Resources 57 - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Cell Cycle Mitosis PPT Q

Meiosis – Gamete Production
ppt Questions

Meiosis Facts

1. Define meiosis.

2. What is the symbol for the diploid number of chromosomes in a cell?

3. What is the symbol for the monoploid or haploid number of chromosomes in a cell?

4. Is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

5. How many times does a cell divide during Meiosis?

6. What are the divisions of meiosis called?

7. During meiosis, sex cells divide to form ____________.

8. Name the 2 gametes.

9. How many chromosomes do gametes have compared to a normal body or somatic cell?

10. If a human body cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes do the gametes (egg and sperm) have?

11. Where does meiosis occur in the body in males? in females?

12. Testes and ovaries are known as ____________.

13. Meiosis in males is called _____________ and produces ________ cells.

14. Meiosis in females is called _____________ and produces ________ cells.

15. a. Make a sketch of a diploid (2n=46) sperm cell in Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

b. Make a sketch of a diploid (2n=46) egg cell in Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

Meiosis I

16. Name the 1st stage of meiosis.

17. When are chromosomes (DNA) replicated?

18. Each duplicated chromosome consists of a pair of _________ __________.

19. What attaches sister chromatids to each other?

20. What two structures in the center of a cell are visible at the beginning of Interphase I?

21. Name the 4 stages of Meiosis I.

22. What is the longest phase of meiosis? What pwercent of the division time is this?

23. During Prophase I, what happens to chromosomes?

24. __________ occurs after chromosomes condense.

25. Explain synapsis.

26. What is a tetrad?

27. A tetrad is made of ________ sister and two, nonsister ____________.

28. Sketch a tetrad.

29. What is meant by homologous chromosomes?

30. Homologous chromosomes form a ________ during Prophase I.

31. Homologs carry _________ controlling the ________ inherited traits.

32. What is a locus?

33. What is true about the loci of genes on homologous chromosomes?

34. Humans have _______ pairs of homologous chromosomes.

35. What are autosomes?

36. What is the last pair of chromosomes called?

37. What is the chromosome pair for a female? a male?

38. Sketch a tetrad and show the location of two different genes on the chromatids.

39. Define crossing over.

40. Crossing over creates __________ in the chromosomes.

41. The sites where crossing over occurs are called __________.

42. Crossing over occurs between __________ chromatids.

43. Sketch a tetrad with crossing over occurring. Label the chiasmata.

44. Sketch a tetrad where crossing over occurred and shade the sections of the chromosomes that were exchanged causing variation.

45. Compare the size of an X and a Y chromosome.

46. Spindle and aster fibers form from centrioles during _______________ in humans.

47. What is the shortest meiotic stage?

48. What happens to the tetrads during Metaphase I?

49. When the chromosome pairs of the tetrad separate, they move ____________ to the opposite poles of the cell.

50. This random separation of homologs is called ______________ ___________.

51. What effect does independent assortment have on cells?

52. Give the formula for determining the number of variations in cells.

53. If 2n=6, how many combinations are possible?

54. How many different combinations of sperm are possible in a human male?

55. What happens to homologous chromosomes during Anaphase I?

56. Do sister chromatids separate? Explain.

57. How many chromosomes are at the poles in telophase I?

58. In humans, the haploid number is _________.

59. ____________ occurs at the end of Telophase I forming _______ new daughter cells.

Meiosis II

60. Is DNA replicated again before Meiosis II?

61. Name the stages of Meiosis II.

62. What occurs during Prophase II?

63. Where are the sister chromatids during Metaphase II?

64. During what stage do sister chromatids separate from each other?

65. During Telophase II, the _____________ and nucleolus reform.

66. _______________ occurs again at the end of Telophase II forming __________ new daughter cells.

67. The 4 new cells at the end of Telophase II are _____________ or 1n cells.

68. In spermatogenesis, the newly formed gametes are called ____________.

69. In Oogenesis, the newly formed gametes are called ____________.

Variation

70. What is another name for variation?

71. Why is variation important?

72. Which individuals are most likely to survive & reproduce in a population?

73. What is this process known as?

74. Name the 3 sources of genetic variation that occur in sexual reproduction and tell when EACH occurs.

75. If a diploid cell is 2n=20, what will be the 1n number of the daughter cells?

76. How many daughter cells will there be at the end of meiosis?

77. What is a karyotype?

78. Where are the autosomes found on a karyotype?

79. Where are the sex chromosomes found?

80. How does a karotype of a Down Syndrome child look?

81. What is a zygote?

82. What process produces zygotes? What cells join or fuse?

Cell Division PPT Questions

Mitosis & Meiosis
PPT Questions

1. From where do new cells arise?

2. Why does the body constantly make new cells?

3. Is cell division the same in all cells? Explain.

4. Why must each new cell get a complete copy of the original cell’s DNA?

5. Copying DNA is known as ____________________.

6. The original cell that divides is called the _____________ cell, while the two, new identical cells are called ______________ cells.

Chromosomes

7. Describe the chromosome of a prokaryote like a bacterial cell.

8. About how many chromosomes are in the body cell of eukaryotes?

9. How many chromosomes are in a human body cell?

10. What makes up each chromosome?

11. Chromosomes can only be seen when a cell is __________________.

12. Uncoiled chromosomes are called ____________________.

13. DNA tightly coils by wrapping around what kind of proteins?

14. What are duplicated (doubled) chromosomes called?

15. What holds chromatids together?

16. Sketch & label all parts of sister chromatids.

17. What is a karyotype?

18. Where are autosomes found on a karyotype?

19. Where are sex chromosomes found on a karyotype?

20. What is the genotype for males? For females?

21. The presence of which chromosome determines the sex of the child?

Cell Reproduction

22. What is asexual reproduction?

23. Give 2 examples of asexual reproduction.

24. What is sexual reproduction and give an example?

25. Which process produces identical new cells — mitosis, meiosis, or both?

Prokaryotic Cell Division

26. Name a prokaryote that reproduces by binary fission.

27. Sketch and explain how binary fission occurs in a bacterial cells.

28. What forms to divide the 2 new bacterial cells?

Cell Cycle

29. Name the 5 phases of the cell cycle.

30. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? the shortest phase?

31. Which phase has 3 stages & name them?

32. Which phase has 4 stages & name them?

33. Describe what occurs in the G1 stage of interphase.

34. When is DNA copied?

35. How do the new copies of DNA compare to the original DNA?

36. What does a cell make during the G2 stage right before mitosis?

37. Name a structure needed for cell division that is made during the G2 stage. In what type of cell is this organelle found?

38. Can the nucleus and nucleolus be seen during interphase?

39. Sketch & label all parts of the cell cycle.

Mitosis

40. What part of a cell actually divides during mitosis?

41. Give another name for mitosis.

42. In which type of cell does mitosis occur — prokaryote or eukaryote? Explain why.

43. Name a type of cell that doesn’t undergo mitosis.

44. Name, in order, the four stages of mitosis.

45. Name 2 things that happen to a cell during Early Prophase.

46. What happens to the nucleus & nucleolus during prophase?

47. Why do chromosomes become visible during prophase?

48. What are kinetochores?

49. Where do kinetochore fibers attach to a chromosome?

50. What finishes forming by the end of Late Prophase?

51. Sketch and label a kinetochore fiber attached to a chromosome.

52. From what does the spindle form in plants? in animals?

53. What are polar fibers? Do they attach to chromosomes?

54. What are asters & where are they in a cell?

55. Where are the poles of a cell? the equator of a cell?

56. Sketch & label the parts of a spindle.

57. What happens to chromosomes during metaphase?

58. During metaphase, where do chromosomes line up & what MOVES them there?

59. Which mitotic phase occurs rapidly?

60. What happens to sister chromatids during anaphase?

61. What pulls sister chromatids apart during anaphase?

62. Where are chromatids located during telophase?

63. What disassembles in telophase?

64. What reforms around each set of sister chromatids during telophase?

65. What organelle reappears inside the nucleus?

66. During telophase as the chromosomes uncoil, they reappear as ____________________.

67. What process or phase follows telophase?

68. What divides during cytokinesis?

69. Explain how cytokinesis occurs in plants.

70. Explain how cytokinesis occurs in animals.

71. How does the chromosome number of the parent cell compare to that of the 2 daughter cells? How do the 3 cells compare in size?

72. What is the first thing the daughter cells must do following cytokinesis?

73. If the parent cell has a chromosome number of 2n = 6, what will be the chromosome number of the daughter cells?

74. Label these mitosis diagrams.

75. Label these stages.

76. Eukaryotic cell division is used for _______________ and _____________ of cells.

77. Parent cells before division are diploid or _______ chromosome number. What will be the chromosome number of the two new cells?

78. Name these actual stages of cell division.

TEST YOURSELF ON MITOSIS

79. Identify these stages.

80. Locate the four mitotic stages.

81. Eukaryotic cells before and after mitosis are ________________ or 2n.

82. What happens if mitosis is NOT controlled?

83. What are oncogenes?

Meiosis

80a. Do chromosomes replicate or double before meiosis?

81a. How many divisions occur in meiosis? Is this the same as mitosis? Explain.

82a. Meiosis is also called _____________________________________.

83. The original cell that divides by meiosis is ________________ or 2n.

84. How many daughter cells can be produced by meiosis? Is this the same as mitosis? Explain.

85. What is the chromosome number of the daughter cells produced by meiosis? How does this compare to the number of chromosomes in the original cell?

86. What are the daughter cells called that are produced by meiosis? Name them.

87. Name the 2 types of meiosis.

88. Where does spermatogenesis occur?

89. Where does oogenesis occur?

90. In humans, how many chromosomes are in the original that undergoes meiosis? Are they single or double stranded?

91. After one division, how many chromosomes are in the cells? Are they single or double stranded?

92. After the second division, how many chromosomes are in the cells? Are they double or single stranded?

93. Is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

94. Are eggs & sperm haploid or diploid?

95. What process joins the egg & sperm to restore the original chromosome number of the organism?

96. When a sperm fertilizes an egg, a new 2n cell forms called the _____________________.

97. ________________ are pairs of sister chromatids that have the same genes, but may have different alleles.

98. _____________ reduces the chromosome number by half, while ____________ restores it.

99. In Meiosis I, what separates?

100. In Meiosis II, what separates?

101. Name these stages of Meiosis I.

102. Name 2 things that occur in Early Prophase I.

103. Name 3 things that happen in Late prophase I.

104. What is a tetrad? Label the centromere and put a box around a sister chromatid.

105. ____________ is the process in prophase I that forms tetrads.

106. Once tetrads form, what happens to the homologous chromosomes? What is this called?

107. Crossing-over results in genetic ________________ in the offspring.

108. What happens during Metaphase I?

109. Name 2 things that occur in Anaphase I?

110. Name 3 things that occur in Telophase I?

111. At the beginning of Meiosis II, each cell has how many homologs of each chromosome?

112. Sister chromatids carry ____________ genetic information (same genes & same alleles).

113. The gametes at the end of Meiosis II will have how many copies of a gene for a trait?

114. Name the stages in Meiosis II.

115. What happens in Prophase II?

116. Where are the sister chromatids in Metaphase II?

117. What happens to the sister chromatids during Anaphase II?

118. Name 4 things that occur in Telophase II?

119. Meiosis results in __________ haploid cells called _________ that have _______ copy of each chromosome and _________ allele for each gene in different ___________________.

Gametogenesis

120. Gametogenesis that produces sperm cells is called ______________________________.

121. Where does spermatogenesis occur?

122. Immature sperm cells are called ___________________.

123. How do mature sperm cells move?

124. Approximately how many sperm do men produce each day?

125. Label the diagram of spermatogenesis.

126. Where does oogenesis occur?

127. Name the 4 cells produced by oogenesis.

128. What happens to the polar bodies & WHY?

129. ________________ are immature eggs.

130. How often do females produce an oocyte & starting at what age?

131. Label the diagram of oogenesis.

Comparing Mitosis & Meiosis

132. Complete the following table comparing mitosis & meiosis.

	Mitosis	Meiosis
Number of divisions
Number of Daughter cells
Genetically Identical
Chromosome Number
Where Occurs
When occurs
Role

Cell Membrane PPT Qs BI

Transport Across Membranes

PowerPoint Questions

Membrane Structure

1. Cell membranes of unicellular organisms are ____________ so the organism can move.

2. What is meant by homeostasis?

3. Homeostasis is also called __________________.

4. How does the plasma membrane help maintain homeostasis?

5. Give 7 functions of the plasma membrane.

6. What is meant by the term selectively permeable?

7. What are cell junctions?

8. Fluid inside the cell is called _________________.

9. Label the plasma membrane (phospholipids, cholesterol, peripheral proteins, integral proteins, cytoskeleton, glcocalyx…)

10. A ________________ bilayer makes up most of the cell membrane.

11. Are phospholipids heads polar or nonpolar? the tails?

12. How many fatty acid chains are in a phospholipid?

13. Describe the heads of a phospholipid.

14. The __________ _____________ ___________ describes the appearance of the cell membrane.

15. Why is the cell membrane said to act like a fluid?

16. What causes the mosaic pattern of the cell membrane when viewed from above?

17. The phospholipid ____________ of the cell membrane allows ____________ molecules to pass through easily, but _________________ do NOT.

18. Materials soluble in __________ can pass easily through the cell membrane.

19. Because the cell membrane is ___________________, only ___________ molecules and larger _______________ molecules can move through easily.

20. List 3 substances that pass easily through the cell membrane.

21. _________, _____________ molecules larger than water, and large __________ molecules do NOT move easily through the phospholipids of the cell membrane.

Types of Membrane Transport

22. Simple ____________ requires NO energy to move things across the cell membrane.

23. With simple diffusion, molecules move from an area of ________ concentration to an area of ______ concentration.

24.Why is diffusion considered a passive process?

25. With diffusion, molecules move by their own natural __________ energy or energy of motion.

26. Explain what happens to a drop of food coloring put into a beaker of water.

27. When solutes diffuse through a membrane, they move from __________ to _________ concentration.

28. __________ is the diffusion of _________ across a cell membrane.

29. If water potential is HIGH, solute concentration is __________.

30. If water potential is LOW, solute concentration is ___________.

31. Water moves from _________ water potential to ________ water potential.

32. Water diffuses through the pores called _____________ of the cell membrane.

33. Sketch a picture of a cell in an isotonic environment & show the direction of water movement?

34. What is meant by NO NET movement?

35. Sketch a picture of a cell in an Hypotonic environment & show the direction of water movement?

36. Sketch a picture of a cell in an hypertonic environment & show the direction of water movement?

37. Complete the following table:

Direction of Osmosis
Environmental Condition	Net Movement of water	What happens to cell
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic

38. _____________ occurs whenever water moves out of a cell & the cell shrinks in size.

39. _____________ occurs whenever water moves into the cells causing them to swell and burst.

40. Explain what happens to a red blood cell placed in:

a. distilled water

b. a concentrated salt solution

41. Complete the following drawings.

42. Plants prefer ________________ environments, while animal cells do best in _____________ environments.

43. Describe these 3 types of movement across cell membranes.

a. simple diffusion

b. facilitated diffusion

c. active transport

44. Passive transport does _______ require additional energy & moves materials from ________ to _________ concentration.

45. Give 2 examples of passive transport in cells.

46. ___________ diffusion is a type of __________ transport because energy is NOT required.

47. Facilitated diffusion uses _____________ proteins to help move materials from _________ to __________ concentrations.

48. Name 2 materials that move into or out of cells by facilitated diffusion.

49. name 2 types of transport proteins found in cell membranes.

50. Describe channel proteins.

51. How do carrier proteins help move materials across a cell membrane?

52. Channel proteins have an opening or ___________ through which molecules can passively move by _____________ diffusion.

53. Do all carrier proteins extend across the cell membrane?

54. Explain how these carrier proteins move materials across the membrane.

55. Some carrier proteins can change ________ to move materials across the cell membrane.

56. __________ transport requires additional energy to move materials.

57. Active transport uses cellular energy known as _________.

58. Active transport moves materials AGAINST the concentration gradient or from _________ to ___________ concentration.

59. The _______________ pump is an example of active transport.

60. The sodium-potassium pump moves _______ sodium ions out for every ______ potassium ions moved into the cell creating voltage across the cell called the ____________ potential.

61. Moving very large particles out of the cell is called _____________.

62. In exocytosis, wastes are moved out of the cell in ___________ that fuse with the cell membrane.

63. __________ involves moving large particles into the cell.

64. taking in large liquid droplets is called ____________ or “cell drinking”.

65. __________ ____________ endocytosis involves protein ____________ recognizing hormones to help move them into the cell.

66. How does cholesterol get into a cell?

67. “Cell eating” is known as ______________.

68. White blood cells engulfing bacteria is an example of _____________.

69. _____________ is the opposite of exocytosis.

Cell Respiration PPT Q-B1

ADP, ATP, & Cellular Respiration
PowerPoint Question Guide

1. _______ is the energy used by all cells.

2. ATP stands for ________________ ______________.

3. ATP is an ___________ molecule containing high-energy ____________ bonds.

4. The sugar in ATP is ____________, while the nitrogen base is ___________.

5. How many phosphate groups does ATP contain?

6. How do we get energy from ATP?

7. Make a simple sketch of ATP and show the high-energy bond that is broken.

8. To break the last phosphate bond in ATP, _________ must be added.

9. The process is called ___________.

10. What enzyme is used to help weaken & break the last phosphate bond in ATP?

11. Can ATP be remade?

12. When the last phosphate bond of ATP is broken, __________ and a free __________ form.

13. What enzyme can be used to rejoin ADP and a free phosphate to make more ATP?

14. Using ATP’s energy and then remaking it is called the ________________ cycle.

15. In the body, ATP is made during the process of _____________ ________________.

16. Cellular respiration takes place in both ____________ and ____________.

17. Cellular respiration requires the gas ____________.

18. In cellular respiration, _____________ is oxidized (loses electrons) and ___________ is reduced (gains electrons).

19. The breakdown of one glucose molecule results in ________ to _______ ATP molecules of energy.

20. Write the overall equation for cellular respiration.

21. Cellular respiration is an example of a ________ reaction.

22. REDOX stands for _____________-____________ reactions.

23. What are the products of cellular respiration?

24. What carries the energized electrons from glucose in cellular respiration?

25. NAD+_ is a _____________ that forms ____________ when it is reduced (picks up electrons).

26. What does NAD+ stand for?

27. Name a second coenzyme that acts as an energy carrier in cellular respiration.

28. What does FAD+ stand for?

29. FAD+ becomes __________ whenever it is reduced.

30. Cellular respiration like photosynthesis is a _______________ ____________ because it involves many reactions to make or break down carbohydrates.

31. Cellular respiration is an ______________ reaction because it releases energy from glucose.

32. Glucose is broken down into __________ and _________.

33. Is cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic? explain why.

34. Name the 3 stages of cellular respiration.

35. ____________ takes place in the cytoplasm of cells., while the __________ cycle and ETC take place in the _______________.

36. Sketch and label the parts of a mitochondrion.

37. Describe the outer surface of the mitochondria.

38. The inner membrane of the mitochondria is ___________.

39. The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called ___________.

40. The innermost space of the mitochondria is known as the ___________.

41. Using the PowerPoint diagram, answer the following:

a. Glycolysis occurs where?

b. Glycolysis produces what energy molecule?

c. The products of glycolysis enter what other part of a cell?

d. What organic compound enters the Krebs cycle?

e. Electron carriers (NADH & FADH) carry electrons to what?

f. The ETC occurs across what?

g. What is the product at the end of the ETC?

h. What gas is added at the end of the ETC?

i. The Krebs cycle occurs where?

j. What gas is a product of the Krebs cycle?

k. Is ATP made in the Krebs cycle?

l. Is ATP in the ETC?

42. Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? Explain why.

43. Glycolysis requires how much ATP to get started?

44. In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of ______________ or pyruvic _________.

45. Is any CO2 produced during glycolysis?

46. Glycolysis uses 2 ATP and produces ______ ATP.

47. How much NADH (energy carrier) is made during glycolysis?

48. Glycolysis does ______ require oxygen but may occur if _________ is present.

49. If oxygen is NOT present, the products of glycolysis enter a process called _______________.

50. Fermentation is an _____________ process because no ___________ is needed.

51. Name the 2 types of fermentation.

52. Which fermentation occurs in tired muscle cells?

53. _________ acid builds up and makes muscles feel tired.

54. ____________ fermentation in yeasts produces an alcohol called _____________.

55. Fermentation only nets ______ molecules of ATP.

56. Why did Hans Krebs receive the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1953?

57. Why did he have to leave Germany before WWII?

58. Does the Krebs cycle need oxygen?

59. Processes needing oxygen are said to be ____________.

60. How many turns of the Krebs cycle are needed to burn one molecule of glucose?

61. What gas is made during the Krebs Cycle?

62. Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

63. TWO TURNS of the Krebs cycle produces ______ CO2 molecules, ______ NADH, _____FADH, and ____ ATP molecules.

64. Label the parts of the Krebs Cycle.

65. The ETC occurs across the inner membrane of the ____________ and produces ________ as an end product.

66. The ETC uses the energized electrons carried by the coenzymes __________ and ________ to make 34 ATP’s of energy.

67. Each NADH makes _______ ATP’s, while each FADH makes only ______ ATP’s.

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Chapter 10 Protein Synthesis PPT Questions

Protein Synthesis
ppt Questions

DNA and Genes

1. What are genes and what do they code for?

2. Proteins are made of chains of _______________.

3. How do cells use proteins?

4. The subunits making up polypeptides are called _________________.

5. How many amino acids exist?

6. Sketch and label the basic structure of an amino acid.

7. The group that makes amino acids different from each other & gives the amino acid its unique properties is called the ___________ group.

8. DNA is found in the ____________ of a cell and begins the process of making a _______________.

9. Where are proteins made?

10. Describe the two types of ribosomes.

11. The first step in making a protein is to make a copy of ___________ in the nucleus.

RNA

12. What nucleic acid contains the master code for making proteins?

13. What nucleic acids acts as a blueprint in copying the master code?

14. Compare and contrast the sugars on DNA and RNA.

15. Compare and contrast the nitrogen bases on DNA and RNA.

16. RNA is made of a ____________ strand, while DNA is a ___________ stranded molecule.

17. What base replaces thymine on RNA?

18. Name the 3 types of RNA molecules.

19. What is the function of mRNA?

20. What is the function of rRNA?

21. What is the function of tRNA?

22. Describe the shape of mRNA.

23. How does mRNA get out of the nucleus once it has copied DNA’s instructions?

24. What bases pair together on RNA?

25. How long is mRNA?

26. What is a codon?

27. Methionine is called the __________ codon & is represented by the bases ________.

28. Name the 3 stop codons.

29. How long in rRNA?

30. What is the shape of rRNA?

31. What two things make up ribosomes?

32. What process occurs at the ribosomes?

33. Each codon stands for an _______________.

34. Can amino acids have more than one codon?

35. There are ______ amino acids and ______ possible codons.

36. How do you read the circular genetic codon table?

37. Use the genetic codon table and name these amino acids:

GGG?
UCA?
CAU?
GCA?
AAA?

38. Name the complementary bases on DNA.

39. Name the complementary bases on RNA.

40. What is the shape of tRNA?

41. What can attach to one end of a tRNA molecule for transport?

42. Opposite the attachment site on tRNA are 3 nucleotide bases called the ______________.

43. Make a sketch of a tRNA molecule with its attachment site and anticodon labeled.

44. A codon on mRNA is complementary to an _____________ on tRNA.

45. What anticodon is complementary to the codon – ACU?

Transcription and Translation

46. Sketch the pathway to making a protein.

47. define protein synthesis.

48. Name the 2 phases of protein synthesis.

49. Before mRNA can leave the nucleus it must be _______________ in order to correctly make proteins.

50. Define transcription and tell where it occurs.

51. What RNA copies DNA?

52. Are both strands of DNA copied?

53. What enzyme is required to copy DNA?

54. The DNA strand that is copied is called the _____________ strand.

55. What would be the complementary RNA sequence for the DNA sequence- 5′- GCGTATG-3′?

56. What enzyme separates the DNA strands in transcription?

57. RNA polymerase adds complementary ____________ to the DNA template strand.

58. ___________ are regions on DNA where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.

59. The promoter contains a sequence called the _________ box.

60. Other sequences on DNA called __________ signals tell the RNA polymerase when to stop transcribing.

61. Newly made mRNA must be _________ to make the nucleic acid functional.

62. What are introns & what happens to them during mRNA processing?

63. What are exons and what happens to them during mRNA processing?

64. Describe the cap that is added to the new mRNA transcript.

65. What type of tail is added to the mRNA transcript?

66. The new mRNA transcripts is made of _____________ with a 5′ _________ and a 3′ ____________ tail.

67. What happens next to the newly made mRNA?

68. Define translation & tell where it occurs?

69. How do ribosomes read mRNA?

70. Describe the structure of a ribosome.

71. Ribosomes are composed of ________ rRNA and ________ protein.

72. Ribosomes have 2 tRNA sites called _______ and ______ along with an exit site.

73. The first part of translation is called ____________.

74. The small ribosomal subunit attaches to what codon on mRNA?

75. Once the mRNA and small subunit attach, what happens next?

76. Sketch an label a ribosome with both its subunits, its 2 tRNA sites, and the attached mRNA transcript.

77. The ______________ moves along the mRNA strand ________ codon at a time.

78. How many tRNA’s will fit into a ribosome at one time?

79. What happens to the two amino acids carried by the 2 tRNA’s inside a ribosome?

80. The joining of amino acids by ___________ bonds is the second part of translation called ______________.

81. Once an amino acid is joined to the growing polypeptide chain, the tRNA leaves the _______________ to pick up another ________________.

82. When a tRNA leaves the ribosome, the ribosome moves down the _________ strand allowing another ________ and its amino acid to enter.

83. each time the ribosome moves, it moves over _________ codon.

84. The last stage of translation is called _______________.

85. Name the 3 termination codons.

86. The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain is called the ____________ protein structure.