My Classroom Material 76 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Study of Biology pptQ

Study of Biology
ppt Questions

What is Biology?

1. Define biology.

2. What are organisms?

3. Name 5 groups of organisms.

4. Living things share common _______________.

5. What is the basic unit of life that makes up all organisms?

6. To survive, populations of organisms must be able to _____________ offspring.

7. All organisms have a _________ code carried in a molecule called _______.

8. Organisms require ____________ such as food and need __________ for their activities.

9. Living things _________ to their environment.

10. Organisms must maintain what type of internal environments ?

11. What does evolve mean?

12. Do groups or individuals evolve?

Characteristics

13. All ____________ are made of cells.

14. Most cells are so __________, they can’t be seen without a microscope.

15. What is cytoplasm?

16. What surrounds all cells?

17. What is the function of the cell membrane?

18. Cells are complex and highly ___________.

19. What are organelles and give an example?

20. The simplest type of cells are known as ______________.

21. Describe prokaryotic cells.

22. Name one of the most common prokaryotes.

23. More complex cells are called ______________.

24. Eukaryotes have a true _________ and _________________ organelles.

25. Name 3 types of eukaryotic cells.

26. Organisms can be grouped by their __________ of cells.

27. Define unicellular organisms.

28. What are multicellular organisms?

Reproduction

29. When organisms reproduce they pass what on to their offspring?

30. Name 2 types of reproduction.

31. What type of reproduction involves 2 parents?

32. A fertilized egg is called a ___________.

33. Are sexually reproduce organisms genetically identical to their parents?

34. asexual reproduction involves a _____________ parent or _________.

35. In asexual reproduction, a single cell __________ to form two new cells.

36. How do asexually reproduced organisms genetically compare to their parents?

Genetic Code

37. What carries the genetic code for all organisms?

38.DNA stands for ____________________ ___________.

39. Do all organisms have DNA?

40. What does DNA code for in a cell?

41. Why are proteins so important to cells?

Growth and Development

42. Name the stages of development in the life of a frog.

43. Name two ways that organisms grow.

44. When organisms change into adults they ___________ and may change.

Requiring Food and Energy

45. What organisms can make their own food?

46. What is a photoautotroph and give an example.

47. What food making process is used by photoautotrophs?

48. What do chemoautotrophs use to get energy?

49. ___________ cannot make their own food.

50. How do heterotrophs meet their food requirements?

51. Name 3 groups of heterotrophs.

52. Explain the difference among herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.

53. Define metabolism.

54. All metabolic processes require ____________.

55. What is the ultimate energy for all life on earth?

56. What metabolic process uses sunlight for energy?

57. Write the balanced overall equation for the photosynthesis process and label the reactants & products.

58. What metabolic process releases the chemical energy stored in food?

59. Write the balanced overall equation for cellular respiration .

60. Name several environmental factors that organisms respond to.

61. Give an example of an organism responding to their environment to promote survival.

62. Define homeostasis.

63. Give 3 examples of internal conditions in which organisms must maintain stability.

64. Why do populations evolve?

65. What record do we have that populations evolve?

Organization Levels

66. Name 3 nonliving levels into which life is organized.

67. At what level of organization does life begin?

68. Cells organize into ____________.

69. What makes up organs?

70. Organs working together become a ____________, and these working together make the entire _____________.

71. From simplest to most complex, list the levels of life above organism.

72. What is the most inclusive level of life?

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Summer Assignments
#1Choose a book or a movie by Robin Cook to read or view. Dr Robin Cook is considered to be the master of the medical thriller! Sometimes his books are classified as science fiction and sometimes as horror. He does an enormous amount of research so all of his books contain good, exciting biology. After reading the book (preferably) or viewing the video, write a 3-4 page paper giving a summary and a critique of the book or video . Be sure to emphasis the biological aspect and write in third person.

Contact a research scientist or field biologist in our area and conduct an interview about their current research. Using your interview notes, write a newspaper article about this scientist. Include a picture of the scientist with your article for bonus points!

The two assignments will each count as a test grade and are due the first week of school.

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Summer e-mail	cmassengale8@classicnet.net

Taxonomy

Taxonomy
All Materials © Cmassengale

Carolus Linnaeus

Taxonomy – study of classifying organisms

Taxonomists are scientists who study classifying
Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed

Reasons to Classify:

Shows evolutionary relationships
Accurately & uniformly names organisms
Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren’t really fish
Uses same language (Latin) for all names
Prevents duplicated names because all names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress)
Naming rules are followed called the International Code for Binomial Nomenclature

Early Taxonomy:

Aristotle was the first taxonomist dividing organisms into land, sea, & air dwellers
John Ray was the first to use Latin for naming
Linnaeus developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature, a two-word name (Genus & species)
Scientific names should be italicized in print or underlined when writing
Always capitalize the genus name, but write the species in lower case
The scientific name for man is Homo sapiens
The genus name may be abbreviated, but not the species (H. sapiens)

Taxonomic categories:

Linnaeus placed organisms into related groups called taxa (taxon-singular) based on their morphology (similar structure & function)
The broadest taxon is called the kingdom
Linnaeus put all organisms into one of two kingdoms — Plantae or Animalia
The other six taxa from broadest to most specific are — Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, & species
A sentence to help remember these taxa is — “King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup.”
Each taxa is a proper noun &should be capitalized except species
Each level or taxon groups together organisms that share more characteristics than the level above

Botanists use the term division instead of phylum for classifying plants
Plant species are subdivided into varieties, while bacteria are subdivided into strains

Basis for Modern taxonomy:

Modern taxonomists classify organisms based on their evolutionary relationships
Homologous structures have the same structure, but different functions & show common ancestry
The bones in a bat’s wing, human’s arm, penguin’s flipper are the same (homologous), but the function is different

Analogous structures have the same function, but different structures & do not show a close relationship (insect wing & bird’s wing)
Similarity in embryo development shows a close relationship (vertebrate embryos all have tail & gill slits)

Similarity in DNA & amino acid sequences of proteins show related organisms

Modern Taxonomic System:

Modern taxonomy uses six kingdoms — Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia
Archaebacteria & Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes lacking a nucleus, while Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia are all eukaryotes with a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
All members of Plantae & Animalia are multicellular organisms
Fungi & Animalia are heterotrophs, while Plantae are all autotrophs capable of making their own food
Archaebacteria live in harsh environments like very salty lakes; intestines of mammals; and hot, sulfur springs & may be autotrophs or heterotrophs
Eubacteria are true bacteria some of which cause disease
Protista are mainly unicellular with a few multicellular organisms and may be autotrophic (Euglena) or heterotrophic (Ameba)
Fungi include multicellular mushrooms, mold, unicellular yeast, etc. & are absorptive heterotrophs (digest food & then absorb it)
Animalia are ingestive heterotrophs that take in food & then digest it inside their multicellular bodies.
Plantae includes all plants & are the only all multicellular, autotrophic kingdom

Phylogeny (evolutionary history):

Phylogenetic trees are branching diagrams showing how organisms are related
Also called family trees
Fossil records help establish relationships on a phylogenetic tree
Organizes living things based on their evolution (systematics)
Common ancestor is shown at the base of the tree
Most modern organisms shown at tips of branches
Each time a branch divides into a smaller branch, a new species evolves

Cladograms shows how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, scales, etc.

Three Domain System:

Based on comparing sequences of ribosomal RNA in different organisms to determine ancestry
All organisms placed into three broad groups called domains
Domain Archaea (kingdom Archaebacteria) contains chemosynthetic bacteria living in harsh environments
Domain Bacteria (kingdom Eubacteria) contains all other bacteria including those causing disease
Domain Eukarya (kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia) contains all eukaryotic organisms

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Taxonomy PPT Questions

Taxonomy
ppt Questions

Classification

1. How many known species are there?

2. What percent of all organisms that have ever lived is this?

3. Are all organisms on Earth today identified?

4. Define classification.

5. What is another term for classification?

6. What do you call scientists that study classification?

7. Classifying organisms makes naming organisms more _____________ and _____________.

8. Classifying prevents ____________ or inaccurate naming.

9. Give two examples of misnomers and explain why they aren’t correct.

10. What language is used for scientific naming?

11. Sometimes, scientific names may be ___________ instead of Latin.

12. Why don’t scientists around the world just use more simple, common names for organisms?

13.What language is universally used by scientists for naming?

14. Who was the first taxonomist and what two groups did he place organism in?

15. How did Aristotle subdivide his two groups?

16. Who was first to use Latin for scientific naming?

17. What was the problem with Ray’s names?

18. What 18th century taxonomist developed the naming system still used today?

19. How did Linnaeus group his organisms?

20. Who is the “father of taxonomy”?

Binomial Nomenclature

21. What is Linnaeus’s naming system called?

22. Explain binomial nomenclature.

23. Besides Latin, what other language is sometimes used for scientific names?

24. How do scientific names appear in print?

25. What must be done to a scientific name when you are writing it?

26. Give an example of a common and scientific name for an animal.

27. Where can you find the rules for naming organisms?

28. All scientific names must be approved by ________________ ___________ ______________.

29. Why do naming congresses have to approve names?

Taxonomic Groups

30. What is a taxon?

31. What is plural for taxon?

32.There is a ______________ of groups that goes from the broadest grouping to the most _____________ grouping.

33. Name the 8 taxon in order from broadest to most specific.

34. What is the NEWEST and BROADEST taxon?

35. Instead of the taxon phylum, what other taxon is used for plants at this level?

36. What is the most specific taxon?

37. Write the sentence used to help remember the 8 most important taxonomic levels.

38. Complete the following taxonomic table:

Classification for Humans
Taxonomic Level	Taxon
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Domains of Organisms

39. How many domains are there?

40. Name the 3 Domains.

41. What are the main characteristics of Archaea and Eubacteria?

42. What are the main characteristics of the Domain Eukarya?

43. What Domain of organisms probably evolved first?

44. Where do Archaea live? Give some examples.

45.Name an Archaean.

46. Where are eubacteria found?

47. Some bacteria cause ______________ but many act as decomposers & are important to the ______________.

48. Some members of eubacteria live in the __________ of animals.

Kingdoms

49. The Domain Eukarya is divided into how many kingdoms?

50. List the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya and tell what organisms are in each group.

51. Which 2 kingdoms contain all multicellular members?

52. List the main characteristics of the Kingdom Protista.

53. Microscopic organisms found in pond water are most likely in the kingdom _______________.

54. All members of the Kingdom Fungi are _____________ except for unicellular ____________.

55. What type of heterotrophic organism are fungi?

56. Explain what it means to be an absorptive heterotrophic.

57. The cell walls of fungi are made of ______________.

58. Members of the kingdom Plantae are all ________________ and _____________.

59. What do plants use as their energy to make food?

60. Name the food making process of plants.

61. Plant cell walls are made of _______________.

62. Members of the Kingdom Animalia contain all of the multicellular _____________ on Earth.

63. Animals are ______________ heterotrophs that feed on __________ or other __________.

64. Define ingestive heterotroph.

65. Complete the following table for characteristics of each kingdom:

Kingdom	Organization	Type of Nutrition	Examples
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

66. A Genera may contain a number of different ___________.

67. What Genera is an exception to this?

68. Which Kingdom has the largest number of different kinds of organisms?

69. What two groups are in the plant kingdom?

Basis for Modern Taxonomy

70. List three examples of things used as a basis for modern taxonomy.

71. What are homologous structures?

72. What is an embryo?

73. At the molecular level, similarities in ___________, __________, or the __________ __________ sequence of proteins can be a basis for grouping organisms together.

74. Give an example of homologous structures show similarities among organisms in the same taxon.

75. Name 5 organisms that have similar embryonic development. To what taxon do these organisms belong?

76. What is a cladogram?

77. Using the following cladogram, name the organisms that share 4 of the 5 characteristics.

78. What characteristic(s) do the grouper and lamprey share?

79. What characteristic is found in all the animals EXCEPT the lancelet?

80. What is a dichotomous key?

81. When using a dichotomous key, you should make sure you ___________ both characteristics and either ____________ the organism OR go to ____________ set of characteristics.

82. Use the following dichotomous key to identify the picture of each organism.

1a Tentacles present – Go to 2

1b Tentacles absent – Go to 6

2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus

2b More than 8 tentacles – 3

3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4

3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone

4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish

4b Body NOT balloon-shaped – 5

Simple Plants PowerPoint Questions

Simple Seedless Nonvascular & Vascular Plants
PowerPoint Worksheet

Seedless Nonvascular plants

1. Name the 3 divisions of seedless vascular plants and a member of each division.

Division Bryophyta

2. What is the common name for mosses, liverworts, and hornworts?

3. Bryophytes lack what type of tissue?

4. Name the 2 vascular tissues lacking in bryophytes and tell their function.

5. What is the 2 stage life cycle of plants called?

6. Name the 2 life cycle stages.

7. which stage is DOMINANT in bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, & hornworts)?

8. How do bryophytes reproduce?

9. Which stage of the moss looks like a lush green carpet?

10. Name the division for moss.

11. Why are moss small plants?

12. Do moss have TRUE roots, stems, or leaves?

13. In what type of area do moss grow? Give several examples.

14.Moss gametophytes must grow close together in moist areas. Give 2 reasons why this is so.

15. What covers the outside of a moss plant to prevent water loss?

16. What anchors moss plants?

17. Can rhizoids absorb water like true roots?

18. Where does the sporophyte generation occur on moss plants?

19. What is at the top of the sporophyte?

20. Label the following moss plant.

21. ___________ moss is used by florist. What characteristic makes it useful?

22. Because moss will grow on bare ground, it is called a _________ plant.

23. How is peat moss used?

24. Give 4 other uses for moss.

25. Moss are capable of asexual reproduction. Name and describe 2 types of this vegetative reproduction.

26. What are gemmae?

27. How are gemmae separate from the parent plant & dispersed?

28. Which stage of the moss is haploid and which is diploid?

29. The gametophyte generation produces what 2 cells?

30. Why do these cells have half the chromosome number?

31. ____________ have a ________ set of chromosomes and reproduce ___________.

32. the sporophyte grows attached to the top of the ______________.

33. Since sporophytes lack chlorophyll, what cellular process are they incapable of doing?

34. How does the sporophyte get its food?

35. What is the setae on a moss plant?

36. How are the moss gametes protected?

37. Name the female gametangia & tell what it produces.

38. Eggs of moss are _____________ & ___________.

39. Label the female gametangia.

40. Name the male gametangia & tell what it produces.

41.How does the sperm cell know the direction in which to swim to the egg?

42. Label the male gametangia.

43. The moss ___________ or fertilized egg develops into the ____________.

44. Spores of the sporophyte capsule germinate into young plants called ______________.

45. Protonema develop into the _____________ stage

46. Label the protonema & developing gametophyte in this picture.

47. Label the life cycle of the moss.

Division Hepatophyta

48. ___________ are nonvascular, _________ producing bryophytes.

49. What stage is dominant in liverwort’s life cycle?

50. Describe the liverwort gametophyte.

51.Liverworts are found growing where?

52. Liverworts need lots of water for ____________.

53. How do liverworts reproduce asexually?

54. How do liverworts reproduce sexually?

Division Anthocerophyta

55._____________ are small, nonvascular ____________ with a dominant, leafy ____________ like liverworts.

56. Where are the antheridia & archegonia in hornworts?

57. Zygotes develop into ______________ sporophytes.

58. Is the horn-shaped sporophyte capable of photosynthesis?

59. Is the horn-shaped sporophyte attached to or separate from the gametophyte?

60. Label the parts of the hornwort.

Seedless Vascular Plants

61.Label these structures on the back of this fern.

62. Name and give an example of a plant in the 4 divisions of seedless vascular plants.

63. Name the vascular tissues.

64. Do seedless vascular plants go through alternation of generations?

65. Which stage is dominant?

66. How do they reproduce?

Division Psilophyta

67.Describe whisk ferns.

68. Do they have true roots, stems, or leaves?

69.How many extant genera are there?

70. Name the root like structures of whisk ferns and tell whether they can or can’t absorb water.

71. How do whisk ferns reproduce asexually?

72. How do whisk ferns reproduce sexually?

73. Make and label a sketch of an aerial branch of whisk with sporangia.

74. What is the purpose of sporangia?

Division Lycophyta

75. The division Lycophyta contains the ______________ living vascular plants.

76. Club moss are commonly called ______________ ____________. Explain why this is true.

77.Club moss have ________ growing root like ___________.

78. Describe the habitat needed by club moss.

79. Describe the leaves of club moss.

80. Are these TRUE leaves? Explain why.

81. What is found in the axils of the leaves & what is their purpose?

82. What are strobili?

83. Some club moss are homosporous while others are heterosporous. Explain what each of these terms means.

a. homosporous-

b. heteroporous-

84. Give an example of a homosporous club moss.

85. Lycopodium is used in fireworks. Explain the reason for this.

86. What do the spores of Lycopodium look like?

87.What is the purpose of each of these structures.

88. Give 3 other uses for club mosses.

Division Sphenophyta

89. How many extant species of horsetails are there?

90. Name the living genera of horsetails.

91. What is another name for horsetails?

92. Why are they called this?

93. Describe the stems of horsetails.

94. Where does photosynthesis take place in horsetails?

95. How are horsetails anchored?

96. How do horsetails reproduce?

97. Where are their spores found?

98. In prehistoric times, what was true of the size of horsetails?

99. Describe the habitat of horsetails.

100. How do horsetails prevent water loss from the parts of the plant above ground?

101. What special spore dispersing structures are found on the spores of horsetails?

102. Describe how elaters work.

103. Label the stem, node, and leaves on this horsetail.

104. Give 3 other uses for horsetails.

104. Can animals eat horsetails? Why or why not?

Division Pterophyta

105. Ferns are in the ____________ group of extant vascular plants.

106. Describe the habitats for ferns.

107. How do ferns reproduce asexually?

108. What stage is dominant in the life cycle of the fern?

109. What is the only part of the fern plant that appears above ground? What parts are found below ground?

110. Fern leaves are called ______________ and are attached to the plant by short stems called ______________.

111. Describe the appearance of newly forming fern fronds and tell what they are called.

112. What are sori and where are they found?

113. How are fern spores spread?

114. What forms when a fern spore lands on moist ground and germinates (starts growing)?

115. The prothallus starts what stage in the life cycle?

116. What is the shape of the gametophyte and does it live long?

117. What 2 structures grow ON the gametophyte?

118. Label the gametophyte and the male and female gametangia.

119. Label the parts of a fern.

120. Label the life cycle of the fern.

121. Give 4 uses for ferns. a.