Category: Resources

Chapter 1 Worksheet BI

 

Biology – Science of Life

 

Section 1-1            Themes of Biology 

1. How many species of organisms are estimated to inhabit the Earth? 

2. About how many species have actually been identified? 

3. When did the first life forms probably arise on Earth? 

4. What was the first organism like? 

5.  What is an organism? 

6. Most unicellular organisms can only be seen with a __________________________.

7. Where did these first cells live? 

8. Over time, organisms _____________ and new kinds of _______________ arose from ___________ of organisms and came to inhabit every _______________ of the Earth. 

9. Define biology. 

10. Name several things that the study of biology would include. 

11. The study of biology is unified by ___________________________. 

12. Name 6 unifying themes of biology. 

13. What is a cell? Where are they found? 

14. What is the difference between a unicellular & a multicellular organism? 

15. Cells are ___________________ but highly _______________________.

16. Are all cells alike? Explain. 

17. All cells are surrounded by a ____________ & contain _____________  instructions. 

18. Genetic instructions are used by cells to make new __________ and new cell ________________. 

19. How do new cells produced by unicellular organisms compare to the parent unicellular organism? 

20. How do mature multicellular organisms begin their life? 

21. If multicellular organisms begin their life as one cell, how do they have so many cells? Explain. 

22. Give an example of an organism maintaining a stable internal environment. 

23. Define homeostasis and tell whether it occurs in unicellular&/or multicellular organisms. 

24. Genetic information is passed to offspring during _______________________.

25. What molecule contains the cell’s hereditary information?

26.  How does DNA exist in multicellular organisms? In unicellular organisms? 

27. What is a gene?

28. In multicellular organisms, each body cell has an _____________ copy of its DNA.

29. Does each cell in a multicellular organism use all the genes on its DNA? Explain. 

30. Explain sexual reproduction. 

31. When a sperm joins with an egg to make a fertilized cell, what happens next to this cell? 

32. New organisms from sexual reproduction have _______________ material from both parents.

33. Explain asexual reproduction. 

34. Name a unicellular organism that reproduces by asexual reproduction.

35. New cells or organisms from asexual reproduction have ____________ genetic information. 

36. What is evolution? 

37. Do individuals or populations evolve? 

38. What is the driving force for evolution? 

39. Explain natural selection and give an example. 

40. Competition for what types of resources drives natural selection? 

41. Why is it so important to a species for members to survive? 

42. Organisms that survive and reproduce are ones with ________________ traits.

43. Define ecology. 

44. What are ecosystems and give an example? 

45. Name 3 things organisms must get from the environment to survive. 

46. What has been the effect of man’s activities on many ecosystems? 

47. Living things are _______________ and need a constant supply of _________________.

48. What process supplies energy for organisms on Earth? 

49. Define autotroph. 

50. Autotrophs trap _________ and use this energy to combine __________ and  _________ into__________ and starches. 

51. Define heterotrophs. 

52. Give an example of an autotroph.

53. Give several examples of heterotrophs. 

54. How do heterotrophs get their food? 

Section 1-2            World of Biology 

55. List 6 characteristics shared by all living things. 

56. All living things composed of  _________________.

57. Cells may be specialized in _________________ organisms. What does this mean?

58. What is always true about cell size?

59. Living things are organized at what 2 levels?

60. How are cells organized in multicellular organisms?

61. Define metabolism. 

62. The energy from metabolism is used for ___________, ___________, and _______________ of organisms. 

63. What is homeostasis and give an example? 

64. Is growth a characteristic of living and nonliving things? Explain.

65. What 2 things must occur for living things to grow?

 

 

66. Define cell division.

 

 

 

67. Define development.

 

 

 

68. Explain why development is necessary for multicellular organisms?

 

 

 

69. Is reproduction essential to the survival of a species? Explain.

 

 

 

70. Sexual reproduction produces offspring ______________________ to the parents.

 

71. Have all organisms been identified? Explain.

 

 

Section 1-3            Scientific Method

 

72. Scientists solve problems using the ___________________________.

 

73. The first step of the scientific method is when scientists make ___________________ of the natural world.

74. Define data.

 

 

 

75. What does a scientist usually employ in making their observations?

 

 

76. What is quantitative data?

 

77. What is sampling & why is it used by scientists?

 

 

 

78. What 2 things must be true for samples to be useful?

 

 

79. To be useful, data must be _____________________ into ____________________,

 

       ______________________, and _____________________, or maps.

 

80. Once an observation is made, the second thing a scientist must do is to develop a(n) ___________________________.

 

81. Define hypothesis.

 

 

 

82. All hypotheses must be __________________ to give supporting evidence.

 

83. What is a prediction & how are they usually written?

 

 

 

84. What is an experiment?

 

 

 

85. Name the 2 groups in a controlled experiment.

 

 

86. Both groups in an experiment are identical except for ___________ factor called the

 

       ___________________.

87. Name the 2 types of variables in a controlled experiment.

 

 

 

88. After data is collected and organized, it must be __________________ to tell if it is reliable.

 

89. If experimental data does not support the hypothesis, what should be done?

 

 

90. What is a scientific model?

 

 

91. What is an inference?

 

 

 

92. How is a theory formed?

 

 

93. Define theory.

 

 

94. What is the difference between a field biologist and a laboratory biologist? Do they both use the scientific method?

 

 

 

 

95. What do scientists do with the results of their scientific studies?

 

 

 

Section 1-4            Microscopes & Measurement

 

96. What is a microscope?

 

 

97. What is the difference between resolution & magnification?

 

 

 

 

98. When would a microscope be used?

 

 

99. Do all microscopes have the same magnification & resolution?

 

100.  Draw and label the parts of a light (LM) microscope.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

101. Tell the function of each of these parts of an LM — stage, light source, objective lens, ocular lens, & nosepiece.

 

 

 

 

 

 

102. To view specimens with a light microscope, they must be placed on a _______________

 

         and be ________________ so light will pass through to the lenses & your eyes.

 

103. What is the power of magnification & explain how it is determined?

 

 

 

104. Light microscopes can only magnify up to ______________ before the image becomes blurry.

105. What type of scope is used to view viruses & cell parts?

 

106. What produces an image with the electron microscope?

 

 

107. Name the 2 main types of electron microscopes.

 

108. What is the highest magnification for the TEM? For the SEM?

 

 

109. Can electron microscopes be used to view living cells?

 

110. What type of scope gives a magnified view of an object’s surface?

 

111. What is the standard unit of measurement used by scientists?

 

112. Name the SI base units, what they measure, & give their abbreviations (table 1-1, page 23)

 

 

 

 

 

 

113. The SI system is based on units of __________ with designated _________________.

 

114. Give the SI prefix for these base units — 1000, .01, .001, .000001, .000000001, & .000000000001.

 

 

 

 

 

115. Give the SI unit for area, volume, and time.

 

 

Chapter 2 Worksheet BI – Chemistry

 

Chemistry Worksheet

 

Section  2-1    Composition of Matter  

1. Define matter.

2. Define mass.

3. Explain the difference between mass & weight.

4. Why do biologists study chemistry?

5. Define element.

6. Name the 4 elements that make up 90% of the mass of living things. Give the symbol for each of these elements.

7. Explain why some elements such as sodium have odd symbols.

8. Sketch a block from the periodic table and label the atomic number, atomic mass, & symbol for the element.

9. Define atom and tell whether they can be seen.

10. What is the center of an atom called & what 2 subatomic particles are found there?

11. How does the charge of a proton differ from the charge of a neutron?

12. Where is most of the mass of an atom concentrated?

13. How is the atomic number of an element determined?

14. What is the charge on an electron?

15. Explain why the overall or net charge on an atom is zero.

16. Where are electrons found in an atom & describe their movement?

17. In which energy levels do the electrons have more energy?

18. How many electrons can these energy levels hold   — a. first?        b. second? 

19. Define compound and write a formula for water, carbon dioxide, & sodium chloride (table salt).

20. Do compounds have the same chemical properties as the elements that compose them?

21. When would an atom be chemically stable (not react)?

22. What occurs in a chemical reaction?

23. What is a covalent bond?

24. Define molecule.

25. Give an example of a gas that exists as a molecule.

26. Define ionic bond.

27. What is an ion?

28. Name a compound formed from — a. covalent bonding?            b. ionic bonding?

29. If electrons are shared, a(n) ______________ compound forms.

30. If electrons are transferred, a(n) _____________ compound forms.

31. Forming ionic or covalent bonds helps make atoms more ________________.

Section 2-2    Energy 

32. All living things require _____________ to do work.

33. Energy can’t be created or _____________ in a chemical reaction, but it can be _____________ from one form into another.

34. Name 4 forms of energy important to living things.

35. What is free energy?

36. Give an example of energy changing form in an organism.

37. Atoms & molecules are in constant _______________.

38. Name the 3 main states of matter.

39. Explain how the shape and volume of a solid, liquid, and gas differ.

40. Organisms undergo thousands of ____________ as part of their life processes.

41. Where are the reactants and products in a chemical equation?

42. What does a two-direction arrow mean in a chemical equation?

43. _______________ are broken down in chemical reactions in your body to release ___________ and produce _______________ and ______________.

44. What is the difference between an endergonic & exergonic reaction?

45. What is activation energy?

46. What effect does a catalyst have on activation energy?

47. What are biological catalysts called?

48. Redox is the abbreviation for what type of reaction?

49. Redox reactions involve the transfer of energy and _________ between atoms.

50. What happens during oxidation?

51. What happens during reduction?

52. Give an example of oxidation.

53. Give an example of reduction.

Section 2-3        Solutions   

54. Many of the chemical reactions in organisms take place in __________.

55. What is a solution?

56. Give an example of a complex solution in your body.

57. Name & describe the 2 parts of a solution.

58. What is meant by concentration of the solution?

59. How do you get a saturated solution?

60. What are aqueous solutions?

61. Explain dissociation of water molecules.

62. Name and give the charge for the 2 ions formed whenever water dissociates.

63. Write the final equation for the dissociation of water.

64. What is the hydronium ion?

65. How are acidity and alkalinity measured?

66. When would a solution be neutral?    Give an example of a neutral solution.

67. When would solutions be considered as acidic?

68. Acids have what taste?

69. Acids form what ion in water?

70. Give an example of an acid in your stomach.

71. When would solutions be considered as a base?

72. What adjective refers to basic solutions?

73. Give an example of a base.

74. What ion forms whenever a base is dissolved in water?

75. How does a base taste and feel?

76. How is soap made?

77. What is the pH scale used for?

78. What is the range for the pH scale?

79. At what pH would you find each of these solutions on a pH scale:    a. acids?    b. Bases?    c. neutral?

80. How many times stronger is a pH of 3 than a pH of 5?

81. A change of one pH unit reflects a __________ change.

82. Why is controlling the pH range important to organisms?

83. How do organisms control their pH levels?

84. What is a buffer?

85. Give an example of a human body fluid that is:    a. acidic?    b. alkaline?


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Chapter 3: Biochemistry PowerPoint Worksheet

Chapter 3 Biochemistry of Cells PowerPoint Notes

 

1. What is the most abundant organic compound on Earth?
2. Approximately how much water makes up the cells of organisms?
3. ___________ is known as the universal solvent.

 

4. List 4 properties of water that make it so useful to organisms.

 

 

5. Besides water, what other substance makes up most of the cell?

 

6. ____________ chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.

 

7. Carbon has _______ outer electrons so it can form ___________ bonds by sharing these electrons.

8. Carbon & hydrogen make up compounds called ________________.

 

9. Sketch a simple hydrocarbon with the formula CH4.

 

 

10. Carbon skeletons may be straight _______________, _____________ chains, or ______________ structures.

11. Hydrocarbons in ____________ supply our bodies with energy.

 

12. The _______ of an organic molecule determines its function.

13. ____________ groups give different properties to the organic compound to which they attach.

14. Write the formula for the following functional groups:

a. Hydroxyl

 

b. Carbonyl

 

c. Carboxyl

 

d. Amino

15. Give examples of organic compounds that contain each of the functional groups from question 14.

 

 

16. Large organic molecules are called _______________.

 

17. Polymers are built from smaller subunits called _____________.

 

18. Biologists call polymers _____________________.

 

19. Name 4 examples of polymers found in living things.

 

 

20. Monomers linked together are called ____________.

 

21. The process of linking monomers together is called _______________________.

 

22. Dehydration synthesis links small molecules or monomers together by removing molecules of _____________.

23. Name the process used to break down large polymers into smaller monomers.

 

24. Hydrolysis involves ____________ a molecule of water in order to break bonds.

 

25. Name some foods that contain lots of carbohydrates.

 

26. _________________ are simple sugars.

 

27. Name 3 monosaccharides & give their chemical formula.

 

 

28. Monosaccharides are called hexose sugars because they contain 6 _______________.

 

29. __________ is the simple sugar made by plants, ___________ is the sugar found in fruits, while _______________ is known as “milk sugar”.  Sugars have an __________ ending.

 

30. What are isomers?

 

31. Name 2 isomers.

32. What does aqueous mean?

33. What happens to simple sugars, monosaccharides, when they are put into aqueous solutions inside cells?

 

34. ___________________ serve as fuel for cells. Saccharide means ________________.

 

35. What is a double sugar called?

 

36. How are disaccharides formed? Name the BOND that joins them together.

 

37. Name 3 disaccharides.

 

38. Name the simple sugars that make up each of these disaccharides:

a. Sucrose

b. Maltose

c. Lactose

 

39. Complex carbohydrates are called ________________ & are made of chains of ________________________.

40. Name 3 examples of polysaccharides and tell the shape of each.

 

41. Plants store carbohydrate energy as ____________.

 

42. Name some starchy foods.

 

43. Animals store their carbohydrate energy as __________________.

 

44. Both starch & glycogen are made of monomers of ____________ or glucose.

 

45. Describe cellulose fibers & tell where in plants it is found.

 

 

46. Cellulose makes up __________ in plants and serves as dietary __________ in animals.

47. How are cows able to digest cellulose?

 

48. Since sugars dissolve in water, they are said to be _____________ or water-loving. What functional group makes them water soluble?

49. Lipids are hydrophobic. What does this mean?

 

50. Name 4 examples of lipids and then give 3 functions for lipids in the body.

Examples:

a.

b.

c.

 

51. If the bonds between carbons in a fatty acid are all single bonds, the fatty acid is ___________________.  Sketch a saturated fatty acid.

 

52. If there is a double bond between carbons in a fatty acid, the fatty acid is ___________________. Sketch an unsaturated fatty acid.

 

53. _______________ are the monomers that make up lipids or fats.

 

54. Triglycerides are made of an alcohol called ____________ and 3 ___________ acid chains.

55. ___________ forms the backbone of the fat. Sketch glycerol.

56. Saturated fatty acids are ___________ at room temperature and include __________,

margarine, and _____________.

57. Unsaturated fats in plants exist as ________ or oils at room temperature.

 

58. (a) What process links the 3 fatty acid chains to the glycerol in lipids?

(b) What lipids are in cell membranes?

(c) Sketch and label a phospholipid.

 

 

(d) Phospholipid heads are _____________ and attract water, while the 2 tails are _________ and repel water.

 

59. Lipids called _____________ are made of four, fused rings of carbon.

60. Name 3 steroids found in organisms.

a.

b.

c.

 

61. Proteins are polymers made of monomers called ___________________.

62. How many different amino acids are there?

 

63. Give 3 jobs for proteins in cells.

a.

b.

c.

 

64. What four things are bonded to the central carbon of every amino acid?

 

65. Sketch the structure of an amino acid & label the attached groups.

 

 

 

66. Amino acids are linked together by ____________ synthesis and held together by _____________ bonds.

67. Many proteins act as __________ or biological catalysts.

68. Cells have _____________ of enzymes which may ___________ chemical bonds and ____________ the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction to occur.

 

69. Enzymes have what shape?

 

70. Substrates attach to an enzyme at its ___________ site. When a substrate attaches to the active site the active site changes ________________.  This is called ______________ fit.

71. Can enzymes be reused?

 

72. The linear sequence of amino acids (chain) is the ____________ structure of a protein.

 

73. Protein chains are called __________________.

74. Secondary protein structures occur when proteins ___________ or ___________.

 

75. When polypeptides join together, the _________ groups interact with each other forming the ___________ structure of a protein forms.

76. Proteins take on a _____________ shape in the watery environment inside a cell. This is known as their _______________________ structure. Protein shape is also known as protein _____________________.

 

77. Denaturing a protein involves changing its __________ so it no longer works.

78. Name 2 things that denature proteins.

 

79. (a) What causes sickle cell anemia (disease)?

 

(b) What is the function of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells?

 

(c) What protein controls blood sugar level?

(d) Insulin causes excess sugar to be stored in the _____________ as ________________.

(e) Proteins in the cell membrane that help cells recognize similar cells are called __________ proteins.

 

80. ___________ acids store hereditary information for making all of the body’s ______________.

 

81. Name the 2 types of nucleic acids.

 

82. What are the monomers for nucleic acids? Sketch a nucleotide.

 

83. Name the 4 bases on DNA.

84. What 2 things make up the sides of DNA?

 

85. DNA is ___________ stranded & coiled to make a shape called the double ____________.

 

86. RNA has __________ sugar instead of DEOXYRIBOSE sugar on DNA

 

87. RNA is a _____________ stranded molecule unlike double stranded DNA.

 

88. On RNA, the base ______________ replaces thymine.

89. _____________ is the cell’s energy molecule.

90. What is the monomer for ATP?

91. What does ATP stand for?

92. How is the nucleotide monomer for ATP DIFFERENT from the nucleotide monomer for nucleic acids?

93. Where is the energy stored in ATP?

94. Which bonds are considered HIGH ENERGY bonds in ATP?

95. When the last phosphate bond is broken, what is released?

96. what is the energy of ATP used for?

97. Besides energy, what two other things are formed when the last phospheta bond of ATP is broken?

98. How can ATP be reformed?

 

 

Protein Synthesis Quiz

Name: 

DNA & Protein Synthesis

 

 

True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
1.
When a tRNA anticodon binds to an mRNA codon, the amino acid detaches from the tRNA molecule and attaches to the end of a growing protein chain.
2.
Only ribosomal RNA plays a role in translation.
3.
During DNA replication, the molecule unzips and the exposed DNA nucleotides pair with other
specific nucleotides present in the nucleus
4.
Humans pass exact copies of their DNA to their offspring.
5.
Watson and Crick proposed a model of DNA
6.
Amino acids are linked together by hydrogen bonds.
7.
During transcription, the information on a DNA molecule is “rewritten” into an mRNA molecule.
8.
All codons encode amino acids.
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
9.
Purines and pyrimidines are
a.
bases found in amino acids.
b.
able to replace phosphate groups from defective DNA.
c.
names of specific types of DNA molecules.
d.
bases found in nucleotides.
10.
Chargaff’s rules, or the base-pairing rules, state that in DNA
a.
the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine.
b.
the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine.
c.
the amount of guanine equals the amount of thymine.
d.
Both a and b
11.
ATTG : TAAC ::
a.
AAAT : TTTG
c.
GTCC : CAGG
b.
TCGG : AGAT
d.
CGAA : TGCG
12.
Which of the following types of RNA carries instructions for making proteins?
a.
mRNA
c.
tRNA
b.
rRNA
d.
All of the above
13.
Which of the following is not found in DNA?
a.
adenine
c.
uracil
b.
cytosine
d.
None of the above
14.
Suppose that you are given a polypeptide sequence containing the following sequence of amino acids: tyrosine, proline, aspartic acid, isoleucine, and cysteine. Use the portion of the genetic code given in the table below to determine the DNA sequence that codes for this polypeptide sequence.
mRNA
Amino acid
UAU, UAC
tyrosine
CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG
proline
GAU, GAC
aspartic acis
AUU, AUC, AUA
isoleucine
UGU, UGC
cysteine
a.
AUGGGUCUAUAUACG
c.
GCAAACTCGCGCGTA
b.
ATGGGTCTATATACG
d.
ATAGGGCTTTAAACA
15.
In order for protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must migrate to the
a.
ribosomes.
c.
RNA polymerase.
b.
lac operon.
d.
heterochromatin.
16.
After the primary structure of a protein has been completed
a.
the codons and anticodons unite.
b.
an enzyme attaches adjacent amino acids to each other to form a chain.
c.
the protein folds into the secondary and tertiary structures.
d.
the tRNA molecules remain attached until the protein is secreted from the cell.
17.
Which of the following is  not  part of a molecule of DNA?
a.
deoxyribose
c.
phosphate
b.
nitrogenous base
d.
ribose
18.
During replication in a molecule of DNA, one separation likely to occur is between
a.
cytosine and guanine
c.
ribose and adenine
b.
phosphate and deoxyribose
d.
uracil and thymine
19.
A gene may be described as
a.
a sequence of amino acids.
b.
special proteins found in chromosomes.
c.
a sequence of nucleotides that controls the production of a certain protein.
d.
a sequence of nucleotides coding for the production of starches and sugars.
20.
The synthesis of a new double strand of DNA begins when the two strand of the original DNA helix
a.
‘unzip’.
c.
attract nitrogenous bases.
b.
act as a template.
d.
destroy a genetic code.
21.
Genes(DNA) affect cell structure and function by directing the synthesis of
a.
nucleic acids
c.
nucleotides
b.
hereditary traits
d.
proteins
22.
Protein molecules are made up of
a.
fats
c.
lipids
b.
nucleotides
d.
amino acids
23.
During, DNA replication, DNA
a.
converts to RNA
c.
joins mRNA
b.
joins tRNA
d.
strands separate
24.
Which is not true about proteins?
a.
They control biochemical pathways within the cell.
b.
They direct the synthesis of lipids.
c.
They are composed of sugars.
d.
They take responsibility for cell movement.
25.
Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of
a.
amino acids.
c.
monosaccharides.
b.
fatty acids.
d.
nucleotides.
26.
Watson and Crick were the first scientists to state that DNA
a.
contains phosphate groups
c.
has four nitrogen bases
b.
undergoes transcription
d.
has a double helix shape
27.
The two chains of a DNA molecule are connected by
a.
nitrogen bonds
c.
bases
b.
relatively weak chemical bonds
d.
nucleotides
28.
All nucleotide molecules contain the same kind of
a.
ribose sugar
c.
pyrimidine
b.
purine
d.
phosphate group
29.
After DNA replication, the two DNA molecules that are made
a.
are complementary.
c.
must replicate again.
b.
are identical.
d.
cannot replicate again.
30.
Sixty-four codons for 20 amino acids requires that
a.
some amino acids lack codons
b.
some amino acids have more than one codon
c.
all amino acids have two codons
d.
none of the above
31.
Which of the following combines with amino acids
a.
DNA
c.
tRNA
b.
mRNA
d.
B and C
32.
rRNA has a function in
a.
synthesizing DNA.
c.
forming ribosomes.
b.
synthesizing mRNA.
d.
transferring amino acids to ribosomes.
33.
The DNA code consists of sequences of nucleotides arranged in groups of
a.
variable number
c.
threes
b.
twos
d.
fours
34.
Unlike mRNA, the DNA molecule is
a.
double-stranded
c.
like a ladder
b.
single-stranded
d.
both A and C
35.
The number of bases in a row in a gene that codes a protein composed of 200 amino acids is
a.
200
c.
600
b.
400
d.
800
36.
A DNA molecule unzips during
a.
replication
c.
translation
b.
transcription
d.
both A and B
37.
A DNA chain has the following sequence of bases, TAG.  The corresponding messenger RNA
chain should have the sequence
a.
ATC
c.
ATG
b.
UTC
d.
AUC
38.
Unlike DNA, RNA
a.
contains deoxyribose.
c.
contains thymine.
b.
is double stranded.
d.
contains uracil.
39.
Which molecule contains deoxyribose
a.
DNA
c.
tRNA
b.
mRNA
d.
both B and C
40.
Each combination of three nitrogenous bases on messenger RNA forms a (an)
a.
anticodon.
c.
enzyme.
b.
codon.
d.
nuclei acid.
41.
In RNA, uracil is complementary to:
a.
guanine
c.
thymine
b.
adenine
d.
cytosine
42.
Once a molecule of transfer RNA has released its amino acid, the tRNA
a.
becomes attached to messenger RNA.
b.
becomes attached to ribosomal RNA.
c.
is destroyed as an individual molecule.
d.
moves away to pick up another amino acid.
43.
If the sequence of bases in a segment of a DNA strand were cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, adenine, then the sequence in a complimentary strand of newly-made mRNA would be
a.
cytosine, uracil, adenine, guanine, uracil
c.
uracil, adenine, cytosine, uracil, guanine
b.
guanine, cytosine, uracil, adenine, uracil
d.
cytosine, guanine, uracil, uracil, adenine
44.
Which sugar is present in RNA
a.
glucose
c.
ribose
b.
sucrose
d.
deoxyribose
45.
RNA differs from DNA, in that RNA
a.
is single-stranded.
c.
contains the nitrogen base uracil.
b.
contains a different sugar molecule.
d.
All of the above are correct.

 
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Cell Worksheet Ch4 BI

 

 

Cells

 

Section 4-1 Introduction to the Cell

1. What is a cell?

2. Who was the first person to use a simple microscope and view microscopic organisms?

3.. What English scientist was first to view dead plant cells?

4. State the 3 parts to the cell theory.

5. Tell how each of these scientists contributed to the cell theory — Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.

6. Give 3 ways that cells are not alike.

7. What is one of the longest animal cells?

8. Explain why cells are limited in how large they can grow.

9. The shape of a cell reflects its ______________________. Give an example of this.

10. Define organelle & tell what they do for a cell.

11. What surrounds the outside of all cells?

12. Where is the nucleus of a cell & what does it do?

13. What two characteristics do all eukaryotes share?

14. What type of cell is a bacterium?

15. Where is the genetic information (chromosome) of a bacterium found?

16. What are prokaryotes & are they in the same kingdom as eukaryotes?

Section 4-2 Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell

17. Why can cells not survive if they are totally isolated from their environment?

18. What controls what enters or leaves a cell?

19. Define selectively permeable.

20. Describe the phospholipid make up of cell membranes.

21. Cells are bathed in an aqueous environment. What does this mean?

22. Sketch the lipid bilayer of a cell showing the inside & outside of the cell. Be sure to label all parts of the membrane.

23. What is the difference between peripheral & integral proteins in the cell membrane?

24. What is the purpose of the carbohydrate tails attached to some integral proteins?

25. Do all integral proteins look alike? Explain.

26. Explain the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane.

27. Name 12 organelles found in cells. (See table 4-2)

28. In what part of a cell are organelles found?

29. What is cytosol & what does it contain?

30. Name 3 organelles found in plant, but not animal cells. (See bottom of table 4-2)

31. What is the function of mitochondria? What energy molecule is made there?

32. Why do liver & muscle cells have more mitochondria than other types of cells?

33. Describe the outer covering of the mitochondria.

34. What are cristae & what is their purpose?

35. Mitochondria are able to reproduce inside cells because they have their own ___________.

36. What organelles are the most numerous inside cells?

37. What two things make up ribosomes & are ribosomes surrounded by membrane like other organelles?

38. Ribosomes are made inside the _______________ of a cell.

39. Ribosomes may remain unattached or __________ in cytosol or attach to what other organelle’s surface?

40. What organic compounds to ribosomes synthesize or make?

41. What does ER stand for & what is the ER in a cell?

42. What is the ER’s function?

43. Name the two types of ER inside cells.

44. What is on the surface of rough ER?

45. Rough ER synthesizes large amounts of _________________ for cells.

46. Give 3 functions of smooth ER.

47. What is the Golgi apparatus?

48. Golgi is a system of ________________ or flattened _____________.

49. How does the Golgi work with the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell?

50. What are lysosomes & what do they do?

51. Name 8 things that the enzymes inside lysosomes digest?

52. In what type of cells are lysosomes common? In what type of cell are they rare?

53. Where is the cytoskeleton & what is its function?

54. What are the two major components of the cytoskeleton?

55. How do microfilaments & microtubules differ from each other?

56. What are spindle fibers & what are they made of?

57. What protein makes up microfilaments?

58. Compare cilia & flagella.

59. What is the purpose of the nuclear matrix?

60. What double membrane surrounds the nucleus?

61. Where is chromatin found & what 2 things is it made of?

62. When a cell is ready to divide, chromatin condenses & coils into _____________________.

63. What is the purpose of DNA inside the nucleus?

64. How do nuclear pores help RNA?

65. Where is the nucleolus found and what is made there?

66. Where is the cell wall in plants found, what is its function, and what is it made of?

67. What are the 2 types of cell walls in plants?

68. What is the difference between the primary & secondary cell walls?

69. What is found inside plant vacuoles?

70. What takes up much of the volume of plant cells? What happens to the other organelles?

71. How are plastids similar to mitochondria?

72. What is found inside of plastids?

73. Name the most familiar plastid & tell its function.

74. What are thylakoids?

Section 4-3 Multicellular Organization

75. Cells are organized into ______________________. Give an example.

76. What is an organ & give an example?

77. What forms organ systems?

78. The digestive system is an organ system. Name the organs that make up this system.

79. All the systems working together make up an ______________________ such as a plant or animal.

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