Resources 58 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Chemistry Powerpoint Worksheet

Chemistry PowerPoint Notes

1. What makes up everything in the universe?

2. Name 2 properties of all matter.

3. Define mass.

4. How does weight differ from mass?

5.What are elements?

6. Name the 4 elements that make up most of a living thing.

7. What is used to represent an element?

8. Name the smallest part of an element.

9. What are the 2 main regions of an atom?

10. Where is the nucleus of an atom found and what does it contain?

11. What is the charge on a proton? A neutron?

12. All atoms of the same element have the ________ number of protons.

13. The number of protons in an atom determines the _________________________.

14. What is the charge on an electron?

15. If you know the number of protons in an atom, how can you determine the number of electrons?

16. Do all the atoms of the same element have the same number of neutrons?

17. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called ___________.

18. The mass of an atom is centered in the ___________.

19. The number of protons PLUS neutrons in an atom determines its ___________________.

20. What atomic particle has a negative charge?

21. Why isn’t the mass of an electron used to determine the atomic mass of an element?

22. Where are electrons found?

23. Which electrons in an atom have the most energy?

24. How many energy levels are there & name them?

25. How many electrons will each energy level hold?

26. Elements are arranged on a __________________ by their atomic _____________.

27. What are Periods & what do they tell you about elements?

28.What are Families & what do they tell you about elements?

29. Two or more elements combined together make a _____________.

30. Chemical ______________ represent compounds.

31. _____________ are the smallest part of a compound.

32. ______________ in chemical formulas tell the number of atoms of each element.

33. _____________ in a formula tell the number of molecules.

34. Compounds have ____________ properties than its elements.

35. The outermost _______________ in elements determine if they will combine.

36. Elements with ___________ outer energy levels are stable & won’t react.

37. Why do elements tend to react with other elements?

38. Chemical _____________ represent chemical reactions.

39. ______________ appear on the right of the equation, while ___________ are on the left.

40. Chemical bonds store ____________.

41. How do covalent bonds form?

42. How do ions form?

43. Positive ions _________ electrons, while negative ions ___________ electrons.

44. Define energy.

43. Give some examples of different forms of energy.

44. Atoms are in constant ________________, which determines the atom’s ____________.

45. List the 3 main states of matter.

46. _______________ energy must be added or removed to change the state of matter.

47. In reactions the amount of product must ____________ the amount of reactants.

48. Most of an organism’s energy comes from _____________ in foods.

49. _______________ reactions release energy.

50. Give an example of an exergonic reaction in cells.

51. _________________ reactions store energy.

52. Give an example of an endergonic reaction in cells.

53. Most reactions in cells are _________________.

54. _________________ energy is the energy needed to start a reaction.

55. Catalysts _____________ the amount of activation energy needed.

56. Catalysts in organisms are called ______________ and are usually ______________.

57. Enzymes act on ____________ which join at the _______________ site.

58. Can enzymes be reused?

59. Redox reactions stands for _________________________ reactions.

60. The oxidized substance _____________ electrons & becomes _____________ charged.

61. The reduced substance _____________ electrons & becomes _____________ charged.

62. Define solution.

63. The _____________ is dissolved in the ____________ in a solution.

64. _______________ is the universal solvent.

65. A solution becomes _____________ when no more solute will dissolve.

66. ______________ solutions have water as the solvent & are important to ______________.

67. What is the dissociation of water?

68. Write the equation for this.

69. OH is the ______________ ion, while H+ is the ______________ ion.

70. Acids produce _____________ ions, while bases have an excess of ________ ions.

71. The _______ scale measures the concentration of H+ ions and goes from ____________.

72. From 0 to 7 are ___________, a pH of 7 is __________, & above 7 to 14 are _________.

73. _____________ are used in the body to control pH and keep it near a pH of ______ or neutral.

Cell Model Instructions

Cell Model

Construct a 3-dimensional eukaryotic plant or animal cell that includes the organelles listed in the table below. Your cell must show all of the cellular organelles listed on the table. These organelles should be LABELED with straight pin “flags” with the FUNCTION of each organelle written on the back Make sure that your cell has a FLAT NOT round bottom so it will sit on a table or shelf.

NO FOOD ITEMS MAY BE USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF YOUR CELL MODEL!
DO NOT USE CLAY OR PLAY DOUGH AS THE CELL WILL BE TOO HEAVY OR NOT STAY TOGETHER!

Cellular Organelles
Cell Membrane	Nucleus	Nucleolus
Cell Wall (plants)	Chromatin	Rough ER
Smooth ER	Attached Ribosomes	Mitochondria
Chloroplast (plant)	Lysosome	Golgi Bodies
Vacuole	Free Ribosomes	Centrioles (animal)

ANIMAL CELL

Copyright Pearson Education, Inc.

PLANT CELL

Copyright Pearson Education, Inc.

Cell Respiration Worksheet Ch 7 BI

Cellular Respiration

Section 7-1 Glycolysis & Fermentation

1. What organisms trap sunlight & store it in carbohydrates?

2. What 2 organisms break down carbohydrates to release energy from cells?

3. What is the main energy currency of a cell?

4. Define cellular respiration.

5. What process begins cellular respiration & does it produce much ATP?

6. If there is no oxygen in cells, the products of glycolysis enter ________________________
pathways that yield no additional ______________________.

7. Fermentation is __________________________ because no oxygen is used.

8. If oxygen is present in cells, the glycolysis products enter the ______________________
respiration pathway.

9. Does aerobic respiration produce much ATP?

10. What simple sugar starts glycolysis?

11. In glycolysis, glucose is broken into 2 molecules of _______________________ acid
in the ______________________ of the cell.

12. In which part of the cell does fermentation occur? Is oxygen involved?

13. Name the 2 types of fermentation.

14. __________________________ acid fermentation helps make cheese & yogurt and also
occurs in _______________________ cells during heavy exercise.

15. What effect does lactic acid have on muscle cells?

16. Yeasts carry on what type of fermentation?

17. What alcohol is made in alcoholic fermentation?

18. Table _____________________________ and ____________________ are made by yeasts
during alcoholic fermentation.

19. One molecule of sugar produces _________________ kilocalories of energy.

20. _______________________________ respiration, like glycolysis, produces less energy than
____________________________ respiration of pyruvic acid.

Section 7-2 Aerobic Respiration

21. Aerobic respiration requires what gas?

22. How much more ATP does aerobic respiration produce than glycolysis alone?

23. Name the 2 major stages of aerobic respiration.

24. What is completed in the Krebs cycle?

25. The energy carrier NAD+ is reduced to what substance?

26. Which part of aerobic respiration makes most of the ATP (cell’s energy)?

27. Where does aerobic respiration take place in prokaryotes?

28. Where do these reactions take place in eukaryotes?

29. What is the mitochondrial matrix & what product of glycolysis diffuses into this matrix?

30. What is found inside the mitochondrial matrix to help catalyze the reactions of the Krebs cycle?

31. What is acetyl CoA & to what does it combine?

32. Define Krebs cycle.

33. The first acid produced in the Krebs cycle is _________________ acid. (Diagram p. 135)

34. Two energy carriers are reduced in the Krebs cycle; ________________becomes NADH
and _________________ becomes FADH.

35. Is any ATP made in the Krebs cycle?

36. What gas is a waste product produced in the Krebs cycle?

37. The _________________________________ is the second part of aerobic respiration.

38. Where does the ETS take place in eukaryotic cells?

39. _________________________ is made in the ETS when NADH and FADH2 release
______________________ ions.

40. What gas serves as the final acceptor of electrons in the ETS (electron transport system)?

41. Write the equation for this gas accepting electrons at the end of the ETS (see page 137).

42. What is the final product of the ETS?

43. How many ATP’s of energy are made during glycolysis?

44. How many ATP’s of energy are made during the Krebs cycle?

45. Each FADH can generate how many ATP’s of energy?

46. Each NADH can generate how many ATP’s of energy?

47. _______________________ NADH molecules & ______________________ FADH
molecules are made by aerobic respiration.

48. How many ATP molecules are made by the electron transport system?

49. What is the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be produced from each glucose molecule?

50. Write the summary equation for cellular respiration.

Cell Size

THE SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO OF A CELL

INTRODUCTION:

Cells are limited in how large they can be. This is because the surface area and volume ratio does not stay the same as their size increases. Because of this, it is harder for a large cell to pass materials in and out of the membrane, and to move materials through the cell.
In this lab, you will make cube shaped models to represent cells. The dimension along one side will be doubled with each model. You will then calculate the surface area, volume, and the ratio between the two.

MATERIALS:

Scissors
Construction paper
Tape
Metric ruler

PROCEDURE:

1. Construct three cell models like the pattern shown. The dimensions of a side will double each time, with the sides being 2 cm, 4 cm, and 8 cm. Fold and tape into cubes with the tabs to the inside. Record the dimensions in the DATA TABLE (the first one is done for you in the table).

Cell	Dimensions (cm)	Surface Area (cm2)	Volume (cm3)	Ratio Surface area to Volume
DATA TABLE: Cell Size Comparison
1	2 X 2 X 2
2
3

CALCULATIONS:

2. Calculate the total surface area for each cell model by the following formula:

surface area = (Length X Width) X 6 sides

Record the surface areas in the DATA TABLE.

3. Calculate the volumes for each cell model by the following formula:

volume = length X width X height

Record the volumes in the DATA TABLE.

4. Calculate the surface area-to-volume ratio for each cell model by the following formula:

ratio =	surface area volume

Record the ratio values in the DATA TABLE.
These ratios show how many times larger the surface area is as compared to the volume. Notice that it becomes less than one very quickly.

QUESTIONS:

1. Which model has the largest surface area?

2. Which model has the largest volume?

3. Which model has the largest ratio?

4. To maintain life, and carry-out cellular functions, materials must be able to move into and out of the cell. Also, material needs to be able to move within the cell. What might be the advantage of having a large surface area?

5. What might be the disadvantage of having a large volume?

Carbon Dioxide Use in Plants

Do Plants Consume or Release CO2?

Introduction

The rate of photosynthesis can be determined by measuring the rate of production of sugar or oxygen or by measuring the rate of decrease in carbon dioxide concentration. A common aquarium plant called, Elodea, can be used to show fast carbon dioxide is being removed from the water in which the Elodea is submerged.

6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy —> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

In this lab, you will use phenol red as an indicator to show whether CO2 is being consumed or produced in a reaction. It is well known that in the presence of light, plants perform photosynthesis. At the same time, plants are also performing cell respiration. To demonstrate this, we will determine whether CO2 is consumed or produced as Elodea is placed in either a light or dark environment. The change in CO2 will be detected by the pH indicator phenol red. Phenol red is yellow under acidic conditions (high H+ ion concentration), pink to magenta under basic or alkaline conditions (low H+ ion concentration), and orange under neutral conditions. A change in the amount of CO2 will cause a directly proportional change in H+ ion.

If the CO2 concentration decreases, the H+ ion concentration will also decrease, and the solution will change to pink, becoming basic.

If the CO2 concentration increases, the H+ ion concentration will also increase, and the solution will change to yellow, becoming acidic.

Neutral solutions of phenol red will be orange.

Materials:

phenol red solution, 4 sprigs of Elodea, soda straw, 4 test tubes, labeling marker, 100 ml graduated cylinder, beaker, aluminum foil

Procedure:

Create a solution of phenol red by adding concentrated phenol red to about 100 ml of water in a beaker. The phenol red may change color as a result of adding water (depending on how acidic your tap water is). Your goal is to make your solution a neutral orange color. You can do this by gently blowing into the solution with a straw.
Label 4 test tubes 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Once you have the solution at an orange color, transfer it to 4 test tubes (they should be filled about 2/3 full with your orange solution).
Place a cut piece of Elodea (cut end up) into tubes 2 and 4 and tightly cap.
Test tubes 3 and 4 will not have Elodea. Cap and then cover these tubes with aluminum foil so no light can enter.
Place tubes 1 and 2 in bright light.
Place tubes 2 and 4 in the dark.
After 24 hours, uncover and examine all 4 test tubes and record the results.

Data:

Test Tube #	Contents of Tube	Initial Color	Final Color
1
2
3
4

Conclusion:

1. What test tubes served as the controls in this experiment. Why?

2. What was the dependent variable?

3. Do you think there would have been any change in any of the test tubes if they were left for 48 or 72 hours? Explain.

4. Describe and explain what happened in the test tubes.

5. Why did the color change occur?

6. Where does the carbon dioxide that is removed from the solution go?

7. What other process goes on in plant cells that requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide?

8. What was the purpose in tightly capping all four test tubes?

DATA TABLE: Cell Size Comparison