________________ pump transports ions against their concentration gradients.
 78.
The sodium-potassium pump uses energy supplied by ____________________.
 79.
The sodium-potassium pump prevents the accumulation of ____________________ ions inside the cell.
 80.
The movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle is called ____________________.
nar004-1.jpg
A
B
 81.
Refer to the illustration above. The process shown in figure B is called ____________________.
 82.
Refer to the illustration above. The process shown in figure A is called ____________________.
 83.
A signaling cell produces a signal that is detected by a ____________________ cell.
 84.
Light is an environmental ____________________ for the flowering of some plants.
 85.
In the cell membrane, proteins that bind to specific signal molecules and respond are called ____________________ proteins.
 86.
Receptor proteins can change the ____________________ of the cell membrane.
 87.
Receptor proteins may act as ____________________, triggering certain chemical reactions inside the cell.
 

Short Answer
 88.
In addition to its function as a gatekeeper, what are three other functions of the cell membrane?
 89.
What makes up the lipid bilayer?
 90.
In the lipid bilayer, what causes one layer of polar heads to face the cell’s cytoplasm and the other layer of heads to face the cell’s surroundings?
 91.
What characteristic of membrane proteins causes them to be held in the cell membrane?
 92.
What are four types of proteins in cell membranes?
 93.
What exists across a cell membrane if equilibrium is not reached?
 94.
What is the difference between how a molecule crosses the cell membrane in simple diffusion and in facilitated diffusion?
 95.
What are two types of transport proteins?
 96.
Why are some water molecules not free to move across the cell membrane?
 97.
Explain why osmosis is a form of facilitated diffusion.
 98.
What specific carrier protein moves sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into a cell?
 99.
What is the function of the cell membrane during endocytosis?
 100.
What are hormones, how are they distributed, and what cells do they affect?
 101.
What happens to a receptor protein once it binds to a signal molecule?
 102.
How can the cell’s response to a signal cause a permeability change?
 

Problem
 103.

A biologist conducts an experiment designed to determine whether a particular type of molecule is transported into cells by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport. He collects the following information:

1. The molecule is very small.
2. The molecule is polar.
3. The molecule can accumulate inside a cell, even when its concentration inside the cell initially is higher than it is outside the cell.
4. Cells use up more energy when the molecule is present in the environment around the cells than when it is not present.

The biologist concludes that the molecule moves across cell membranes by facilitated diffusion. Do you agree with his conclusion? Why or why not?
Paramecia are unicellular protists. They have a number of characteristics also found in animals, such needing to ingest food in order to obtain energy and being surrounded by a cell membrane but not by a rigid cell wall. Paramecia have organelles found in animal cells, including a nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and cilia. In addition, they have star-shaped organelles, called contractile vacuoles, that expel excess water. The illustration below depicts a paramecium.

nar005-1.jpg
 104.

Refer to the illustration above. The data presented in the table below were obtained in an experiment in which paramecia were placed in salt water with different concentrations of salt and the rate at which their contractile vacuoles contracted to pump out excess water was recorded.

Salt Concentration
Number of contractile vacuole contractions/minute
Very high
2
High
8
Medium
15
Low
22
Very low
30

 

a. How can you explain the observed relationship between salt concentration and rate of contractile vacuole contraction?
b. If something happened to a paramecium that caused its contractile vacuoles to stop contracting, what would you expect to happen? Would this result occur more quickly if the paramecium was in water with a high salt concentration or in water with a low salt concentration? Why?

 

Essay
 105.
Distinguish between facilitated diffusion and active transport.
 106.
Compare the processes of sodium ions moving through the cell membrane by an ion channel and by an ion pump.
 107.
Why do dissolved particles on one side of a membrane result in the diffusion of water across the membrane?
 108.
Why is it dangerous for humans to drink seawater?
nar004-1.jpg
A
B
 109.
Refer to the illustration above. Identify and explain the processes taking place in figure A and figure B.
 110.
Describe three ways in which the binding of a signal molecule to a receptor protein can change the functioning of a cell.

 
Check Your Work     Start Over

Chapters 1 and 2 PreAP Biology

%CODE1%

Javascript not enabled

Name:     ID: 

Email: 

Chapters 1 and 2 PreAP Biology
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 1.
Biology is the study of
a.
 minerals.
c.
 the weather.
b.
 life.
d.
 energy.
 2.
All organisms possess DNA. DNA
a.
 creates energy for cells.
b.
 allows sensitivity to environmental stimuli.
c.
 contains information for growth and development.
d.
 captures energy from the sun.
 3.
Homeostasis means
a.
 a change over long periods of time.
b.
 keeping things the same.
c.
 rapid change.
d.
 the same thing as evolution.
 4.
The smallest units that can carry on all the functions of life are called
a.
 molecules.
c.
 organelles.
b.
 cells.
d.
 species.
 5.
Living things
a.
 need energy for life processes.
b.
 have the ability to reproduce.
c.
 are composed of cells.
d.
 All of the above
 6.
All living things maintain a balance within their cells and the environment through the process of
a.
 growth.
c.
 homeostasis.
b.
 development.
d.
 evolution.
 7.
A scientist noticed that in acidic pond water some salamanders developed with curved spines. This was a(n)
a.
 hypothesis.
c.
 observation.
b.
 theory.
d.
 control.
 8.
The English physician Ronald Ross wanted to try to find the cause of malaria. Based on his observations, Dr. Ross suggested that the Anopheles mosquito might spread malaria from person to person. This suggestion was a
a.
 prediction.
c.
 theory.
b.
 hypothesis.
d.
 scientific “truth.”
 9.
The English physician Ronald Ross knew that the parasite Plasmodium was always found in the blood of malaria patients. He thought that if the Anopheles mosquitoes were responsible for spreading malaria, then Plasmodium would be found in the mosquitoes. This idea was a
a.
 prediction.
c.
 theory.
b.
 hypothesis.
d.
 scientific “truth.”
 10.
Scientific hypotheses are most often tested by the process of
a.
 communicating.
c.
 experimenting.
b.
 inferring.
d.
 analyzing data.
 11.
A hypothesis is
a.
 a definite answer to a given problem.
b.
 a testable possible explanation of an observation.
c.
 a proven statement.
d.
 a concluding statement.
 12.
A unifying explanation for a broad range of observations is a
a.
 hypothesis.
c.
 prediction.
b.
 theory.
d.
 controlled experiment.
 13.
A hypothesis that does not explain an observation
a.
 is known as an inaccurate forecast.
b.
 often predicts a different observation.
c.
 is rejected.
d.
 None of the above
 14.
Scientists usually design experiments
a.
 with a good idea of the expected experimental results.
b.
 based on wild guesses.
c.
 in order to develop new laboratory tools.
d.
 All of the above
 15.
A scientific theory
a.
 is absolutely certain.
b.
 is unchangeable.
c.
 may be revised as new evidence is presented.
d.
 is a controlled experiment.
 16.
The word theory used in a scientific sense means
a.
 a highly tested, generally accepted principle.
b.
 a guess made with very little knowledge to support it.
c.
 an absolute scientific certainty.
d.
 None of the above
 17.
observation : hypothesis ::
a.
 theory : observation
c.
 hypothesis : experiment
b.
 guess : hypothesis
d.
 theory : control
 18.
Which of the following components of a scientific investigation would benefit from communication between scientists?
a.
 observing
c.
 analyzing data
b.
 measuring
d.
 All of the above
 19.
Scientists share their research results by
a.
 publishing in scientific journals.
b.
 presenting at scientific meetings.
c.
 avoiding conflicts of interest.
d.
 Both a and b
 20.
Atoms are composed of
a.
 protons with a positive charge.
b.
 neutrons with no charge.
c.
 electrons with a negative charge.
d.
 All of the above
 21.
The smallest particle of carbon that can retain the chemical properties of carbon is
a.
 a carbon molecule.
b.
 a carbon macromolecule.
c.
 a carbon atom.
d.
 the nucleus of a carbon atom.
 22.
A substance that is composed of only one type of atom is called a(n)
a.
 nucleus.
c.
 element.
b.
 cell.
d.
 molecule.
 23.
All matter in the universe is composed of
a.
 cells.
c.
 atoms.
b.
 molecules.
d.
 carbon.
 24.
The electrons of an atom
a.
 are found in the nucleus along with the protons.
b.
 orbit the nucleus in various energy levels.
c.
 have a positive charge.
d.
 are attracted to the positive charge of neutrons.
 25.
Atoms that have gained energy
a.
 have protons and neutrons that move farther apart.
b.
 lose neutrons from the nucleus.
c.
 have electrons that move to higher energy levels.
d.
 absorb electrons into the nucleus.
 26.
Which of the following states of matter contain(s) particles that are tightly linked together in a definite shape?
a.
 solid
c.
 gas
b.
 liquid
d.
 solid and liquid
 27.
Because carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level,
a.
 it can form bonds with carbon atoms only.
b.
 these atoms are naturally chemically stable.
c.
 it can react with up to four other atoms to form covalent bonds.
d.
 it cannot react with anything other than organic molecules.
 28.
The bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons is called a
a.
 hydrogen bond.
c.
 covalent bond.
b.
 nonpolar bond.
d.
 water bond.
 29.
Sharing of electrons between atoms of two or more elements
a.
 results in the formation of an ion.
b.
 results in the formation of a compound.
c.
 results in the formation of noble gases.
d.
 results in destabilization of the atoms involved.
 30.
An atom that has gained or lost electrons is called a(n)
a.
 molecule.
c.
 ion.
b.
 nucleon.
d.
 element.
nar001-1.jpg
 31.
Refer to the graph above. Reaction 1 in the graph
a.
 is an energy-storing reaction.
b.
 requires a greater activation energy than reaction 2.
c.
 may use the same initial reactant condition needed to form product Y.
d.
 All of the above
 32.
Refer to the graph above. Reaction 3 in the graph
a.
 probably occurred in the presence of a catalyst.
b.
 requires a greater activation energy than reaction 2.
c.
 is the same as reaction 1, but faster.
d.
 takes longer than reaction 2.
 33.
Refer to the graph above. Which of these statements regarding the graph is true?
a.
 Reaction 2 occurs faster than reaction 3 because reaction 2 requires more energy than reaction 3.
b.
 The difference in the graphs shown for reaction 2 and reaction 3 is due to a difference in the activation energy needed for these reactions.
c.
 Reactant X contains more energy at the beginning of the reaction than product Z has after the reaction.
d.
 All of the above
 34.
Changing the course or pathway of a chemical reaction so that it requires less activation energy
a.
 is a violation of the laws of nature.
b.
 requires higher temperatures than those found within cells.
c.
 occurs only when reactants are quickly added to the reaction mixture.
d.
 is accomplished by the action of catalysts on reactants.
 35.
Enzymes
a.
 are able to heat up molecules so that they can react.
b.
 provide CO2 for chemical reactions.
c.
 are biological catalysts.
d.
 absorb excess heat so that reactions occur at low temperatures.
 36.
When a molecule gains an electron, it has been
a.
 oxidized.
c.
 digested.
b.
 reduced.
d.
 inactivated.
 37.
Oxidation-reduction reactions are important in organisms because they
a.
 allow the passage of energy from molecule to molecule.
b.
 prevent nuclear reactions from occurring.
c.
 allow the creation and destruction of energy.
d.
 None of the above; oxidation-reduction reactions do not occur in living organisms.
 38.
The concentration of a solution is
a.
 the number of particles of a substance in a solvent.
b.
 the amount of a solvent that is dissolved in a fixed amount of a solution.
c.
 the amount of a solute that is dissolved in a fixed amount of a solution.
d.
 the ratio of solute to solvent in a solution.
 39.
A neutral solution has an equal number of
a.
 hydrogen and hydronium ions.
b.
 hydroxide and hydronium ions.
c.
 hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
d.
 oxygen and hydrogen ions.
 40.
The terms base and alkaline refer to solutions that
a.
 contain dissolved sodium hydroxide.
b.
 contain more hydronium ions than hydroxide ions.
c.
 contain more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions.
d.
 contain more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.
 41.
A solution with a pH of 11 is
a.
 acidic.
c.
 neutral.
b.
 alkaline.
d.
 a buffer.
 42.
Acidic solutions have a pH that is
a.
 less than 7.
c.
 a negative number.
b.
 between 0 and 14.
d.
 more than 7.
 43.
Buffers
a.
 are of relatively little importance in living things.
b.
 are formed when a large number of hydroxide ions are released in a solution.
c.
 are formed when a large number of hydronium ions are released in a solution.
d.
 tend to prevent great fluctuations in pH.
 44.
Atoms become more stable when they form compounds because
a.
 they always lose electrons when they form compounds.
b.
 their outer orbitals become filled when they form compounds.
c.
 they always gain electrons when they form compounds.
d.
 their nucleus loses extra protons when they form compounds.
 45.
A water molecule is polar because its hydrogen and oxygen atoms
a.
 both lose electrons.
b.
 become ions.
c.
 both gain electrons.
d.
 do not share the electrons equally.
 46.
Polar molecules such as water have
a.
 no negative or positive poles.
b.
 both negative and positive poles.
c.
 only a negative pole.
d.
 only a positive pole.
 47.
A molecule that has a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side is called a
a.
 nonpolar molecule.
c.
 charged molecule.
b.
 polar molecule.
d.
 bipolar molecule.
 48.
Water is a polar molecule because
a.
 it contains two hydrogen atoms for each oxygen atom.
b.
 it has a charge.
c.
 different parts of the molecule have slightly different charges.
d.
 it does not have a charge.
 49.
Water molecules break up other polar substances
a.
 such as salts.
b.
 because of the uneven charge distribution that exists in water molecules.
c.
 thus freeing ions in these substances for use by the body.
d.
 All of the above
 50.
Which of the following characteristics of water is not a result of hydrogen bonding?
a.
 adhesive strength
b.
 capillarity
c.
 cohesive strength
d.
 All of the above are a result of hydrogen bonding.

 
         Start Over

Another Taxonomy Quiz

%CODE1%

Javascript not enabled

Name: 

Another Taxonomy Quiz

 

 

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
 1.
Scientists use taxonomy to determine the evolutionary history of organisms. _________________________
 2.
Taxonomy provides consistent ways to name organisms. _________________________
 3.
Scientific names of organisms consist of two English terms. _________________________
 4.
Two different organisms cannot have the same scientific name. _________________________
 5.
Genus is the basic biological unit in the Linnaean system of classification. _________________________
 6.
A genus is a taxonomic category that contains several families. _________________________
 7.
Under the Linnaean system of classification, organisms are grouped on the basis of similarities in structure. _________________________
 8.
Linnaeus devised eight levels of classification categories for living things. _________________________
 9.
The least inclusive group to which an organism can be assigned is its kingdom. _________________________
 10.
Kingdoms are subgroups of phyla. _________________________
 11.
A species is a larger taxonomic group than a genus. _________________________
 12.
Bird wings and insect wings are examples of analogous structures. _________________________
 13.
Organisms that have similar traits but evolved independently are the result of convergent evolution. _________________________
 14.
Cladistics is used to determine the sequence in which different groups of organisms evolved. _________________________
 15.
In modern systematics, studies of the changes in the skeletons of vertebrates have helped researchers to estimate the time at which each species began to evolve. _________________________
 16.
Comparing the sequence of DNA bases in the genes of several organisms is used to determine the order in which the organisms evolved. _________________________
 17.
All organisms in the kingdom Animalia are multicellular heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls. _________________________
 18.
Archaea are eukaryotes that are characterized by several unique biochemical characteristics. _________________________
 19.
Traditionally, bacteria have been classified on the basis of their shape, cell wall composition, and metabolism. _________________________
 20.
Most organisms in the kingdoms Plantae and Animalia are multicellular. _________________________
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 21.
Taxonomy is
a.
 the study of life.
b.
 the science of naming and classifying organisms.
c.
 the evolutionary history of a species.
d.
 the sequence in which different groups evolved.
 22.
An advantage of our scientific naming system is that
a.
 common names mean the same in all countries.
b.
 Latin names are easy to pronounce.
c.
 biologists can communicate regardless of their native languages.
d.
 organisms all have the same scientific name.
 23.
All scientific names of organisms must be
a.
 unique and have two Latin words.
b.
 general and use the species name.
c.
 different and repeat the phylum name.
d.
 similar and include the common name.
 24.
Linnaeus’s two-word system for naming organisms is called
a.
 taxonomic evolution.
c.
 Greek polynomials.
b.
 Genus species.
d.
 binomial nomenclature.
 25.
In the Linnaean system of classification, the level that identifies one unique organism is the
a.
 kingdom.
c.
 genus.
b.
 family.
d.
 species.
 26.
Under the Linnaean system of classification, plants and animals are sorted into groups based on
a.
 number and size.
c.
 form and size.
b.
 form and structure.
d.
 number and structure.
 27.
The largest division that a group of organisms can belong to is a
a.
 domain.
c.
 genus.
b.
 class.
d.
 kingdom.
 28.
Placement in each level of classification is based on
a.
 specific characteristics.
c.
 shared characteristics.
b.
 general characteristics.
d.
 different characteristics.
 29.
Similar genera are grouped into a(n)
a.
 phylum.
c.
 family.
b.
 class.
d.
 order.
 30.
Analogous structures
a.
 have a common size in organisms.
b.
 perform the same function in organisms.
c.
 have the same structure in organisms.
d.
 evolve from a common ancestor.
 31.
Traditional systematics emphasizes the importance of
a.
 derived characteristics.
c.
 similar characteristics.
b.
 unique characteristics.
d.
 compared characteristics.
 32.
Similar features that evolve through convergent evolution are called
a.
 analogous characters.
c.
 environmental characters.
b.
 homologous characters.
d.
 genetic characters.
 33.
Convergent evolution produces analogous characters in different species as the result of
a.
 similar environments.
c.
 sharing a common ancestor.
b.
 different environments.
d.
 shared derived characters.
 34.
A phylogenetic tree differs from a cladogram in that a phylogenetic tree
a.
 hypothesizes the time at which each group of organisms evolved.
b.
 also indicates the new characteristics that evolved with each group of organisms
c.
 only illustrates hypothesized relationships among groups of organisms.
d.
 predicts the next group of organisms that is expected to evolve.
 35.
Studies of fossils of dinosaurs and birds show that
a.
 feathers may not be an important difference between dinosaurs and birds.
b.
 dinosaurs can be considered to be modern descendents of birds.
c.
 the anatomies of the dinosaurs and birds are unrelated.
d.
 dinosaurs and birds share many analogous characters.
 36.
A model used by biologists to represent evolutionary history among species is called a
a.
 phylogram.
c.
 histogram.
b.
 cladogram.
d.
 parallelogram.
 37.
Derived characters are traits
a.
 that are shared by all species.
b.
 that originated in a common ancestor.
c.
 found in closely related species.
d.
 found in distantly related species.
 38.
During Linnaeus’ time, scientists divided all living organisms into
a.
 five phyla.
c.
 three domains.
b.
 four families.
d.
 two kingdoms.
 39.
Which of the following terms is no longer used to describe a group of organisms in the modern classification system?
a.
 Archaea
c.
 Monera
b.
 Eubacteria
d.
 Protista
 40.
Sponges are animals that were once classified as
a.
 bacteria.
c.
 plants.
b.
 fungi.
d.
 protists.
 41.
Which of the following characteristics was used to reclassify sponges?
a.
 body type
c.
 cell walls
b.
 cell type
d.
 nutrition
 42.
The kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were once grouped in a kingdom called
a.
 Protista.
c.
 Monera.
b.
 Animalia.
d.
 Plantae.
 43.
Four of the kingdoms include eukaryotes and the other two include
a.
 plants.
c.
 animals.
b.
 fungi.
d.
 prokaryotes.
 44.
Which of the following is not a characteristic used to differentiate kingdoms?
a.
 cell type
c.
 nutrition
b.
 root system
d.
 body type
 45.
Protista is an example of a
a.
 kingdom.
c.
 genus.
b.
 class.
d.
 species.
 46.
Which two kingdoms contain both unicellular and multicellular organisms?
a.
 Archaea and Animalia
c.
 Animalia and Fungi
b.
 Protists and Bacteria
d.
 Protista and Fungi
 47.
Bacteria : prokaryotes ::
a.
 Fungi : prokaryotes
c.
 Protista : eukaryotes
b.
 Animalia : prokaryotes
d.
 Archaea : eukaryotes
 48.
One difference between plants and animals is that plants are
a.
 prokaryotic and animals are eukaryotic.
b.
 eukaryotic and animals are prokaryotic.
c.
 autotrophs and animals are heterotrophs.
d.
 heterotrophs and animals are autotrophs.
 49.
The science of classifying living things is called
a.
 identification.
c.
 taxonomy.
b.
 classification.
d.
 speciation.
 50.
Taxonomy is defined as the science of
a.
 classifying plants according to their uses in agricultural experiments.
b.
 studying ribosomal RNA sequencing techniques.
c.
 grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.
d.
 studying reproductive mechanisms and gene flow.
 51.
As we move through the biological hierarchy from the kingdom to species level, organisms
a.
 vary more and more.
b.
 are less and less related to each other.
c.
 become more similar in appearance.
d.
 always are members of the same order.
 52.
A mushroom is difficult to classify in Linnaeus’s two-kingdom classification system because
a.
 it has another common name, the toadstool.
b.
 it doesn’t seem to fit into either kingdom.
c.
 mushrooms had not yet evolved in Linnaeus’s time.
d.
 All of the above
 53.
Which of the following was not a consideration for Carolus Linnaeus when he developed his system of nomenclature of organisms?
a.
 It should include detailed descriptions of an organism in its name.
b.
 It should assign each organism a unique name.
c.
 It should assign names using a language that can be recognized worldwide.
d.
 It should enable scientists to classify organisms according to their presumed evolutionary relationships to other organisms.
 54.
Which of the following scientists developed the system of classifying organisms by assigning them a genus and species name?
a.
 Leakey
c.
 Darwin
b.
 Aristotle
d.
 Linnaeus
 55.

mc055-1.jpg

Refer to the illustration above. A shark’s skeleton is made of cartilage while a dolphin’s skeleton is made of bone. This is one reason the two organisms are placed in different

a.
 kingdoms.
c.
 subspecies.
b.
 domains.
d.
 classes.
 56.
The organism Quercus phellos is a member of the genus
a.
 Plantae.
c.
 Quercus.
b.
 phellos.
d.
 Protista.
 57.
Poison ivy is also known as Rhus toxicodendron. Its species identifier is
a.
 poison.
c.
 ivy.
b.
 Rhus.
d.
 toxicodendron.
 58.
The red maple is also known as Acer rubrum. Its scientific name is
a.
 red maple.
c.
 rubrum.
b.
 Acer.
d.
 Acer rubrum.
 59.
The scientific name of an organism
a.
 varies according to the native language of scientists.
b.
 is the same for scientists all over the world.
c.
 may refer to more than one species.
d.
 may have more than one genus name.
 60.
Scientists don’t use the common names of organisms because
a.
 an organism may have more than one common name.
b.
 common names are too ambiguous.
c.
 an organism rarely has the same name in different languages.
d.
 All of the above
 61.
An organism can have
a.
 one genus name and one species identifier.
b.
 one genus name and two species identifiers.
c.
 two scientific names if it is found on different continents.
d.
 two genus names but only one species identifier.
 62.
In which language are scientific names written?
a.
 English
c.
 Arabic
b.
 Greek
d.
 Latin
 63.
Two organisms in the same class but different orders
a.
 are in different kingdoms.
b.
 have the same genus name.
c.
 are in the same phylum.
d.
 are members of the same species.
 64.
Organisms in different genera
a.
 may share the second word of their scientific names.
b.
 may be in the same family.
c.
 may be in different orders.
d.
 All of the above
 65.
Two organisms in the same order but different families may
a.
 be more similar than two organisms in different classes.
b.
 be in the same class.
c.
 have the same species identifier.
d.
 All of the above
 66.
Kingdoms are divided into phyla, and each phylum is divided into
a.
 families.
c.
 orders.
b.
 classes.
d.
 genera.
 67.
The correct order of the biological hierarchy from kingdom to species is
a.
 kingdom, class, family, order, phylum, genus, species.
b.
 kingdom, phylum, order, family, class, genus, species.
c.
 kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
d.
 kingdom, class, order, phylum, family, genus, species.
 68.
The lowest hierarchy level in biological classification is the
a.
 genus.
c.
 family.
b.
 species.
d.
 order.
 69.
Which of the following is the least inclusive classification group?
a.
 class
c.
 phylum
b.
 genus
d.
 species
 70.
Quercus rubra : Quercus phellos ::
a.
 Anolis carolinensis : Parus carolinensis
b.
 Erithacus rubicula : Turdus migratoria
c.
 Aphis pomi : Aphis gossypii
d.
 carp : goldfish
 71.
class : family ::
a.
 order : phylum
c.
 species : genus
b.
 genus : class
d.
 phylum : order
 72.
Today, biologists classify organisms by their
a.
 physical similarities.
c.
 behavioral similarities.
b.
 chemical similarities.
d.
 All of the above
 73.
Phylogenetic trees depict
a.
 known evolutionary relationships between organisms.
b.
 presumed evolutionary relationships based on physical features only.
c.
 only living organisms.
d.
 presumed evolutionary relationships based on a variety of types of evidence.
 74.
The DNA sequences of two species of sharks would
a.
 be more similar than the DNA sequences of a shark and a dolphin.
b.
 show no discernible differences.
c.
 be very close to the DNA sequences of a dolphin.
d.
 indicate how the sharks evolved.
 75.
Which of the following is (are) used in systematic taxonomy to classify organisms?
a.
 patterns of embryological development
b.
 homologous features
c.
 amino acid sequences of proteins
d.
 All of the above
 76.
analogous features : convergent evolution ::
a.
 two members of the same genus : same species
b.
 cladogram : evolutionary relationships
c.
 common names : universal identification
d.
 cladograms : exact, direct information
nar001-1.jpg
 77.
Refer to the illustration above. A branching diagram like the one shown is called a
a.
 phenetic tree.
c.
 family tree.
b.
 cladogram.
d.
 homology.
 78.
Refer to the illustration above. Each particular feature, such as dry skin, that is used to assign an organism to a group is called a(n)
a.
 special character.
b.
 analogous character.
c.
 derived character.
d.
 homologous character.
 79.
Nearly all single-celled eukaryotes that are either heterotrophic or photosynthetic belong to the kingdom
a.
 Animalia.
c.
 Plantae.
b.
 Fungi.
d.
 Protista.
 80.
Most multicellular, nucleated autotrophs that carry on photosynthesis belong to the kingdom
a.
 Animalia.
c.
 Fungi.
b.
 Eubacteria.
d.
 Plantae.
 81.
Multicellular, nucleated heterotrophs that always obtain food by absorbing nutrients from the environment belong to the kingdom
a.
 Animalia.
c.
 Fungi.
b.
 Eubacteria.
d.
 Plantae.
 82.
An organism that breaks down organic matter, which it then absorbs, is in the kingdom
a.
 Fungi.
c.
 Animalia.
b.
 Plantae.
d.
 Protista.
 83.
Simple, non-nucleated organisms that use hydrogen to produce methane are in the domain
a.
 Archaea.
c.
 Eukarya.
b.
 Bacteria.
d.
 None of the above
 84.
The kingdom defined as including any eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi is the kingdom
a.
 Protista.
c.
 Animalia.
b.
 Plantae.
d.
 Fungi.
 85.
Carl Woese proposed the three-domain system of classification based on the examination of
a.
 embryos.
c.
 ribosomal RNA.
b.
 fossils.
d.
 organisms’ physical features.
 86.
The three domain system of classification is based on similarities and differences in ____, while the six-kingdom system is based on similarities and differences in ____.
a.
 DNA; DNA, fossils, embryological development, and physical features
b.
 DNA; embryological development, fossils, physical features, and RNA
c.
 ribosomal RNA; embryological development, fossils, physical features, and various molecular structures
d.
 physical features; embryological development, fossils, physical features, and various molecular structures
 87.
Which of the following groups are placed together by cladistics but are placed in separate groups by classical taxonomy?
a.
 birds and crocodiles
c.
 turtles and birds
b.
 birds and mammals
d.
 snakes and mammals
 

Completion
Complete each statement.
 88.
The current system used for naming organisms was developed by ____________________.
 89.
The two-word system for naming organisms is called _________________________.
 90.
The scientific name of an organism gives biologists a common way of ____________________ regardless of their native languages.
 91.
All names assigned to organisms under the Linnaean system are in the ____________________ language.
 92.
The unique two-word name for a species is its ____________________ name.
 93.
All living things are grouped into one of three ____________________.
 94.
There are ____________________ levels of classification in the modern classification system.
 95.
A kingdom contains many ____________________.
 96.
Classes with similar characteristics are assigned to a(n) ____________________.
 97.
Each level of classification is based on ____________________ shared by all the organisms it contains.
 98.
Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens all belong to the same ____________________.
 99.
Traditionally, scientists have used differences in appearance and ____________________ to classify organisms.
 100.
Unlike cladistics, traditional systematics places more ____________________ on some traits than on others.
 101.
Analogous structures are found in ____________________ taxa as a result of similar environmental conditions.
 102.
The type of evolution that results in similar characteristics found in different organisms as the result of selection within similar environments is called ____________________ evolution.
 103.
The evolutionary history of a species is called its ____________________.
 104.
Shared derived characters are found in organisms that once shared a(n) ____________________ ancestor.
 105.
A method of analysis that reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on shared characteristics is called ____________________.
 106.
A model developed by systematists that uses shared derived characters to show the evolutionary history of different organisms is called a(n) ____________________.
 107.
Cladistics is used to determine the ____________________ in which different groups of organisms evolved.
 108.
Animals that appear early on a cladogram do not share as many of the same ____________________ traits as the animals that appear later on the cladogram.
 109.
Modern systematic biologists use the ____________________ rate of DNA mutations like a “molecular clock.”
 110.
Two kingdoms include prokaryotes, while four kingdoms include ____________________.
 111.
Bacteria have strong exterior cell walls made of ____________________.
 112.
An organism made of many cells that are permanently associated and that coordinate their activities is called a(n) ____________________ organism.
 113.
Eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals are called ____________________.
 114.
Aristotle classified plants on the basis of differences in their ____________________.
 115.
The science of naming and classifying organisms is called ____________________.
 116.
____________________ devised the two-name system of naming organisms.
 117.
Biologists of Linnaeus’s time classified every living thing as either plant or ____________________.
 118.
A genus is subdivided into smaller groups called ____________________.
 119.
Each kind of organism on Earth is assigned a unique two-word ____________________.
 120.
All scientific names are made up of two words that are often derived from the ____________________ language.
 121.
The first word of a scientific name indicates the ____________________ to which the organism belongs.
 122.
A kingdom is divided into phyla when animals are being classified or into ____________________ when plants are being classified.
 123.
The evolutionary history of a species is called its ____________________.
 124.

co124-1.jpg

Refer to the illustration above. Organism 4 belongs to the kingdom ____________________.
 125.
Eukaryotic organisms that lack specialized tissue systems are members of the kingdom ____________________.
 126.
Corals, spiders, and rodents all belong to the kingdom ____________________.
 127.
The domains of the three-domain system of classification are Archaea, Bacteria, and ____________________.
 128.
The variety of organisms at all taxonomic levels is called ____________________.
 129.
Cladistics uses shared and ____________________ characters to group taxa.
 130.
The Greek philosopher ____________________ classified organisms as either plants or animals.
 

Problem
 131.

The following table presents data on some characteristics found in vertebrates. A “+” indicates that an organism has a particular characteristic and a “–” indicates that an organism does not have a particular characteristic.

Characteristics
Organism
Jaws
Limbs
Hair
Lungs
Tail
Lamprey
–
–
–
–
+
Turtle
+
+
–
+
+
Cat
+
+
+
+
+
Gorilla
+
+
+
+
+
Lungfish
+
–
–
+
+
Trout
+
–
–
–
+
Human
+
+
+
+
–

Using these data, construct a cladogram illustrating the evolutionary relationships among these organisms. Each branch point should indicate a common ancestor. Write the name of the shared character that is common to all organisms above each branching point. A shared character can be the absence of a structure common to organisms below that point on the tree. Write your answer in the space below.
 

Essay
 132.
Why might the use of common names to describe organisms sometimes cause confusion? Give several examples to support your answer. Write your answer in the space below.
 133.
While on a biological expedition to a tropical rain forest, you discover a previously unidentified animal. Explain the guidelines you would follow to choose a genus and species name for the animal. Write your answer in the space below.
 134.
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the coyote (Canis latrans), and the dog (Canis familiaris) are all members of the family Canidae. The mountain lion (Felis concolor) is a member of the family Felidae. Describe the relationships among these animals. Write your answer in the space below.
 135.
A species is defined as a group of organisms that are similar and can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature. Horses and donkeys can interbreed and produce mules, which cannot produce offspring. Is it possible that horses and donkeys belong to the same species? Explain. Write your answer in the space below.
 136.
What are the main criteria currently used to classify organisms? Write your answer in the space below.

 
Check Your Work     Start Over

Dihybrid Crosses Quiz

%CODE1% Dihybrid Crosses Quiz

 

 

 

1. An organism of genotype AaBb can make gametes of all the following kinds except:

a. AB
b. Bb
c. aB
d. ab

 

2. If AaBb is crossed with aabb, what proportion of the offspring would be expected to be aabb?

a. 9/16
b. 1/8
c. 1/4
d. 1/16

 

3. If the offspring of a cross show a 9/16 to 3/16 to 3/16 to 1/16 ratio (9:3:3:1), the parents of the cross have the genotypes

a. AaBb x AaBb
b. AaBb x aaBB
c. aaBb x aabb
d. aaBb x Aabb

 

4. Whenever a capital letter is present, a red color is produced. In a cross of AaBb x AaBb, how many red offspring would you expect out of 16?

a. 1
b. 3
c. 9
d. 15

 

5. Assume that you mated two individuals heterozygous for each of two traits and obtained 80 offspring. How many of them would be expected to look like their parents?

a. 25
b. 45
c. 60
d. 80

 

6. Genes that assort independently are

a. located on different chromosomes
b. located on the same chromosome
c. alleles of each other
d. dominant

 

7. If W = purple flower and w = white, and D = tall plants and d = short plants, a wwDd plant would be

a. purple and tall
b. purple and short
c. white and tall
d. white and short

 

8. If two true-breeding parents are crossed with each other and all the offspring have their mother’s ears and their father’s tail, the parents in the cross would be

a. EETT x eett
b. eeTT x EEtt
c. EeTt x EeTt
d. eeTt x Eett

 

9. If aaBb is crossed with AAbb, what proportion of the offspring will be AAbb?

a. 0
b. 3/16
c. 9/16
d. 1/4

 

10. If AaBb is crossed with AaBb, what proportion of the offspring will be dominant for the ‘A/a’ trait and recessive for the ‘B/b’ trait (i.e. A-bb)?

a. 9/16
b. 3/16
c. 1/16
d. 0

 

 

Ecology Quiz

%CODE1%

Ecology Quiz

 

Test your knowledge of Ecology!

1. A cold biome characterized by permafrost under the surface?
a) Taiga
b) Tundra
c) Deciduous forest
d) Savanna2. An organism that feeds on plants and animals?
a) Carnivore
b) Omnivore
c) Epiphyte
d) Herbivore

3. All of the following are abiotic factors except:
a) Tree
b) Temperature
c) pH
d) Sunlight

4. Corals would be found in which zone:
a) Oceanic
b) Estuary
c) Neritic
d) Benthic

5. Which of the following is not part of the nitrogen cycle:
a) Ammonification
b) Transpiration
c) Nitrification
d) Rhizobacteria

BACK