My Classroom Material 98 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Preap Photosynthesis Study Guide

Photosynthesis Review

1. What is the term for the ability to perform work? ______________________.

2. Animals that Cannot make their own food are called ________________________.

3. Most organisms use an energy storage molecule called ____________________ _______________________ or simply (_______).

4. Light of different colors is different in ______________________ and _________________________.

5. During photosynthesis, a Reduction Reaction _________ ______________ to a molecule.

6. Oxidation is a process that makes a molecule __________________ electrons.

7. Disk-shaped structures with photosynthetic pigments are known as __________________.

8. The process by which autotrophs convert sunlight into energy is called ___________________________.

9. A molecule that can absorb certain light wavelengths and reflect others is a ________________________________.

10. What are the most common group of photosynthetic pigments in plants? ___________________________

11. Stroma are gel-like matrix (a solution) that surrounds the ________________________.

12. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages called:
A.______________________________________________
B.______________________________________________

13. Plants that use only the Calvin Cycle for photosynthesis are called ______________.

14. CAM Plants can survive in dry, hot deserts because they can fix carbon at ____________________________.

15. What substances do Autotrophs or producers use to make food?
A._____________________________________
B._____________________________________
C._____________________________________

16. The addition of an electron to an atom or a molecule is called _________________.

17. The loss of an electron to an atom or a molecule is called ____________________.

18. Organisms that CAN produce their own food are called ______________________.

19. An important waste product of photosynthesis is _______________________.

20. Photosynthesis occurs in what organelle of plants and algae? _________________________.

21. The Thylakoids are surrounded by a gel-like matrix (solution) called __________________.

22. An object that absorbs all colors appears _____________________.

23. What are the light collecting units of the Chloroplast? __________________.

24. Carbon fixing reactions occur in a pathway called the _____________________ _________________.

25. Chlorophyll reflects and transmits what color? _________________________.

26. An object that reflects all colors appears ____________________________.

27. Folded Thylakoids that resemble stacks of pancakes are called ________________________________.

28.The pigments that absorb violet, blue and red light. __________________________

29.The Enzyme that adds a phosphate group to ADP. _________ __________________ to form _________________.

30. What do we call the component colors of white light? ______________________ ___________________________

31. What clusters of pigments are called. ____________________________

32. A five-carbon carbohydrate in the Calvin cycle. _____________________________

33. A three-carbon molecule in the Calvin cycle.______________________________

34. A Series of linked chemical reactions is called a __________________________ ____________________________.

35. The pigments that absorb blue and green light are called ________________________.

36. The oxygen atoms in the oxygen gas produced in photosynthesis come from ________________________ __________________________.

37. Both C4 and C3 plants use the ____________________ _________________ for carbon fixation.

38. Where does the energy required for the Calvin cycle originate? From ______________ and __________________ produced by the ____________________ _____________________.

39. Protons are move into the thylakoid using energy from ___________________ in the __________________________ __________________________.

40. At the end of photosystem I transport chain, electrons combine with ______________ to form ______________________.

41. Carbon atoms are fixed into organic compounds in the _____________________ ______________________.

42. To produce the same amount of carbohydrate, C4 plants require less ___________________ ____________________ than C3 plants.

43. Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions occur? ________________________

44. Where in the chloroplast do the reactions of the Calvin cycle occur? ______________________________

45. What product of the light reactions of photosynthesis is released and does not participate further in photosynthesis? _________________________________

46.Which environmental factor will cause a rapid decline in the photosynthesis rate if the factor rises above a certain level? ___________________________________

47. Accessory pigments differ from chlorophyll a in that they are _______________ directly involved in the ___________________ _____________________ of photosynthesis.

48. What structure that is found in the thylakoid membrane is important to chemiosmosis? ___________
_____________________________.

49. _______________________________________________________ is the protein in the _____________________________________ membrane that adds a phosphate group to ADP.

50. Chemiosmosis relies on a(n) ____________________________________________________ of protons across the thylakoid membrane.

51. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis.____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

52. ATP synthase is a multifunctional protein. By allowing protons to cross the thylakoid membrane, it functions as a(n) _______________________________________________, and by catalyzing the synthesis of ATP it functions as a(n) ______________________________.

53. H+ represents an ion or in photosynthesis a(n) _____________________________________.

DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without appropriate discussion is inadequate.

1. Describe the internal structure and external structure of a chloroplast.

2. Explain what happens to the components of water molecules that are split during the light reactions of photosynthesis? (HINT: Name the three products that are produced when water molecules are split during the light reactions and explain what each product is used for.)

3. Explain the difference between the roles of photosystem I and photosystem II in photosynthesis?

4. Explain why the leaves of some plants look green during the summer then turn yellow, orange, red,
or brown during the fall?

5. What plant structures control the passage of water out of a plant and carbon dioxide into a plant? Explain
how they control the passage of water out of a plant and carbon dioxide into a plant.

6. What happens to the electrons that are lost by photosystem II? What happens to the electrons
that are lost by photosystem I?

7. Photosynthesis is said to be “Saturated” at a certain level of CO2. Explain what this means?

8. Explain how is ATP synthesized in photosynthesis? What is this process called?

9. What is the fate of most of the PGAL molecules in the third step of the Calvin cycle and Why is this important?
What happens to the remaining PGAL molecules? What organic compound can be made from PGAL?

10. Explain how CAM plants differ from C3 and C4 plants? How does this difference allow CAM
plants to exist in hot, dry conditions?

11. Define biochemical pathway and explain how the Calvin cycle is an example of a biochemical pathway.
In what part of the chloroplasts does the Calvin cycle take place?

12. Explain how the function of the chloroplasts is related to its structure.

13. What roles do water molecules play in photosynthesis?

14. Describe the structure and function of the thylakoids of a chloroplasts.

15. What role do accessory pigments play in photosynthesis?

Properties of Water

Properties of Water

Introduction

Water covers about three quarters of the earth’s surface and makes up about three quarters of our body weight. In fact, without water, life would not be possible. This simple fact is why scientists are constantly looking for water on other planets – the presence of water could indicate the presence of life.

We have discussed some of the properties of water in previous lessons. This lesson will consider water’s properties in more depth. As you read about the characteristics of water, take some time to think about how these characteristics relate to the fields of water and wastewater treatment.

Water Molecule

As you should remember, water is represented by the formula H2O. The picture below can also be used to represent water.

Water molecule

Lesson 5 explained how hydrogen bonds form between water molecules. The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds, as shown below, causes many of water’s unique characteristics. For example, you should recall that hydrogen bonding makes water an excellent solvent.

Hydrogen bond

Temperature

Introduction

Water is unique in that it is found as a gas, a liquid, and a solid at natural earth temperatures. In contrast, most other substances are naturally found in only one or two states. This property of water is integral to our daily lives, and is especially important in the hydrologic cycle.

On this page, we will consider how water is influenced by temperature. The surrounding air temperature can change the temperature of water, change water’s state, and change water’s density.

Specific Heat Capacity

Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. Every substance has its own specific heat capacity, with the specific heat capacity of water being 1 cal/(g°C).

The specific heat capacity of water is much higher than that of other common substances. For the sake of comparison, the specific heat capacity of oil is about 0.5 cal/(g°C) and the specific heat capacity of aluminum is about 0.2 cal/(g°C). This means that it takes a lot more heat to raise the temperature of water compared to the amount of heat it would take to raise the temperature of oil or aluminum.

The high specific heat of water helps the earth’s temperature remain moderate since water traps heat during the day and releases it slowly at night. As a result, the temperature on earth’s surface does not vary very widely, ranging from extremes of 134°F to -129°F. For comparison, the moon has no liquid water and its temperatures can range from 240°F to -290°F. (The lack of atmosphere on the moon, along with other factors, also contributes to the wide range of temperature.)

Boiling Point

Water also has a very high boiling point, meaning that liquid water turns into water vapor at a higher temperature (212°F) than would be expected due to the size and weight of the molecule. The high boiling point of water is due to the hydrogen bonds which tend to hold water molecules together, preventing them from breaking apart and entering the gaseous state.

Since it takes such a large amount of energy to change the state of water, sweating is a very effective method of cooling the body. In order to evaporate, the sweat requires the input of a great deal of heat energy, some of which comes from our bodies. So, as our sweat evaporates, we begin to feel cooler.

Density and Expansion

As you should remember from ENV 110, density is the ratio of mass to volume. Dense objects feel heavier and tend to sink while less dense objects feel lighter and tend to float.

The density of most objects changes slightly as the temperature changes. In general, warmer temperatures tend to make substances less dense because the greater random kinetic energy makes the molecules spread out. The amount that objects expand when heated is known as the coefficient of expansion.

The density of water, once again, is a special case. Water is most dense at 39°F, and as it cools or warms from this temperature, the water expands slightly. This means that ice is slightly less dense than cold water, which is why ice floats on the surface of bodies of water. The floating ice slows the freezing process by insulating the water underneath, which contributes to the moderate temperatures on earth. In addition, the layer of ice prevents many lakes from freezing solid, allowing fish and other organisms to survive under the ice.

The changing density of water at different temperatures is also responsible for turnover. Turnover occurs when the water on the surface of a lake cools in the fall. Eventually, this cold water will become more dense than the warmer water beneath, so the cold water will sink to the bottom and the warm water will rise to the surface. When lakes are used as the water source for water treatment plants, turnover can cause abrupt changes in the quality of the raw water.

Other Properties

Surface Tension

In a body of water, hydrogen bonds between water molecules are constantly pulling the molecules in many different directions. However, at the water’s surface, the molecules are only being pulled from side to side and down, with no hydrogen bonds pulling them upwards. This results in a skin of water at the surface in which the molecules are held together very tightly.

Surface tension is a measurement of the amount of force required to break this skin on the surface of water. Other liquids have a surface tension as well, but the surface tension in water is quite strong due to the hydrogen bonds. The pictures below show some examples of the results of water’s strong surface tension.

Surface tension is what holds drops of water together in a round shape. Surface tension allows both water striders and paperclips to float on water even though they are more dense than the water. In addition, surface tension allows you to fill a cup slightly over the brim with water.

Capillary Action

Surface tension is also responsible for another phenomena known as capillary action. Capillary action occurs when water climbs upward through a small space, defying gravity due to the forces of adhesion and surface tension. The image below shows one example of capillary action – a narrow straw was placed in a cup of water and the water crept upwards through the straw.

What causes the movement of water during capillary action? The first factor is adhesion, the attraction between water and another object. In this case, adhesion attracted the water within the straw to the surface of the straw. Molecules of water which came in contact with the straw tended to move upward along the inside of the straw, as shown below:

Adhesion pulls water up the sides of the straw

Water’s surface tension is so strong that, as water is pulled upward along the straw’s walls, the water in between tends to be pulled upward also. The downward pull of gravity prevents the central water from rising quite as high as the water which is adhered to the straw, so the result is a meniscus, as shown in the first picture in this section.

Capillary action is important in moving water upwards through small spaces. Plants depend on capillary action to move water upward from the roots to the leaves. In the soil, capillary action also tends to move water upward between the soil particles.

Review

Water has many unique properties, many of which are based on its molecules’ ability to form hydrogen bonds. Water is found at earth’s temperatures as a solid, liquid, and gas. It has a high specific heat capacity and boiling point. Water is most dense at 39°F. Water also has a strong surface tension.

PreAP Protozoan Study Guide

Protozoan Review

1. Protists with animal-like characteristics are called ___________________________.

2. Protozoans are all ______________________ organisms.

3. One convent way to classify protozoans is based on the way they _______________.

4. _____________________ move by extending their ___________________. ______________________ propel themselves by ______________________. _____________________ move by hairlike ____________, and _________________________ do ___________ move by themselves at all.

5. Protozoans that move by extending lobes of cytoplasm are called _______________________________.

6. The lobes of cytoplasm that sarcodinians extend are called _____________________ which means “_____________ ________________”.

7. When conditions are unfavorable, many amoebas survive by becoming hard ______________. The ____________ can withstand drought, heat, or being eaten by other organisms.

8. Not all sarcodinians are soft “Naked”, some have hard shells or _______________ made of __________________________________ or _______________________. They are called ____________________________ and _______________________________.

9. Sarcodinians are protozoans that move by extending lobes of _________________________.

10. ________________________________ are protozoans that move by means of flagella.

11. Some zooflagellates are free-living ________________________ or ____________________ organisms; many can live inside other organisms in _____________________ relationship. Zooflagellates may have a ________________________ or _________________________________ relationships with other organisms.

12. Which zooflagellate parasite causes African Sleeping Sickness in humans? ____________________________. The disease is spread by the bite of the __________________ ___________________.

13. _________________________ are protozoans that have bodies covered with short hairlike projections called _________________. They beat like ___________ to propel these protists through the water.

14. The ____________________________ is a common freshwater ciliate.

15. Paramecium gathers food with its _____________. The ____________ sweeps food particles into the ______________ _________________, the Mouth _____________ opens into a ___________________ which pinches off around them to form a ____________________ ______________________. It ejects wastes through an opening called the ______________________ __________________________.

16. Water is constantly enters the Paramecium cell by _______________________. They would burst if they did not have a way to get rid of excess water. ______________________________ _____________________________ collect the excess water and pump it outside.

17. Like all ciliates, Paramecium has ______________ distinct kinds of nuclei, each with a different function. The ___________________________ controls ongoing functions of the cell and __________________________ reproduction. Ciliates reproduce _______________________ by cell division. The _____________________________ is involved in genetic exchange during ___________________________ reproduction.

18. When a Paramecium reproduces sexually, it exchanges genetic information by ________________________________________.

19. The protozoans that have NO structures for movement, and lives by being a parasite in animals are the ______________________________. They are ____________-__________________ ____________________ protozoans.

20. The protozoan that causes malaria is named ________________________ and is carried within _________________ ____________________.

21. Protozoans can grow and reproduce only in _____________ environments.

22. _____________________ is a collection of mostly microscopic organisms that float near the surface of the ocean and lakes.

23. Type of sarcodina that moves by pseudopodia is an _________________________.

24. The sporozoan that causes malaria is _______________________________.

25. The ciliophora that moves by cilia ________________________________.

26. Types of sarcodinians that are covered by a protective test are __________________________ and ______________________________.

27. The insect that transmits malaria to humans is the _____________________.

28. The sporozoan that is found in cats is ________________________ _____________________.

29. The zooflagellate that causes Chaga’s disease is ___________________________ _______________________.

30. The zooflagellate that is known to contaminate stream water in the U.S. is _______________________ __________________________.

31. ________________________ is a process of sexual reproduction in ciliates.

32. Protozoa are thought to have descended from ________________________ Eukaryotes.

33. Protozoan habitats are characterized by the presence of _______________________.

34. An adaptation to extreme environments is called ________________ _______________________________.

35. Sarcodines use their pseudopodia for ________________________________________, _____________________________________, and ________________________________.

36. Certain sarcodines affect Earth’s geology by having mineralized shells that form __________________________ _________________ after they die.

37. What do trypanosomiasis, Chaga’s disease, leishmaniasis, and giardiasis have in common? (Hint) They are all caused by __________________________________.

38. Pseudopodia are extensions of a sarcodine’s ____________________________.

39. In Paramecium, the macronucleus contains _______________________ _______________________ of _____________________.

40. What Two terms best describes members of the Kingdom Protista? (Hint) They are _________________________ – _______________ and ____________________________.

41. Most protists are made up of ______________________________ cell(s).

42. Most protists live in a ________________________________ environment.

43. Some protists undergo sexual reproduction only at times of environmental ________________________________.

44. Some protists have __________________________________ that contain light sensitive pigments.

45. Sleeping sickness is caused by a group of ____________________________ called trypanosomes.

46. _________________________________ has been used since the 1600s to relieve the symptoms of malaria.

47. Disease causing protists are transmitted mainly by insects and contaminated ______________________________.

1. What kind of organisms are found in the kingdom Protista? What characteristics do they share?

2. Explain how parasitic zooflagellates infect their hosts. Give two examples.

3. Describe the life cycle of Plasmodium. What features typical of sporozoans does this life cycle exhibit.

4. Describe the four phyla of protozoa.

5. Would a motile or nonmotile protozoan be more likely to be free-living? Explain your answer.

6. Distinguish between the terms Protist and Protozoan.

7. What is conjugation? How is this process advantageous for ciliates, such as Paramecium?

8. Describe the process of ameboid movement and how it helps with the amoeba’s nutrition.

9. What are pseudopodia? What functions do they serve in sarcodines?

10. Describe Three means of locomotion among protozoa.

11. What is a cyst? Under what conditions might certain protozoa form cysts?

12. Explain how Conjugation in protozoa (Paramecium) differs from conjugation in bacteria?

13. Explain the role of protozoa in aquatic ecosystem food chains?

14. How have sarcodines built geological features of the environment?

15. What adaptive significance does the contractile vacuole have in fresh water sarcodine?

16. What Kinds of diseases can zooflagellates cause in humans?

Properties of Water Labs

Properties of Water

INTRODUCTION:

Water covers about three fourths of the surface of the earth? It is ubiquitous. It is also one of the simplest yet most important molecules in living systems. It makes up from 50 to 95 percent of the weight of living organisms. The cytoplasm of a cell is a water-based solution that contains a variety of ions, salts, and molecules which make life ‘happen.’ Water is literally involved in every facet of life.

Figure 2. Polarity of Water Molecule

The simplicity of the water molecule belies the complexity of its properties. Based on its small size and light weight, one can predict how it should behave, yet it remains liquid at a much higher temperatures than expected. It also boils and freezes at much too high, or low, of a temperature for a molecule of its size. Many of these unexpected properties of water are due to the fact that water molecules are attracted to each other like small magnets (cohesion). This attraction results in turn from the structure of the water molecule and the characteristics of the atoms it contains.

Each molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen connected to one atom of oxygen, as shown below. This summarized in the familiar formula, H2O.

Figure 3. Formation of a Water Molecule

Hydrogen in water will take on a partial positive charge and why oxygen will take on a partial negative charge. This causes a water molecule to be polar, having opposite + and – charges on each end of the molecule. These partial charges cause water molecules to ‘stick’ to each other like magnets. The ‘stickiness’ in this particular case is due to ‘hydrogen bonding‘. In this case, hydrogen bonding involves the attraction between the positively charged hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the negatively charged oxygen atom of another water molecule. As no electrons are actually shared however, hydrogen bonds are much weaker than covalent bonds – they easily break and easily form again.

Figure 4. Hydrogen Bonding in Water

Water is everywhere. It’s in the air we breathe. It’s in our sink faucets, and it’s in every cell of our body. Water is an unusual substance with special properties. The properties of water help to answer several questions such as:

“How does water rise from the roots of a redwood tree to the very top?”
“How do insects walk on water?”
“Why does ice float rather than sink?”
“Why do people become seriously ill, or die, if they go without water for a week or so?”
“How would life in a lake be affected if ice sank and lakes froze from the bottom up? “

In this first lab, we will investigate the properties of water in an attempt to understand how water behaves in relation to both our bodies and the environment. Through a set of experiments, the unique properties of water and its consequent importance to living things will become apparent.

MATERIALS:

chromatography paper strips
detergent
vis-a-vis black ink pens
wax paper
pennies
glue
cooking oil
red food coloring
water
10 ml grad cylinders
50 ml grad. cylinders
beaker
glass slides
stirring rods
medicine droppers
scissors

Objectives		Once you have completed this exercise you should be able to:
	1.	Describe the polarity of a water molecule and explain how that polarity affects the properties of water.
	2.	Explain why water climbs the inside of a thin glass capillary but not a thin plastic capillary.
	3.	Explain why water climbs a paper strip.

PreAP Syllabus

PreAP Biology Syllabus
Cheryl Massengale, Instructor
CollegeboardTextbook: HRW Modern Biology
All Materials © Cmassengale

Course Overview:
Biology is the study of living organisms, their origins, how they survive, reproduce, change over time, and interact with each other and their environments. The Pre-AP Biology curriculum is an introductory course taught in two semesters of high school. The primary objective of the course is to provide students with a fundamental understanding of modern biology and scientific processes, building a foundation for success in the college level AP courses to follow. Course material is roughly divided as follows: 35% molecules and cells, 35% evolution and genetics, and 30% organisms and populations. Nature of science will be taught throughout the year.

Pre-AP Biology is recommended for high-achieving students and for students who have a particular interest in biology and the natural sciences, including students who are traditionally underrepresented in AP courses. Students will be ultimately responsible for their learning; therefore, they should be organized, prepared, and motivated to learn every day.

The Pre-AP Biology curriculum differs from the regular Biology curriculum in meaningful ways. The Pre-AP course places a higher priority on developing critical thinking skills by examining real world problems. The Pre-AP curriculum examines topics with more depth and includes more advanced resource material in addition to the adopted text. Laboratory investigations play a more prominent role in the Pre-AP course. Labs are more sophisticated than in the regular curriculum and students are expected to design and carry out experiments using appropriate methods and resources.

Grade Level: 10th grade

Timeline:
PreAP Biology is a two-semester course (37 weeks) with 50-minute class periods.

Pre-Requisites: PreAP physical science or Teacher recommendation, Ability to read & write on grade level, Familiarity with an Internet Browser

Goals:
Students will learn to –

Think Critically
Design scientific Hypotheses & Experiments
Write good scientific essays
Conceptualize information, rather than memorize
Interpret & Analyze scientific data
Solve problems by using the Scientific Method
Learn to read informational text for understanding & become a concise note takers

Textbook:
Modern Biology

Publisher:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston
10801 N. Mopac Expressway
Austin, TX 78759
800 225-5425

Publisher’s Web Site:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston

Required Materials:

3-ring binder with pockets
Standard size, loose leaf notebook paper
Pencils with erasers
Black ink pen (for writing scientific labels)
Colored pencils
Graph paper
Folder with 2 pockets for abstracts
Spiral notebook for labs
Access to the internet & a word processor
Calculator

Grading Scale:
89.5 -100      A
89.4 -79.5     B
79.4 – 69.5    C
69.4 – 59.5    D
Below 59.4      F

Grading Policy:
Grades are weighted as follows:

NINE WEEKS:
Daily Work: 10%
Laboratory Exercises:15%
Tests/Collections: 75%
SEMESTER:
1st nine weeks: 40%
2nd nine weeks: 40%
Semester exam: 20%

Every student must turn in every assignment. Daily work, labs, & projects are not accepted late under any circumstances except in case of excused absence.

EXAMS:
Exams will be over material we cover in class, supplemental material you are asked to read, and material covered in handouts, labs, or other activities. The test will range from multiple choice to essay questions. Exams are weighted as 75% of each nine weeks grade. Quizzes may be given at any time covering assigned reading, previous lectures, homework, or lab procedures. Comprehensive final exams will be given each semester. Students should study daily to be prepared for exams & quizzes. The teacher reserves the right to administer a different make-up exam &/or quiz.

Labs:
Laboratory experimentation and exploration are a large part of this course. It is vital that the students follow all laboratory procedures and safety rules/guidelines. Failure to comply with behavior expectations can result in removal from the lab activities. A safety contract will be sent home and filled out by the student and the parent/guardian. These documents will be kept on file and are needed before a student can participate in any labs.
Safety Guidelines

Lab Reports:
Lab reports are to be professional quality, typed or hand written, and in the format provided by the instructor. They are due the beginning of class usually within one week after the lab is completed. Approximately 10-12 labs will be formally written. Other labs and investigations may only have data, conclusions, and analyses. Lab reports are weighted and count 15% of the nine weeks grade. Labs missed due to excused absences need to be made up in/on an agreed upon time with the teacher. You cannot borrow data. It is the student’s responsibility to be sure these labs are made up and will be at the teacher’s convenience.
Format for Hand-written labs
Format for Typed Labs

Abstracts:
Students will be expected to read science journal & magazine articles each nine weeks and to write an abstract of each article. Students may use the following journals or magazines — Scientific American or National Geographic (science articles only & no more than 1 per month). Articles may not be older than one year of the date the abstract is written. The magazine/journal or a copy of the article along with the written or typed abstract will be turned in each nine weeks in an abstract folder. The abstract must follow the format given by the teacher. No late abstracts will be taken without an excused absence. Abstracts will count as daily work.
Abstract Format

Collections:
One major collections are required for the course — an insect or a leaf collection. Collections will count as major exam grades. Collections should follow the teacher guidelines. No collections will be accepted late.
Insect Collection Instructions
Leaf Collection Instructions

Study Techniques:
The most common problem new students have is that their study skills are not adequate for high school level classes. Studying for classes involves more than just “cramming the night before a test.” Online pretests and chapter review sheets are provided for you on the PreAP Biology website. You should take these tests online before each exam. The following are suggestions to improve your grade in biology and other high school courses.

Prepare for class before coming by reading over your notes soon after you have written them and also read over the sections of your text that will be covered in that day’s lecture.
Make and use a vocabulary list as you go.
Do all worksheets, study questions, etc.
Keep your handouts, lecture notes, and study questions organized in a notebook.
Always read assigned material and make sure you outline all the main ideas and not just a single item in a section.
Pay attention and don’t daydream in class.
Study frequently and in small doses. Cramming does not foster long term understanding that will stick with you!
Set up a study group and study with friends.
Understand figures and diagrams from lecture and from your text.
If you are having trouble with the material, get help early. Do not wait until TEST DAY!!!

Online Pretests
Chapter Review Sheets

Click here for Scope & Sequence of Course

CLICK FOR REVISED 2012-13 PREAP SYLLABUS

Additional Resources:
Paul De Kruif. Microbe Hunter. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2002..

Milne, Lorus and Margery. National Audubon Guide to Insects and Spiders. National Audubon Society: Knopf,1980.

Trees of Arkansas.
Arkansas Forestry Commission
(501) 296-1940
Order online at www.forestry.state.ar.us

Objectives