Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. |
| 1. | The ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms is: a. | heat. | b. | glucose. | c. | carbohydrates. | d. | lipids. | e. | the sun. |
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| 2. | Energy stored within the molecules of ATP is in the form of ____________ energy. a. | kinetic | b. | heat | c. | potential | d. | nuclear | e. | light |
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| 3. | Most components of energy conversion systems evolved very early; thus, the most fundamental aspects of energy metabolism tend to be: a. | quite different among a diverse group of organisms. | b. | very different among plants and animals. | c. | the same among the autotrophs but different among heterotrophs. | d. | the same among prokaryotes but different among eukaryotes. | e. | very similar in a wide range of different organisms. |
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| 4. | Kilojoules are: a. | units of heat energy. | b. | units of matter. | c. | units of work. | d. | units of kinetics. | e. | units of mechanical change. |
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| 5. | The life and death of cells are governed by: a. | the laws of thermodynamics. | b. | only the first law of thermodynamics. | c. | only the second law of thermodynamics. | d. | only the third law of thermodynamics. | e. | the laws of dynamic equilibrium. |
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| 6. | In order for a cell to maintain a high degree of order it must: a. | constantly release energy. | b. | constantly produce energy. | c. | constantly destroy energy. | d. | constantly use energy. | e. | constantly increase energy. |
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| 7. | Select the false statement: a. | Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. | b. | Energy is the capacity to do work. | c. | Work is any change in the state or motion of matter. | d. | Mass is a form of energy. | e. | All of the above statements are true. |
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| 8. | Which of the following statements is contrary to the first law of thermodynamics? a. | When gasoline is burned, its energy is destroyed. | b. | Energy can be transferred or converted from one form to another. | c. | Matter can be converted into energy. | d. | The amount of energy in the universe is constant. | e. | All of the above statements are not contrary to the first law of thermodynamics. |
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| 9. | Only 20% to 30% of the energy stored in the chemical bonds of gasoline molecules is transformed into mechanical energy; the other 70% to 80% is dissipated as waste heat. Which statement explains this phenomenon? a. | The first law of thermodynamics. | b. | The second law of thermodynamics. | c. | When energy is converted from one form to another, some of the energy is converted into heat. | d. | Both A and B. | e. | Both B and C. |
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| 10. | An organism can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. Thus, any change in an organism’s energy content must be balanced by a corresponding change in the energy content of the surroundings. As such, an organism is referred to as: a. | a closed system. | b. | an open system. | c. | a dynamic system. | d. | a thermally reactive system. | e. | a potential system. |
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| 11. | Catabolic reactions involve the: a. | breakdown of large organic molecules to simple building blocks. | b. | breakdown of life sustaining processes within cells. | c. | building up of complex organic molecules from simple building blocks. | d. | anabolic production of complex molecules. | e. | expenditure of energy. |
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| 12. | Pathways that have an overall energy requirement are referred to as: a. | catabolic reactions. | b. | anabolic reactions. | c. | energy-releasing reactions. | d. | energetically feasible reactions. | e. | reactions that will proceed spontaneously. |
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| 13. | Every type of chemical bond contains a certain amount of energy. The total bond energy, which is essentially equivalent to the total potential energy of the system, is a quantity known as: a. | entropy. | b. | kinetic energy. | c. | thermodynamic energy. | d. | enthalpy. | e. | free energy. |
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| 14. | Which of the following accurately represents the relationship between the terms anabolism, catabolism, and metabolism? a. | anabolism = catabolism | b. | metabolism = catabolism | c. | catabolism = anabolism + metabolism | d. | anabolism = catabolism + metabolism | e. | metabolism = catabolism + anabolism |
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| 15. | The sum of all chemical activities taking place in an organism is: a. | anabolism. | b. | catabolism. | c. | metabolism. | d. | dehydration synthesis. | e. | condensation reactions. |
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| 16. | Which word is defined by this statement: a measure of this disorder, or randomness? a. | energy | b. | entropy | c. | enthalpy | d. | mass | e. | catabolism |
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| 17. | The equation, G = H – TS, predicts that: a. | as entropy increases, the amount of free energy decreases. | b. | as enthalpy increases, the amount of free energy increases. | c. | as enthalpy decreases, the amount of entropy also decreases. | d. | metabolism decreases proportionately to anabolism. | e. | metabolism increases proportionately to catabolism. |
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| 18. | A reaction with a negative value of DG is referred to as an _________________ reaction. a. | endergonic | b. | entropy | c. | exergonic | d. | enthalpy | e. | activation |
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| 19. | Which of the following statements is true of spontaneous reactions? a. | The amount of free energy after the reaction is less than before the reaction. | b. | The amount of disorder after the reaction is less than before the reaction. | c. | The amount of free energy after the reaction is more than before the reaction. | d. | The amount of disorder is the same before and after the reaction. | e. | The amount of enthalpy is more after the reaction than before the reaction. |
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| 20. | An exergonic reaction is considered to be: a. | spontaneous. | b. | potentially spontaneous. | c. | endergonic. | d. | non-spontaneous. | e. | energy requiring. |
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| 21. | When the free energy of the reactants is greater than the free energy of the products, such a reaction is referred to as: a. | an entropic reaction. | b. | an endergonic reaction. | c. | an exergonic reaction. | d. | an enthalpic reaction. | e. | an activation reaction. |
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| | Figure 06-01 Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions. 
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| 22. | Which of the following statements about Figure 06-01 is true? a. | The reactants have more free energy than the products. | b. | The products have more free energy than the reactants. | c. | The figure represents a spontaneous reaction. | d. | The figure represents an endergonic reaction. | e. | B and D |
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| 23. | Which of the following conclusions can be accurately derived from Figure 06-01? a. | DS is positive. | b. | DH equals zero. | c. | DG is positive. | d. | DG is negative. | e. | DT is negative. |
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| 24. | An endergonic reaction can proceed only if it absorbs: a. | more free energy than is released by a coupled exergonic reaction. | b. | less free energy than was released by a coupled endergonic reaction. | c. | less free energy than is released by a coupled exergonic reaction. | d. | the same amount of free energy that is absorbed by the enzymatic breakdown of proteins. | e. | energy from ADP, forming ATP. |
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| 25. | In a reaction in which the rate of the reverse reaction is equal to the rate of the forward reaction, a state of ____________ is attained. a. | total entropy | b. | enthalpy | c. | thermodynamics | d. | dynamic equilibrium | e. | product reversibility |
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| 26. | The ATP molecule is said to have a high group transfer potential because its terminal phosphate group and some of its energy is readily transferred to other: a. | organisms. | b. | cells. | c. | organelles. | d. | molecules. | e. | sources of energy. |
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| 27. | The reaction ATP + H2O ® ADP + Pi is classified as an: a. | endergonic reaction. | b. | enthalpy reaction. | c. | entropy reaction. | d. | exergonic reaction. | e. | intermediate phosphorylation reaction. |
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| 28. | The maintenance of a high ATP to ADP ratio within cells ensures that: a. | the hydrolysis of ADP to ATP will be strongly exergonic. | b. | the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP will be strongly exergonic. | c. | the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP will be strongly endergonic. | d. | the hydrolysis of ADP to ATP will be an energy releasing reaction. | e. | the conversion of ADP to ATP will proceed spontaneously. |
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| 29. | Consider the following two chemical equations: A) glucose + fructose ® sucrose + H2O, DG = +27kJ/mole (or +6.5 kcal/mole) | B) glucose + fructose + ATP ® sucrose + ADP + Pi, DG = -5kJ/mole (or -1.2 kcal/mole) | |
The free energy change difference between the chemical equations (A) and (B) above is accomplished by: a. | a decrease in activation energy. | b. | combining two endergonic reactions. | c. | combining an endergonic and an exergonic reaction. | d. | combining two exergonic reactions. | e. | measuring the reaction rate. |
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| 30. | The transfer of electrons from one compound to another is equivalent to _______________ transfer. a. | heat | b. | oxygen | c. | enzymatic | d. | phosphorus | e. | energy |
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| 31. | ____________ is a process where energy (as electrons) is released, whereas ____________ is a process where energy (as electrons) is accepted. a. | Reduction; oxidation | b. | Enthalpy; entropy | c. | Entropy; enthalpy | d. | Oxidation; reduction | e. | Anabolism; catabolism |
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| 32. | XH2 + NAD+ ® X + NADH + H+. In the preceding equation, NAD+ is said to be: a. | an enzyme. | b. | storing two hydrogen atoms. | c. | reduced. | d. | oxidized. | e. | a catalyst. |
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| 33. | Select the compound that contains the most energy: a. | AMP | b. | ADP | c. | ATP | d. | P | e. | Cannot determine using the information provided. |
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| 34. | Select the phosphorylation reaction: a. | glucose + fructose ® sucrose + H2O | b. | glucose + ATP ® glucose-P + ADP | c. | glucose-P + fructose ® sucrose + Pi | d. | glucose + glucose ® maltose | e. | None of the reactions are phosphorylation reactions. |
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| 35. | Select the hydrogen acceptor molecule that stores electrons in the process of photosynthesis: a. | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) | b. | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) | c. | flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) | d. | adenine triphosphate (ATP) | e. | adenine diphosphate (ADP) |
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| 36. | Select the reduced molecule: a. | NAD+ | b. | FAD | c. | NADH | d. | H- | e. | None of the molecules are reduced. |
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| 37. | FAD and cytochromes are classified as: a. | hydrogen or electron acceptors. | b. | phosphate oxidizers. | c. | phosphate reducers. | d. | proteins that donate hydrogens or electrons. | e. | redox intermediate catalysts. |
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| 38. | Enzymes are important biological catalysts because they: a. | supply the energy to initiate a biochemical reaction. | b. | increase the free energy of a biochemical reaction. | c. | lower the entropy of a biochemical reaction. | d. | decrease the enthalpy of a biochemical reaction. | e. | lower the activation energy of a biochemical reaction. |
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| 39. | Because enzymes affect the speed of chemical reactions without being consumed, they are referred to as: a. | hydrogen acceptors. | b. | activation energy. | c. | catalysts. | d. | cytochromes. | e. | transformation proteins. |
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| | Figure 06-02 Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions. 
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| 40. | In Figure 06-02 the line on the graph labeled B represents the: a. | activation energy with an enzyme. | b. | activation energy without an enzyme. | c. | free energy of the reactants. | d. | change in entropy. | e. | change in enthalpy. |
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| 41. | In Figure 06-02 the line on the graph labeled C represents the: a. | activation energy with an enzyme. | b. | activation energy without an enzyme. | c. | change in free energy. | d. | change in entropy. | e. | change in enthalpy. |
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| 42. | Parts of the enzyme molecule that interact with a substrate are called: a. | cofactors. | b. | active sites. | c. | induced-fit models. | d. | orientation sites. | e. | reaction sites. |
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| 43. | Hydrolases are one important class of enzyme that function to catalyze: a. | splitting a molecule using water. | b. | conversions between isomers. | c. | reactions in which double bonds are formed. | d. | oxidation-reduction reactions. | e. | None of the above. |
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| 44. | Which of the following does not represent a method by which cells regulate enzyme activity? a. | controlling the intracellular concentration of the enzyme | b. | feedback inhibition of enzymes | c. | the binding of allosteric regulators to allosteric sites on the enzyme | d. | differential gene expression of the genes that produce enzymes | e. | heat denaturation of the enzyme |
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| 45. | Competitive inhibitors inhibit biochemical reactions in such a way as to seemingly: a. | increase the concentration of substrate. | b. | reduce the concentration of enzyme. | c. | increase the concentration of enzyme. | d. | reduce the concentration of substrate. | e. | denature the enzyme. |
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| 46. | Penicillin is a drug that acts by: a. | irreversibly inhibiting transpeptidase. | b. | reversibly inhibiting transpeptidase. | c. | competitively inhibiting transpeptidase. | d. | noncompetitively inhibiting transpeptidase. | e. | None of the above. |
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| 47. | An allosteric enzyme: a. | has an active site that binds to the substrate and an allosteric site that binds to the product. | b. | allows the movement of molecules and ions from one part of the cell to another. | c. | catalyzes both oxidation and reduction reactions. | d. | raises a reaction’s activation energy so that the rate of the reaction declines. | e. | allows a substance other than the substrate to bind to the enzyme, thereby activating or inactivating it. |
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| 48. | If one continues to increase the temperature in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the rate of the reaction: a. | does not change. | b. | increases and then levels off. | c. | decreases and then levels off. | d. | increases and then decreases rapidly. | e. | decreases and then increases rapidly. |
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| 49. | Select the false statement regarding activation energy: a. | Exergonic reactions have an energy of activation. | b. | Endergonic reactions have an energy of activation. | c. | Enzymes lower a reaction’s activation energy. | d. | Catalysts raise a reaction’s activation energy. | e. | All of the statements are true. |
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| 50. | The substance on which an enzyme acts: a. | substrate | b. | product | c. | ATP | d. | free energy | e. | None of the above. |
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| 51. | Select the name of the concept of the binding of a substrate to the enzyme causing a change in the enzyme’s shape, facilitating an enzymes function. a. | active site | b. | cofactor | c. | activation energy | d. | induced fit | e. | None of the above. |
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| 52. | Select the enzyme that does not match the substrate or reaction: a. | sucrase: splits sucrose into glucose and fructose. | b. | lysozyme: breaks down bacterial cell walls. | c. | pepsin: breaks peptide bonds. | d. | trypsin: breaks peptide bonds. | e. | All of the enzymes match the substrates or reactions. |
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| 53. | The reaction rate an enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction would not likely be affected by: a. | pH | b. | substrate concentration | c. | temperature | d. | Both A and B. | e. | A, B, and C. |
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| 54. | An organic, nonpolypeptide compound that binds to the apoenzyme and serves as a cofactor: a. | coenzyme | b. | catalyst | c. | substrate | d. | mineral | e. | pH |
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| 55. | Cell respiration is most accurately described as a ______________ process. a. | anabolic | b. | catabolic | c. | metabolic | d. | endergonic | e. | fermentative |
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| 56. | Select the anaerobic pathway: a. | aerobic respiration | b. | citric acid cycle | c. | electron transport chain | d. | fermentation | e. | None of the choices are anaerobic. |
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| 57. | The transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen during aerobic respiration takes place in a stepwise fashion through a number of intermediates rather than by direct transfer. This is because: a. | it is chemically impossible to transfer electrons directly from glucose to oxygen. | b. | the chemical intermediates donate some of their electrons in order to increase the electron pool. | c. | the energy of the electrons can be used to make ADP. | d. | the energy of the electrons can be used to make ATP. | e. | None of the above. |
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| 58. | The splitting of molecules into smaller components is referred to as: a. | anabolism. | b. | metabolism. | c. | catabolism. | d. | redox. | e. | photosynthesis. |
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| 59. | Anabolic reactions: a. | are generally endergonic. | b. | usually require ATP. | c. | are part of metabolism. | d. | may produce polysaccarides from monosaccharides. | e. | All of the above. |
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| 60. | Aerobic respiration is classified as: a. | a synthesis reaction. | b. | a hydrolysis reaction. | c. | a redox process. | d. | a polymerization reaction. | e. | an anabolic process. |
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| 61. | Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation: a. | are endergonic pathways. | b. | release free energy. | c. | require oxygen. | d. | are also known as organismic respiration. | e. | are anabolic pathways. |
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| 62. | During chemiosmosis, ____________ are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptor molecules, and the energy released is used to create a(an) ____________ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. a. | protons; electron | b. | electrons; proton | c. | ATP molecules; ADP molecule | d. | ADP molecules; ATP molecule | e. | water molecules; oxygen |
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| 63. | The overall reaction for the aerobic respiration of glucose is summarized as: a. | C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O ® 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Energy. | b. | C4H12O4 + 12 H2O + 6 CO2 ® 6 O2 + ATP + Energy. | c. | C4H12O4 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O ® 6 CO2 + ATP + Energy. | d. | C4H12O2 + 6 O2 + ATP ® 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Energy. | e. | C6H12O6 + 6 H2O ® 6 CO2 + 12 H2 + Energy. |
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| 64. | In aerobic respiration, glucose is completely: a. | reduced to ATP. | b. | reduced to energy. | c. | oxidized to water. | d. | oxidized to carbon dioxide. | e. | oxidized and reduced simultaneously. |
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| 65. | Which of the following is not one of the stages of the aerobic respiration of glucose? a. | glycolysis | b. | formation of acetyl CoA | c. | hydrolysis | d. | citric acid cycle | e. | electron transport |
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| 66. | Which process does not match the products? a. | electron transport and chemiosmosis—ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD | b. | citric acid cycle—CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP | c. | formation of acetyl CoA—Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH | d. | glycolysis—pyruvate, ATP, NADH | e. | All of the processes match the products. |
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| 67. | Which process does not match the starting materials? a. | electron transport and chemiosmosis—NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP, Pi | b. | glycolysis—glucose, ATP, NAD+, ADP, Pi | c. | citric acid cycle—acetyl CoA, H2O, NAD+, FAD, ADP, Pi | d. | formation of acetyl CoA—citric acid, CO2, NADH | e. | All of the processes match the starting materials. |
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| 68. | Which process does not match the location in skeletal muscle? a. | glycolysis—mitochondrian | b. | formation of acetyl coenzyme A—mitochondrian | c. | citric acid cycle—mitochondrian | d. | electron transport and chemiosmosis—mitochondrian | e. | All of the processes are matched to the correct location. |
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| 69. | Decarboxylations: a. | occur as part of the citric acid cycle. | b. | produce CO2 that is then exhaled via breathing. | c. | involve the removal of a carboxyl group (-COOH) from a substrate. | d. | are one type of general reaction that occurs during aerobic respiration. | e. | All of the above. |
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| 70. | In aerobic respiration, the electrons associated with the hydrogen atoms in glucose are transferred to: a. | carbon in a series of steps. | b. | oxygen in a series of steps. | c. | NADH in a series of steps. | d. | the mitochondrial membranes. | e. | hydrogen ions. |
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| 71. | In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the: a. | mitochondrial inner membrane. | b. | lysosomes. | c. | Golgi complex. | d. | cytosol. | e. | mitochondrial matrix. |
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| 72. | In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted to two three-carbon molecules of: a. | pyruvate. | b. | acetate. | c. | coenzyme A. | d. | oxaloacetate. | e. | citrate. |
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| 73. | Substrate-level phosphorylation involves the transfer of a phosphate group from: a. | ATP. | b. | ADP. | c. | NADH. | d. | 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. | e. | glucose. |
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| 74. | In glycolysis, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate splits, forming two molecules of: a. | ADP. | b. | citric acid. | c. | G3P. | d. | glucose. | e. | acetyl CoA. |
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| 75. | Glycolysis yields a net energy profit of _______ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. |
| 76. | The chemical reaction illustrated in the figure is: 
a. | the first step in the citric acid cycle. | b. | the energy producing step of glycolysis. | c. | fermentation. | d. | part of the electron transport chain. | e. | None of the above. |
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| 77. | In glycolysis, glucose receives two phosphate groups from ____________, thus forming fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate. a. | ADP | b. | ATP | c. | a bisphosphate group | d. | fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate | e. | G3P |
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| 78. | NADH and FADH2 are the products of: a. | decarboxylation reactions. | b. | reduction reactions. | c. | glycolysis. | d. | formation of acetyl coenzyme A. | e. | chemiosmosis. |
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| 79. | NADH is formed when NAD+ accepts: a. | a proton. | b. | a hydrogen atom. | c. | a pair of protons and an electron. | d. | a proton and a pair of electrons. | e. | two hydrogen atoms. |
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| 80. | In chemiosmosis, ATP is produced as hydrogen ions (protons) pass through: a. | the outer mitochondrial membrane. | b. | ATP synthase. | c. | ATP dehydrogenase. | d. | ATP decarboxylase. | e. | a series of electron carriers. |
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| 81. | Oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvates yields: a. | two glucose molecules. | b. | two ATP + four CO2 + two NADH. | c. | two G3P. | d. | two acetyl CoA + two CO2 + 2 NADH. | e. | one fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate. |
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| 82. | Considering only glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA molecules, how many NADH molecules will be produced from one glucose molecule? a. | one | b. | two | c. | three | d. | four | e. | five |
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| 83. | During the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group entering the cycle yields: a. | 1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 3 FADH2. | b. | 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2. | c. | 3 ATP, 2 NADH, and 1 FADH2. | d. | 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 1 FADH2. | e. | 1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 4 FADH2. |
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| 84. | One product of the initial (first) reaction of the citric acid cycle is: a. | ATP. | b. | NADH. | c. | citrate. | d. | oxaloacetate. | e. | acetyl-CoA. |
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| 85. | In the citric acid cycle, two acetyl CoA molecules are metabolized to: a. | 2 CO2 + 2 ATPs + 2 NADH + 2 FADH. | b. | 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP. | c. | fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate. | d. | glucose + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATPs. | e. | 2 G3P. |
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| 86. | Which of the following steps in the Kreb’s cycle directly produces a molecule of ATP (or GTP)? a. | citrate ® isocitrate | b. | isocitrate ®·-ketoglutarate | c. | succinyl CoA ® succinate | d. | succinate ® fumarate | e. | malate ® oxaloacetate |
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| 87. | A glucose molecule that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely broken down and released as CO2 by the end of: a. | fermentation. | b. | the electron transport chain. | c. | glycolysis. | d. | ATP synthesis in the mitochondria. | e. | the citric acid cycle. |
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| 88. | Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true? a. | Protons are pumped out of the mitochondria by the complexes of the electron transport chain. | b. | The proton gradient established during electron transport is a form of potential energy. | c. | The electron transport chain can be found in the mitochondria of aerobic bacteria and other cells. | d. | The movement of protons down a concentration gradient is an endergonic process. | e. | ATP synthesis associated with the electron transport chain is an example of substrate level phosphorylation. |
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| 89. | When hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, they form a proton gradient. ATP is then formed by a process known as: a. | glycolysis. | b. | the citric acid cycle. | c. | chemiosmosis. | d. | pyruvate synthesis. | e. | substrate-level phosphorylation. |
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| 90. | Chemiosmosis allows exergonic redox processes to drive the endergonic reaction in which: a. | ADP is produced by dephosphorylation of ATP. | b. | glucose is produced from phosphorylation of ADP. | c. | G3P is produced from phosphorylation of ADP. | d. | ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP. | e. | pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA. |
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| 91. | Coenzyme Q: a. | transfers electrons. | b. | oxidizes glucose. | c. | is the ultimate source of energy in the citric acid cycle. | d. | transfers phosphate to ATP. | e. | reduces glucose. |
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| 92. | The role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration is: a. | to accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain. | b. | to form ATP. | c. | to produce CO2. | d. | to store high energy electrons to pass to complex I of the electron transport chain. | e. | to accept electrons directly from either NADH or FAHD2. |
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| 93. | During aerobic respiration, oxygen is: a. | formed. | b. | reduced. | c. | oxidized. | d. | catabolized. | e. | decarboxylated. |
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| 94. | In the skeletal muscle cells of vertebrates, as many as ____________ molecules of ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose. This is less than might be expected, because electrons from NADH produced during glycolysis must be shuttled through the ____________ mitochondrial membrane at a cost. a. | 2; outer | b. | 2; inner | c. | 38; inner | d. | 6; outer | e. | 36; inner |
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| 95. | Organismal body heat is a: a. | byproduct of endergonic reactions. | b. | product of glucose synthesis. | c. | byproduct of exergonic reactions. | d. | product of anabolism. | e. | product of ATP synthesis. |
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| 96. | Select the processes that are matched with the incorrect amount of ATP produced by that process per glucose molecule. a. | glycolysis—2 ATP (net) | b. | citric acid cycle—4 ATP | c. | electron transport chain—32 ATP | d. | alcohol fermentation—2 ATP | e. | lactate fermentation—2 ATP |
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| 97. | Select the incorrect match between the molecule and the amount of ATP produced if that particular molecule is completely oxidized in aerobic respiration: a. | FAD—2 ATP | b. | NAD—2 ATP | c. | glucose—36 to 38 ATP | d. | pyruvic acid—34 to 36 ATP | e. | All of the answer choices are correctly matched. |
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| 98. | A drowning death would be most directly due to: a. | The unavailability of glucose to feed into glycolysis. | b. | The accumulation of lactate in the muscle tissue due to anaerobic respiration. | c. | The breakdown of pyruvate into ethyl alcohol. | d. | The lack of oxygen to accept hydrogen. | e. | There is not sufficient information to determine which answer is correct. |
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| 99. | Select the statement that does not support the endosymbiosis theory: a. | Bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have circular DNA. | b. | To produce ATP bacteria, cell membranes utilize an electron transport chain similar to mitochondrial membranes. | c. | Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce independently of the eukaryotic cells that house them. | d. | Bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts all use glucose for fuel. | e. | All of the statements support endosymbiosis. |
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| 100. | Peter Mitchell demonstrated ATP production by aerobic bacteria by placing the bacteria in: a. | an acidic environment. | b. | a basic environment. | c. | an aqueous environment. | d. | a buffered environment. | e. | None of the answer choices are correct. |
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| 101. | One gram of ____________ contains more than twice the amount of energy of a gram of glucose. a. | amino acids | b. | lipids | c. | ATP | d. | protein | e. | starch |
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| 102. | Which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration? a. | glucose | b. | fats | c. | proteins | d. | polysaccharides | e. | All of the above. |
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| 103. | Deamination of amino acids in mammals yields amino groups that are converted to ____________, which is(are) excreted, and ____________, which is(are) converted to one of the reactants of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. a. | urea; carbon chains | b. | amino acids; ATP | c. | amino groups; ADP | d. | carbon chains; amino acids | e. | amines; ATP |
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| 104. | Saturated fatty acids store more energy than unsaturated fatty acids because saturated fatty acids: a. | are more highly reduced. | b. | are deaminated. | c. | lack phosphate. | d. | contain more ester linkages. | e. | contain more ATP. |
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| 105. | Select the molecule that contains the most stored chemical energy: a. | ethyl alcohol. | b. | water. | c. | carbon dioxide. | d. | lactate. | e. | oxygen. |
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| 106. | Which of the following processes or molecules concerning anaerobic respiration is not correctly matched? a. | terminal electron acceptor-inorganic substances such as O2. | b. | immediate fate of electrons in NADH-transferred to electron transport chain. | c. | reduced product(s) formed-relatively reduced inorganic substances. | d. | mechanism of ATP synthesis-oxidative phosphorylation/chemiosmosis and substrate level phosphorylation. | e. | All of the choices are correct. |
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| 107. | Select the molecule that contains the least stored chemical energy: a. | ethyl alcohol. | b. | pyruvate. | c. | glucose. | d. | lactate. | e. | oxygen. |
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| 108. | One important regulation point in the aerobic respiration of mammals occurs in glycolysis at the site of the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which is: a. | inhibited by high levels of ATP. | b. | inhibited by low levels of ATP. | c. | inhibited by high levels of AMP. | d. | activated by the presence of O2. | e. | activated by the introduction of glucose. |
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| 109. | The production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during ____________ occurs as a means of regenerating ____________ from ____________. a. | aerobic respiration; NAD+; NADH | b. | fermentation; NAD+; NADH | c. | fermentation; NADH; NAD+ | d. | fermentation; ADP; ATP | e. | aerobic respiration; ATP; ADP |
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| 110. | The ability of some bacteria to produce lactate is exploited by humans to make: a. | cheese and ethyl alcohol. | b. | insulin and antibodies. | c. | yogurt and sauerkraut. | d. | ethyl alcohol and carbonic acid. | e. | carbon dioxide and water. |
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| 111. | Which of the following statements is not correct about lactic acid fermentation? a. | It is inefficient compared to aerobic respiration. | b. | It uses glucose as a substrate. | c. | It produces two ATP molecules for every glucose molecule. | d. | Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of this pathway. | e. | Glycolysis is the only energy-yielding step of this pathway. |
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| 112. | During fermentation, the immediate fate of the electrons in NADH is that they: a. | are transferred to the electron transport chain. | b. | are transferred to an organic molecule. | c. | are transferred to O2. | d. | are used to make CO2. | e. | are used to form H2O. |
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| 113. | Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to all cells? a. | photosynthesis | b. | electron transport chain | c. | citric acid cycle | d. | glycolysis | e. | None of the above. |
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| 114. | The process by which light energy is converted into the stored chemical energy of organic molecules is: a. | photosynthesis. | b. | respiration. | c. | diffusion. | d. | fermentation. | e. | None of the above. |
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| 115. | Which term is not correctly matched with the appropriate energy source or carbon source? a. | heterotroph—organic energy sources | b. | chemotroph—chemical energy sources | c. | phototroph—light energy sources | d. | autotroph—carbon fixation. | e. | All of the choices are correct. |
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| 116. | All organisms are classified into two general trophic groups. These two groups are: a. | organic and inorganic. | b. | consumers and decomposers. | c. | autotrophs and producers. | d. | autotrophs and heterotrophs. | e. | anaerobic autotrophs and aerobic autotrophs. |
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| 117. | Animals, fungi, and many bacteria that use organic molecules as a source of both energy and carbon are: a. | photoautotrophs. | b. | catabolic autotrophs. | c. | chemoheterotrophs. | d. | photoheterotrophs. | e. | chemoautotrophs. |
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| 118. | Plants, algae, and certain bacteria are: a. | inorganic synthesizers. | b. | consumers. | c. | chemosynthetic. | d. | independent trophs. | e. | producers. |
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| 119. | What is the correct sequence of wavelengths (beginning with the shortest)? a. | gamma rays, UV, x-rays, infrared, visible light, TV and radio waves, and microwaves | b. | TV and radio waves, microwaves, visible light, UV, infrared, x-rays, and gamma rays | c. | microwaves, gamma rays, UV, visible light, infrared, TV, radio waves, and x-rays | d. | gamma rays, x-rays, UV, visible light, infrared, microwaves, TV and radio waves | e. | gamma rays, x-rays, UV, infrared, visible light, microwaves, and TV and radio waves |
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| 120. | Light behaves not only as waves, but also as particles, which are referred to as: a. | electrons. | b. | protons. | c. | photons. | d. | radiation. | e. | neutrons. |
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| 121. | An electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a ____________ atomic orbital to a _____________ atomic orbital. a. | high energy; low energy | b. | fluorescing; ground state | c. | ground state; low energy | d. | low energy; high energy | e. | None of the answer choices are correct. |
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| | Figure 08-01 Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions. 
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| 122. | Chloroplasts will be found in the greatest density in the area of Figure 08-01 labeled: |
| 123. | The primary function of the leaf structure labeled 5 in Figure 08-01 is: a. | food storage. | b. | photosynthesis. | c. | water transportation. | d. | gas exchange. | e. | nutrient absorption. |
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| 124. | The overall reactions of photosynthesis are best summarized as: a. | 12 CO2 + 6 H2O ® C6H12O6 + 12 O2 + 6 H2O. | b. | C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O ® 6 CO2 + 12 H2O. | c. | 6 CO2 + 12 H2O ® C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O. | d. | 6 CO2 + 12 H2O ® C6H12O6 + 12 O2. | e. | 6 H2CO3 + 6 H2O ® C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2. |
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| 125. | The ____________________ of a chlorophyll molecule is (are) responsible for absorbing light. a. | carbon atoms | b. | porphyrin ring | c. | methyl group | d. | magnesium ion | e. | long hydrophobic tail |
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| 126. | Chlorophyll consists of a porphyrin ring that contains a single atom of: a. | manganese. | b. | magnesium. | c. | phosphorus. | d. | nitrogen. | e. | iron. |
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| 127. | Chlorophyll molecules are attached to thylakoid membranes by: a. | a long hydrophobic tail. | b. | the porphyrin ring. | c. | the methyl group. | d. | a magnesium ion. | e. | a hydroxide group. |
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| 128. | Chlorophyll and accessory photosynthetic pigments are associated with the: a. | stroma. | b. | thylakoid membranes. | c. | mesophyll membranes. | d. | light reaction centers of the stroma lamellae. | e. | stroma grana. |
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| 129. | The action spectrum of photosynthesis best matches the absorption spectrum of: a. | NADPH. | b. | carotenoids. | c. | chlorophyll. | d. | xanthophylls. | e. | anthocyanin. |
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| 130. | Red and blue light support the highest rates of photosynthesis because: a. | these are the only wavelengths reaching Earth from the sun. | b. | these are the only wavelengths that carotenoids cannot absorb. | c. | these wavelengths have the highest energy in the visible spectrum. | d. | chlorophyll absorbs these wavelengths more than other wavelengths. | e. | these wavelengths activate the ATP sythetase enzyme. |
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| 131. | Substances that absorb visible light: a. | ATP. | b. | NADP. | c. | RuBP. | d. | pigment. | e. | photon. |
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| 132. | Chlorophyll absorbs primarily _____ and _____ regions of the visible spectrum. a. | blue; red | b. | green; yellow | c. | red; green | d. | red; yellow | e. | blue; yellow |
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| 133. | The most important photosynthetic pigment(s) is(are): a. | carotenoids. | b. | xanthophylls. | c. | chlorophyll a. | d. | chlorophyll b. | e. | All are equally important for photosynthesis. |
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| 134. | Accessory photosynthetic pigment that expands the spectrum of light that provides energy for photosynthesis: a. | carotenoids. | b. | chlorophyll a. | c. | chlorophyll b. | d. | Both A and B. | e. | Both A and C. |
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| 135. | Engelmann concluded that chlorophyll in the chloroplasts is responsible for photosynthesis based on the following results: a. | Spirogyra cells each contain a long, spiral-shaped, emerald-green chloroplast embedded in the cytoplasm. | b. | The action spectrum of photosynthesis matched the maximum production of oxygen by Spirogyra, observed by the greatest accumulation of bacteria in the blue and red regions of the spectrum. | c. | Bacteria exposed to the action spectrum for photosynthesis showed no preference to any particular color of light. | d. | Accessory pigments transfer some of the energy of excitation produced by green light to chlorophyll molecules. | e. | None of the answer choices are correct. |
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| | Figure 08-02 Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions. 
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| 136. | According to the graph in Figure 08-02, chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the: a. | red and blue wavelengths. | b. | blue and green wavelengths. | c. | green and yellow wavelengths. | d. | UV and red wavelengths. | e. | UV and infrared wavelengths. |
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| 137. | The graph in Figure 08-02 represents the: a. | electromagnetic spectrum. | b. | action spectrum of photosynthesis. | c. | absorption spectra for chlorophylls a and b. | d. | Z scheme for photosynthesis. | e. | None of the above. |
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| 138. | During the reactions of photosynthesis, ____________ is reduced and ____________ is oxidized. a. | O2; C6H12O6 | b. | CO2; C6H12O6 | c. | H2O; C6H12O6 | d. | O2; H2O | e. | CO2; H2O |
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| 139. | In the overall reactions of photosynthesis, it appears that hydrogen atoms are transferred from water to carbon dioxide to form a carbohydrate. This type of reaction is classified as: a. | a redox reaction. | b. | an anaerobic reaction. | c. | a catabolic reaction. | d. | an oxidation reaction. | e. | a hydrolytic reaction. |
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| 140. | A group of thylakoid discs make up: a. | the stroma. | b. | a granum. | c. | a chloroplast. | d. | a vacuole. | e. | the mesophyll layer. |
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| 141. | In a chloroplast, there is an outer and an inner membrane. The inner membrane encloses a fluid filled region called the; a. | grana. | b. | stroma. | c. | thylakoid. | d. | pigment. | e. | electron acceptor. |
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| 142. | Thylakoid sacs are sometimes arranged in stacks called: a. | grana. | b. | stroma. | c. | lumen. | d. | pigment. | e. | electron acceptor. |
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| 143. | Thylakoid membranes are involved in __________ synthesis. a. | glucose | b. | NADP | c. | ATP | d. | RuBP | e. | PEP |
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| 144. | Which of the following is not associated with the thylakoid membranes? a. | photosystems I and II | b. | the Calvin-Bensen cycle | c. | electron transport systems | d. | ATP synthetase | e. | antenna complex |
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| 145. | The reactions of photosynthesis are divided into two categories: a. | light-independent reactions and carbon fixation reactions. | b. | carbon fixation reactions and oxygen fixation reactions. | c. | light-dependent reactions and carbon fixation reactions. | d. | light-dependent reactions and citric acid cycle. | e. | chemiosmosis and photochemical reactions. |
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| 146. | During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, a constant supply of electrons is provided by: a. | water. | b. | oxygen. | c. | the sun. | d. | chlorophyll. | e. | carotenoids. |
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| 147. | ATP is formed when __________________ the thylakoid lumen. a. | hydrogen ions enter | b. | hydrogen ions leave | c. | electrons enter | d. | electrons leave | e. | water is split in |
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| 148. | The reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes are: a. | the energy-releasing reactions. | b. | the photorespiration reactions. | c. | the sugar-producing reactions. | d. | the carbon fixation reactions. | e. | the light-dependent reactions. |
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| 149. | The electron transport chain of photosynthesis is located in: a. | the cristae. | b. | the mitochondria. | c. | the outer chloroplast membrane. | d. | the chloroplast stroma. | e. | the thylakoid membrane. |
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| | Figure 08-03 Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions. 
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| 150. | Carbon is fixed in which part of the diagram in Figure 08-03? |
| 151. | Where in Figure 08-03 is NADPH formed? |
| 152. | In photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are produced during: a. | the carbon fixation reactions. | b. | the light-dependent phase. | c. | the light-independent phase. | d. | glycolysis. | e. | photolysis. |
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| 153. | 12 H2O + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + Pi ® 6 O2 + 12 NADPH + 18 ATP summarizes the ____________ reactions of photosynthesis. a. | carbon fixation | b. | light-dependent | c. | light-independent | d. | CAM | e. | electron transport |
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| 154. | Reaction center complexes of the light-dependent reactions contain ____________ and ____________, which receive energy from ____________. a. | accessory pigments; chlorophyll; antenna complexes | b. | carotenoids; proteins; chlorophyll | c. | chlorophyll; antenna complexes; carotenoid | d. | proteins; antenna complexes; carotenoid | e. | chlorophyll; proteins; antenna complexes |
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| 155. | How many electrons are needed to reduce one molecule of NADP+ to NADPH? |
| 156. | Electrons that are excited to a higher energy level may be transferred to an electron acceptor or may return to a ground state. If the latter occurs, energy will be released in a process known as: a. | photoelectron degradation. | b. | fluorescence. | c. | photoelectron hydrolysis. | d. | porphyrin. | e. | photoelectron deconfiguration. |
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| 157. | The electrons lost by the P680 reactive center are replaced from: a. | a water molecule. | b. | solar energy. | c. | ATP. | d. | NADP+. | e. | Photosystem II. |
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| 158. | Chlorophyll: a. | reflects red and blue light, and absorbs green light. | b. | transmits red and blue light, and absorbs green light. | c. | transmits red and blue light, and reflects green light. | d. | absorbs red and blue light, and reflects green light. | e. | absorbs red, blue, and green light. |
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| 159. | The synthesis of ATP as a result of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is an ____________ reaction that is coupled to the diffusion of ____________ down their concentration gradient. a. | endergonic; protons | b. | energy-releasing; hydrogen ions | c. | exergonic; electrons | d. | energy-acquiring; electrons | e. | oxidation; water |
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| 160. | The synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis or respiration occurs as a result of: a. | phosphorylation of AMP. | b. | phosphorylation of ATP. | c. | phosphorylation of ADP. | d. | phosphorylation of G3P. | e. | oxidation of NADPH. |
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| 161. | Ribulose phosphate is synthesized from: a. | NADP+. | b. | pyruvate. | c. | G3P. | d. | RuBP. | e. | CO2. |
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| 162. | The first step in the Calvin-Bensen cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to: a. | Rubisco. | b. | glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). | c. | phosphoglycerate | d. | RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate). | e. | None of the above. |
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| 163. | Which of the following is not one of the intermediates or products of the carbon fixation reactions? a. | NADPH | b. | phosphogylcerate (PGA) | c. | glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate | d. | glucose | e. | ribulose bisphosphate |
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| 164. | The reactants of the light-dependent reactions are: a. | H2O, ADP, and NADP+. | b. | CO2, ADP, and NADP+. | c. | H2O, ATP, and NADPH. | d. | CO2, ADP, and NADPH. | e. | H2O, CO2, and NADP+. |
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| 165. | The reactants of the Calvin-Benson cycle are: a. | H2O, ATP, and NADPH. | b. | CO2, ADP, and NADP+. | c. | CO2, ATP, and NADPH. | d. | H2O, ATP, and NADPH. | e. | CO2, H2O, and ATP. |
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| 166. | Noncyclic electron transport needs a constant supply of electrons. These are obtained from: a. | light. | b. | CO2. | c. | glucose. | d. | H2O. | e. | ATP. |
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| 167. | Oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes directly from: a. | light. | b. | CO2. | c. | glucose. | d. | H2O. | e. | ATP. |
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| 168. | Which of the following is not common to both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration? a. | ATP synthesis | b. | electron transport chain | c. | oxidation | d. | terminal electron acceptor | e. | None of the above, all are shared by both processes. |
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| 169. | Which of the following is common to both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration? a. | NADP+ and NADPH | b. | glycolysis | c. | chemiosmosis | d. | CO2 and O2 as end products | e. | thylakoids |
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| 170. | In C4 plants, reactions that fix CO2 into four-carbon compounds occur in: a. | guard cells. | b. | epidermal cells. | c. | bundle sheath cells. | d. | mesophyll cells. | e. | xylem cells. |
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| 171. | The ______________ in leaves are typically closed at night and open during the daytime to allow for gas exchange. a. | stomata | b. | epidermis | c. | spongy mesophyll | d. | grana | e. | cuticles |
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| 172. | At night, CAM plants incorporate CO2 into ____________, which is stored in the ____________ of their cells. a. | fructose; vacuoles | b. | acetyl CoA; mitochondria | c. | glucose; starch granules | d. | pyruvate; starch granules | e. | malate; vacuoles |
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